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Formulas For Measures of central Tendency

& Dispersion

Prepared by Iftikhar Ali Msc Economics, Research Methodology &


Econometrics Expert Punjab College of Excellence in Commerce Kamra

Arithmetic Mean
Methods Name

Nature of Data
Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data

Direct Method
Indirect or
Short-Cut Method
Method of
Step-Deviation
Where
Indicates values of the variable
Indicates number of values of

.
.

Indicates frequency of different groups.


Indicates assumed mean.
Indicates deviation from

Step-deviation and

i.e,

Indicates common divisor

Indicates size of class or class interval in case of grouped data.


Summation or addition.

Median
Median from Ungrouped Data:
Median = Value of
item
Note: Another simple method to calculate median for ungrouped
data is as follows:
1. For odd values just pick the central most value that will be the
median.
2. For even values just ad up the two central most values and divide it
by 2 the answer will be the median.
Median from Grouped Data:
Where
= Lower class boundary of the model class
= Frequency of the median class
= Number of values or total frequency
= Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median
class
= Class interval size of the model class

Mode
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Mode from Ungrouped Data:


Mode is calculated from ungrouped data by inspecting the given
data. We pick out that value which occur the greatest numbers of times in
the data.
Mode from Grouped Data:
When frequency distribution with equal class interval sizes, the
class which has maximum frequency is called model class.

Or
Where
= Lower class boundary of the model class
= Frequency of the model class (maximum frequency)
= Frequency preceding the model class frequency
= Frequency following the model class frequency
= Class interval size of the model class
Mode from Discrete Data:
When the data follows discrete set of values, the mode may be
found by inspection. Mode is the value of X corresponding to the
maximum frequency.

Geometric Mean
For Ungrouped Data

For Grouped Data

Harmonic Mean
For Ungrouped Data

For Grouped Data

Weighted Arithmetic Mean


Where:
Stands for weighted arithmetic mean.
Stands for values of the items and
Stands for weight of the item

Quartiles
Quartile for Individual Observations (Ungrouped Data):

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Quartile for a Frequency Distribution (Discrete Data):

Quartile for Grouped Frequency Distribution:

Deciles

Deciles for Individual Observations (Ungrouped Data):

Quartile for a Frequency Distribution (Discrete Data):

Quartile for Grouped Frequency Distribution:

Percentiles:

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1. The Range:

Measures of Dispersion

For Ungrouped Data


Range = R = X m X o
Where X m = the largest value.

X o = the smallest value.


For Grouped Data
Range = R = Upper class boundary of the highest class lower class boundary of
the lowest class or
Range = R = Class Marks (X) of the highest class Class Marks of the lowest
class

Coefficient Of Range
Coefficient of Range =

Xm Xo
Xm Xo

2. Semi Inter Quartile Range or Quartile Deviation


Q3 Q1
2
Where Q1 = First, Lower quartile
Q3 = Third, Upper quartile

S.I.Q.R = Q.D =

Coefficient Of Quartile Deviation


Coefficient of Q.D =
Where

Q3 Q1
Q3 Q1

Q1 = First, Lower quartile


Q3 = Third, Upper quartile

3.Mean Deviation or Average Deviation


1. Mean Deviation From Mean
For Ungrouped Data
M.D =

XX

n
Or
X Mean
M.D =
n

For Grouped Data


M.D =

f XX
f
Or

M.D =

X Mean

Coefficient Of Mean Deviation From Mean


Coefficient of M.D from Mean =

Mean Deviation From Mean


Mean
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Or
Coefficient of M.D from Mean =

M .D From X
X

2. Mean Deviation From Median


For Ungrouped Data
M.D =

X Median
n

For Grouped Data


M.D =

X Median

Coefficient Of Mean Deviation From Median


Coefficient of M.D from Median =

Mean Deviation From Median


Median
3. Mean Deviation From Mode
For Ungrouped Data
M.D = X-Mode
n
For Grouped Data

Coefficient Of Mean Deviation From Mode

4.Standard Deviation (S)


Methods of Standard Deviation
I.
II.
III.

Direct Method
Short Cut Method
Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method

1. Direct Method
For Ungrouped Data
S.D = S =

X
n

or
S.D = S =

X X

For Grouped Data

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S.D = S =

fX
f

fX
f

S.D = S =

f X X
f

2. Short Cut Method


For Ungrouped Data

S.D = S =

Where D= X

A
For Grouped Data

fD
f

S.D = S =

fD
f

3. Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method


For Ungrouped Data

S.D = S = h
u

X A
or
h

Where

D
h

For Grouped Data

S.D = S = h

fu
f

fu
f

Coefficient Of Standard Deviation


S .D
X

Coefficient of S.D =

5 Variance ( S 2 )
Methods of Variance
1. Direct Method
2. Short Cut Method
3. Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method
1. Direct Method
For Ungrouped Data
Var(X) =

S =

Var(X) =

S2 =

X X

For Grouped Data

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Var(X) =

Var(X) =

S =

S =

fX
f

fX
f

f X X
f

2. Short Cut Method


For Ungrouped Data
Var(X) =

S =

Where D=

XA
For Grouped Data
Var(X) =

S2 =

fD
f

fD
f

3. Coding Method or Step-Deviation Method


For Ungrouped Data
Var(X) =

S = h
2

XA
D
u
or
h
h

Where

For Grouped Data

Var(X) = S = h
2

fu
f

fu
f

Coefficient Of Variation (C.V)


Coefficient of Variation = C.V =

S .D
100
X

7. Coefficient of Skewness (SK)


Karl Pearsons Coefficient of Skewness
SK =

Mean Mode
S .D

SK =

3 Mean Median
S .D

Bowlys Quartile Coefficient of Skewness


SK =

Q3 Q1 2 Median
Q3 Q1

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