Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RequirmentofHumanBeing:
Energy
Water
Food
Quantitative&Qualitative
EnvironmentEngineersWork
Toprovidegoodqualityofwater
(Watertreatmentplant)
Wastewatertreatment
ControlonAirPollutiontoMaintaintheAirQuality
(Temperature,Pressure,Wind,Moisture)
ControlonWaterPollution
SolidWasteManagement
(Storage,Separation&Transportation)
1BookEnvironmentEngineeringByGerardKiely
2H.S.Peavy
D.R.Rowe
G.TechnobanogLous
3WaterSupplyEngineeringbyS.K.Garg
1.1
EcologicalPerspective:
PhysicalEnvironment
(Abiotic)
BiologicalEnvironment
(Biotic)
LivingOrganisms
(Planteanimals,Viruses,Bacteria,Fungi)
Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere
(Waterovertheearth
(Solidearth&soils) (airuptoadistance
&insidetheearth)
of700km.)
Living organisms are dependent on each other & depends on the physical
environment.
Ex.
Plansgrowonland&inwater.
Herbivorousanimalsusetheplantasfood.
Carnivorousanimalseatherbivorousanimals.
1.2
ValueofEnvironment:orResources
NaturalResources
Renewable
(Energyfromsun,water
andBiologicalcycles)
Itisrecycled&reused.
Nonrenewable
(Fossil,Fuel,Mineralsetc)
ForestPlantation
Theyarenot
Replaced.
Amountarefinite.
Abstract
(Animal,plantandnaturalsightusedfortourism)
1.3 EnvironmentAuditing:Listingofalltheresourcesofanarea
Differenttypesofdevelopmentalworkgoaheadinanareadependsonthe
economicalconsideration.
Ithastorestricttheeconomy(money)cased.
Therefore,Wehavetoauditormakealistofalltheresourcesofthearea.
(Environmentalauditing)
Auditing
Nosofspecies(Livingorganisms)exist
Usesofthelivingenvironment.
Directuses
Indirectuses
Food,Industrial&
Commercialproducts,
tourism,medicinesetc.
1.3.1 Directuse
FoodPlantsordomesticatedanimalproducts
Industrial & commercial products: Mineral, fossil, fuel, wools, cotton,
jute,rubberetc.
Medicines
1.3.2
IndirectUses
9 Biodiversityisthebiologicalprocessesthemselvesthatprovidethevalue.
Itisregardingaboutindirectusesofenvironments.
9 Environmentconsistsofpopulationsofspecieswithair,water,land.
Populationofonespecies(Environment)
Biological
mixedtogetherwithother
Processhelps
species
Theentiresystem.
Communities
Manycommunitiesare
Combined
Landscape
LossofBiologicalresources
Reductionof
onecommon
species. 1Depletionofaoncecommonspecies
2Localorglobalspeciesextinction
3 Ecosystemdisruption
Environment may be changed due to habitat destruction
extinction means the potential of the particular species to be
appearedinfuture.
1.4.0
CostBenefitAnalysis:
Afterenvironmentalauditing,wehavetocalculatethecostfor
thedevelopmentalwork.
9 Historicimportance.
1.5 BioticComponent:
Everythingintheglobalenvironmentisinonecomponentcanaffectmany
othersoverspace&time.
Sixmajorlevelsofecologicalorganizationarerecognized
9 Individual(Physiologicalfunctions)
Singlespecies
9 Population(Birth,death,populationgrowthrate)
9 Community(Interactionbetweendifferentspecies)
Bothplants&animals
9 Ecosystem(Interactionbetweenliving&
(biotic)
Nonlivingcomponent.)
Abiotic
Biotic
Community
ofLiving
Hydrosphere
(Water)
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
(earth,soil)
(Air)
ABiotic
Fig1Interactionsbetweenvariouscomponent
EnergyflowoccursatthelevelofEcosystem
1.6 EcosystemProcess:
Ecosystemistheinteractionbetweenbiotic&abioticcomponents(Fig1).
Processoccurredatecologicallevelare
9 Energyflow
9 Nutrientcycling
1.6.1 EnergyFlow
Interactions between living organism & environment is because of
requirementoffoodwhichsupplyenergytosurvive
Italsohelpstoconstructbodytissues&gamesforreproductionofspecies.
(child/nextgeneration)
Energysources
converted
1Lightenergychemicalenergy
(storedinlivingorganism)
Solarenergy
Sun(ultimatesourcesofenergy)
2EnergyinEnvironment
AutotrophicHeterotrophic
(Energyoriginated
Fromprimaryproduction
inotherecosystem.)
twoways1Productionofenergybygreenplantsin
presenceoflightthroughtheprocessof
photosynthesis.
2Bysulphuroxidizingbacteriaindeepseaecosystems.
Photosynthesis
Granplantscreatetheirownfoodthroughaseriesofchemicalreactions.
12H2O+6CO2+LightChlorophyII+enzymes
Water709kcal
C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
Carbohydrate(toair)
(Glucose)
+Sugarmolecules.
Photosynthesisiscarriedoutindaylightinleaves&instemsofsomegreenplants.
Plantrequireinorganicsubstancelike
9
9
9
9
Nitrogen
Phosphorusobtainedfromsoils.
Magnesium
Iron
Glucose+chemicalreactionFat,Proteins&Nucleicacid
(usedtoformbodytissues)
PrimaryproductionProductionoforganicmatterbyplants.
Whenanyorganismrequiresenergy,thereversereactiontophotosynthesis
occurs,celledrespiration.
C6H12O6+6O2metabolicenzymes
CO2+H2O+Energyforwork
PrimaryProduction
Theproductionoforganicmatterbyplantsiscalledprimaryproduction.
The rate of photosynthesis & primary production plays a vital role in the
ecosystem.Therefore,Ithastoconsidertheamountofprimaryproductionin
differentecosystem.
Netprimaryproduction=GrossPrimaryproductionrespiration
Grossprimaryproductionisthetotalamountofchemicalenergystoredby
plantsperunitareaperunittime.
Theprimaryproductionisaffectedbytheenvironmentalfactors,
9
9
9
9
Water
Light
Soilnutrients
Temperature.
Foodchain
Autotrophs(plants)cancreatetheirownfood,butheterotrophscannot.
(animals)
Heterotrophdirectlyorindirectlydependsonprimarysourceoffood.
Primaryproductionplant
(chemicalenergy)
Photosynthe
sis
respiratory
Netproduction
+Organicmatter
(GrossProduction)
Herbivore
to
s
Carnivores
1.6.2 Decomposition&NutrientRecycling
Nutrient:aminoacids,minerals,sugar,salts&vitamins.
With flow of energy through food chain, nutrients are passed from one
organismtoanotherduringfeeding.
AutotrophOrganicmatter
Sunlight
Photosynthesis
Respiratory
Sunsenergy
R
Primaryproducer
R
Decomposer
Primaryconsumer
Secondaryconsumer
R
R
Fig4Energyflow
Soil
Rain
Plant
Primaryproduct
Primaryconsumer
Decomposer
Herbivores
Secondaryconsumer
Carnivores
Fig5Nutrientcycle
1.7 EnvironmentalGradients&Tolerance:
Eachspeciesisnotfoundineverytypeofhabitat(area)Uneven
distributionoforganism
Thisisbecauseofseveralfactors
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Light
Temperature
PH
Food
Water
Shelter
Predictor&competitorsinteraction.
Theaboveenvironmentalfactorsvariesfromtheequatortowardsnorthor
south;iscalledenvironmentalgradient.
Theplotbetweenenvironmental&populationsizeiscalledtolerancecarve.
++++++++++++
A=Speciesabsent
B=Lowpopulation
Rangeofoptimum:Areaofgreatestnumbers.
ConceptofHydrology
2.1Hydrologicalcycle:
Water evaporates from oceans & other water bodies, and from land
surfaces. The evaporated water rises into the atmosphere until the water
vapour condness. Then the condensed water vapour condenses. Then the
condensedwatervapourintheformofrain&sometimesassnow.
++++++++++++++++
Fig2.1Hydrologicalcycle.
2.2Waterbalance:
Theaccountingofwaterforaparticularcatchment,regionorearthiscalled
waterbalance.
Therefore,waterbalanceistheaccountofhydrologicalcycle.Moreover,the
inputtothehydrologicalcycleisduetoprecipitation.
theequaforwaterbalanceis
P=R+E SG
P=Precipitation,mm/day
R=Streamrunoff
E=Evaporation
S=Changeinsoilmoisturestatus
G=Changeingroundwaterstatus
2.3 Energybudget/balance:
Thesourceofenergyissolarradiation.Earthsurfaceabsorbssolarradiation.
Theenergyabsorbedbyearthsurfaceisreflectedbacktotheatmosphere
& some enters into the earth. Furthermore, the earth also reradiates some
solarenergy.
The energy balance is the accounting of distribution of the solar radiation
through atmosphere and onto the earths surface of land and ocean.
Moreover, It accounts for the outgoing terrestrial radiation from the earths
surface.
It includes evaporation flux, sensible heat flux & net radiant emission by
surface.
Ourinterestisfindthenetincomingradiationattheearthssurface.
Quantityofradiantenergyremainingattheearthssurface.
Rn=LE+H+G+PS+M
WhereRn=Specificfluxofnetincomingradiation,W/m2
L=Latentheatofvaporization(Doesntincreasethetemperature)
E=specificfluxenergyofsensibleheatintotheatmosphere(watt/m2)
G=Specificfluxofheatintooroutofthesoil
PS=Photosyntheticenergyfixedbyplants
M=Energyforrespiration&heatstorageinacropcanopy.
NeglectingPS&M,wehave
Rn=LE+H+G
2.4Precipitation:
Preciptionisintheformofrain,hailorsnow.Weareinterestedto
determinetheamount,rate&durationofprecipitation.
Themagnitudeofrainfallisdeterminedbythreewayssuchas:
9 Precipitationgauges
9 RaderInstruments
9 Satelliteremotesensing
Precipitationcanbecalculatedfromdifferentmethodanalysisresultsi.e.
9 Areaprecipitation
9 Deptareadurationanalysis
9 Precipitationdurationfrequencyanalysis.
9 Intensitydurationfrequencyanalysis.
9 Extremevaluesofprecipitation.
Areaprecipitation
P1=.dx
MeanareaTotalaccumulation
Precipitationofprecipitationatallpointx1inthecatchment
Timeaveragedmainareaprecipitation
M
P2=
I=1AA
Totalprecipitationatx&timeti.
Where
A=Catchmentarea
T=Totalstormperiod.
Depthareadurationanalysis.
Generally,astheareaofacatchmentincreases,thedepthofprecipitation
decreases.Therefore,anareareductionfactor(ARF)
Isusedforprecipitationinthisanalysis.
Precipitationfrequency
Rainfallrecordoveraperiodoftimewithaspecificmagnitude.(No.oftimes)
+++++++++++++++++
Fig2.3Depthareadurationcurve
Intensitydurationfrequencyanalysis(IDF)
FromIDFcurves,asrainfallintensityincreases,itsdurationdecreasesi.e.
I
Runoff(Q)=CIA
Catchmentarea(km2)
Localityconstants.
2.5 Infiltration:
Itisthemovementofwaterfromsoilsurfaceintothesoil.About76%of
precipitationinfiltrateintothesoil.
1 Thepropertiesofsoilwhichresponsibleforinfiltrationare
9 Bulkdensity
9 Particledensity
9 Porosity
9 Volumetricwatercontent
9 DegreeofSaturation.
Bulkdensityofasoilis:
(b)
b=()
Md=Drymassofasoilvolume
Vt=totalvolume(Undriedcondn)
Particledensity(m)=
Vd=dryvolume
Typicalvalueformostsailsis2.65kg/m
Porosity()==1
Va=volumeofair
Va=volumeofwater
Vs=volumeofsolids
VolumetricWatercontent()==
UnsaturatedzoneAHorizon
Subsoil
BHorizon
Saturatedsoil
CHorizon
BedRock
3Soilmoisturecontentorsoilwatercontent
Eachsoilhasamaximummoisturemagnitude/capacity,whenitissaturated.
+++++++++++++++
Aerationzone:istheupperzonewheretheporesareoccupiedbyair.
Capacityzone:isthezonethroughwhichwaterwillrisethroughthesoilpores
bycapillaryaction.
Groundwaterzone:existsbelowthewatertable.
2.6Evaporation&Evapotranspiration:
The level of soil below which the pore space is 100% occupied by
water.
2.7.1Aquifers
Watertable
+++++++++++++++
An aquifier is a water bearing rock formation that contains sufficient
amountsofwatertobeexploited&broughttothesurfacebywells.
Aquifersaretwotypesinnature:
9 Contined
9 Uncontined
Upperaquiferisunconfined&ithasanaturalwatertableline.
Freetomoveup&down
The impermeable strata between unconfined aquifer & confined aquifer is
calledaquaclude.
Whenwellsaredrilledintoconfinedaquiferwaterwillrise&attainitsown
watertableline.
2.8Groundwaterchemistry:
(quality/properties)
The quality of ground water depends on the subsoil & rocks that it passes
through.
Ex:hardness,iron,manganese
1 Hardness
WhenGroundwaterpassthroughthelimestone,itdissolves/mixedwith
calcium & magnesium compounds; which cause hardness. (200 to 400
mg/litr)
2 Iron&Manganese
Excessamountofironsdontcausehealthproblem(Tasteproblems)
Itwillgiveametabolictastetowater.
Manganesecauseablackdiscolorationofwater.
Iron&manganesearegoodindicatorofwaterpollution.
3 Hydrogensulphide(gas)
H2Sispresentinwaterfromrockslikelimestonesorshales.
ItcreatethesameproblemasinthecaseofIron.
4 Sulphate(800mg/lit)
5 SodiumChloride(Nacl)
Thisproblemoccursinareaswhererocksarehighlypermeable.
2.9 Ground water contamination: internet Make impure which will
becomeharmful
TheindicatorsofthesourceofcontaminationareE.coli,nitrate,ammonia,
potassium,chloride,iron,manganeseetc.
1 Bacteria&Viruses.
E. coli is the parameter which indicates the presence of bacteria &
viruses.
Presence of bacteria in ground water causes typhoid fever, diarrhea,
gastrointestinalinfectionetc.
EcoliBacteriaFromseptictankeffluent,landfillsites&birdsetc.
2 Nitrate
Nitraterichwatercausemathaemoglobinaemia(bluebabysyndrome)to
youngchildren.
3 Ammonia
Ithasalowmobilityinsoil&subsoil.
4 Potassium(K)
Itisimmobileinsoil.
5 Chloride(Cl)
6 Iron&Manganese
2.10Groundwaterpollutioncontrol/prevention:
WaterQualityRequirement:
3.1InStreamStandards:
Waterqualityrequirements&waterqualitystandard.
Manyfactorsaffectstream
Qualityex:Wastewaterdischarge&humanactivities
3.2Portablewaterstandard:
+++++++++++++
3.3Wastewatereffluentstandards:
Decomposition:Theprocessofdecaycausedbybacteria&fungi
:WaterQualityinRivers:
4.1OrganiccontentparameterDO&BODinstreams
DODissolvedoxygen.
Waterbodiessupportavarietyoffishandanimals.Theyrequire
oxygen&astream/rivermusthaveaminimumdissolvedoxygenabout
2mg/litr.
Whenanorganicwasteisdischargedtoastream,theorganiccontent
undergoesbiochemicalreaction.Thisreactionaconsumesoxygenfrom
waterbodies.
Organiccontent+O2microorganism
New+Co2+H2O+stableproducts
Biomass
Theamountofdissolvedoxygenusedupfromwatersamplebymicro
organismforthebiochemicalreactionistermedasBOD.
TherelationbetweenDO&BODisdevelopedbyStricter&Phelps
model.
Follow=K1LtK2DO
otherbook=
K1L0eK1tK2DO
Lo=Oxygendemandatt=to
Lt=CBOD(mg/Litr)
=Carbonaceousbiochemicaloxygendemand
amountofoxygen
Remainingattimet
ConstantsK1dexygenationrate(1/day)
K2reactionrate(day1)
(LoLt)Oxygenconsumed.
Thedissolvedoxygen(Do)decreasesinariver/streambydegradationof
BOD.ThevariationofDOinthestream/riverw.r.tBODwasderivedby
Streeter&helpsmodel.
Seededwater
Deoxygenation
ChemicalOxygenDemand(COD):Aquickchemicaltesttomeasurethe
oxygenequivalentoftheorganicmattercontentofwastewaterthatis
susceptibletooxidationbyastrongchemical.(organic&inorganic)
(both)
OrCODisameasureofthetotalorganiccarbonwiththeexceptionof
certainaromaticsuchasbenzenewhicharenotcompletelyoxidizedin
thereaction.
Organicmaterialssuchascellulose,phenolsetc.resistbiodegrationalong
withpesticides&thesematerialsareoxidizedintheCODtest.
*Theorganiccontentofawastewaterstreamisdeterminedbyfollowing
tests.
BOD5:conc.OfDoatday5
COD
TOC:Totalorganiccarbon,
atdayOatday5
BOD5=P(DOiDos)
Dilationfactor.
4.2Transformationprocessinwaterbodies:
TheconstituentsinwaterbodiesareDO,BOD,temperature,salinity,
nitrogen(asorganic,ammonia&nitrateetc),phosphursetc,(considering
waterquality).
Thetransformationprocessinwaterbodiesare:
1 Influentcleanflows
2 Influentwasteflows
3 Biologicaloxidationofcarbonaceous&nitrogenousorganicmatter.
4 Reparationofsurfacelayer
5 ReductionofBOD(sedimentation)
6 Photosynthesis
7 Respiration
8 Oxygendiffusion
9 COD(Chemicaloxygendemand)
4.3Transportprocessinwaterbodies:
Transportprocessesare
1 Advection(heat,humidity&solidityinocean)
2Difusion:theprocessbywhichmodelsSeeS.K.Garg
intermingleasaresultoftheir&otherBook
extwogasesmixK.E.ofrandommotion.Fordestination
withcostivelyoftheprocess
3Buoyancy:isanupwardforexertedby
fluidthatopposestheweighofimmersedobject.
4.4StricterPhelpsOxygenSagModel:
Therateofdecompositionoforganicmatterisproportionaltotheamountof
organicmatteravailable;i.e.
=K
11
1Lt
Lt=BODremainingattime
t,
K1=deoxygeneationratecoefficientperday
Integrateequation1between(Lo)to(Lt)
Lt=Loek1t
Wehave2
WhereLo=UltimateBOD
=(BODattintO)=initialBOD
BODconsumedattimet.
(BOD)t=LoLt
=LoLoeK1t
=Lo(1eK1t)
Solve
Ex7.1
7.3
Whenbiodegradablewastewasdischargedtoastream/river,Itconsumed
oxygen.
Thedeticienyofdissolvesoxygenismaintainedthroughreaertionfrom
atmosphere.
Hence,eqa1canbewrittenas
=K1LtK2(DO)
=K1Loek1tK2(DO)
3
WhereDO=DOdeficit(oxygendeficit).
=maintainDOactualDO
LtOxygenremainingattimet
K1deoxygenationrateperday
K2=reparationrateperday
Integratingeq,wehave
DO(t)=(ek1tek2t)+
DOek2t
4
WhereLo=Oxygendemandatt=to
Doo=dissolvedoxygendeficitatt=to
Dissolvedoxygensaturationdeficitatanytimet.
Equ4isthestreeterPhelpsoxygensagformula.
Solveex7.5
InitialDODOcDOsagcurve
DeficitminReaertim
DO(mg/lit)
deoxygenation
time
FigDissolvedoxygensagcurve
DocMinimumormaximumdissolvedoxygendeficit
differentiateequ4w.r.ttot&setitequaltozero.Wehave
tc=.Ln1
timeofoccurrenceofminimumDOormaximum
dissolvedoxygendeficitDOc
=DO(t)DOo
Dissolvedoxygensaturationdeficitattime.
ChemicalPretreatment:toremoveundesirablepropertiesofwater(excess
colourofalgae)Photosyntheticalghe.(doubt)
Unit(NTU:Nephelonetricturbidityunit)
Prechorinctinfor(Lowturbiditywater)
Activaledcarbon
(Turbidity:Shouldbe<0.3NTU)suspendedandmuddyparticles.
(Itisinvisibletonakedeye)
Prechorination:
1 Lowturbidingpurpose
2 Pathogenicwill&reducedcolour
(Bacterialusingdisease)
Chlorineisinjectedintowaterforaperiodinthesettingtank.(5mg/Line
Dose)
3 Itisusedtoreduceammoniainwatersupply
Activatedcarbonisusedfor
9 Removalofphotosyntheticalgae
9 Improvementofcolour&odour.
9 Removalofselectiveorganiccompound.
Activatedcarbonusedaspowderedactivatedcarbon(PAC)
PACisdepositedinsandfilters&watercausingtheundesirable
taste&odoweraredispositedtoPACduringinfiltration.Adsorbed
gas/molecnlegatherdepositonasurface.
Aeration:
Iron&manganesecausesmetabolictastetowater
OxygenO2contentisincreasedtorechesthebadtaste(metabolic
taste).
Additionofoxygenhelpstoseparatethesubstance(Iron&
manganses)inasolidform.
Adsorption:theaccumulationofgas,liquidorsolutesonthesurface
asolid/media.
Sedimentationtank(settingtank):(I)dissolveparticiple
=
Flowvelocityinhorizontaldegree.
Vs=settingvelocity
V=()xVs
Therearethreezonesinthetank.
1 Inletzone
2 Outletzone
3 Sludgezone
Sedimentationofflocculentparticles:(II)
Settingofflocculentparticles.
Coagulationisthefirstprocessofaddingthecoagulantwhichchanges
theparticleselectriccharges&thenhelpstoaggregateinmass.
Flocculationisthesecondprocessofgettingthecoagulatedmixto
formlargerflocs.
Beforeflocculationcolloidalparticlesaresuspendedinaliquid¬
dissolvedinthesolution.
Incoagulationprocesscoagulantswithoppositechargetothe
suspendedsolidareweldedtoneutralizethevechargesondispersed
nonsettablesolids.
Ex7.1Asampleofwastewaterisdilutedwithaseededwater&isplaced
inanairtightbottle.MeasuretheconcentrationofDOatignitionday.
1 PretratmentProcess:
9 Screening:Coarseserreemy(25mm100mmsize)
9 Storage
9 Aeration(ToreleaseexcessH2S,CO2,O2)
9 Chemicalpretreatment.(Prechlorination&Activatedcarbon)
Screeny
Coarsesereeny(25mmdiabar&100mmspellingisusedtopreventlarge
floatingmaterial)
FixSereen(6mmdiaopening)Aobstructionis
Microscreen(2040Nmopening)madewithwovensteel
Wirenet.
Storagetankareusedforsettlementofsuspendedparticles
(initialsettingtank)
9 Thismaybeusefultoreelncepathogensbyexposuretodaylight.
9 Timeofstorageisabout12hr.
Aration:issupplyofoxygenfromatmospheretowatertochangequalityof
water.
(PH,hardness,manganese,H2Setcinaspecifiedanomy)
Aerationisusedtorelease(H2S),which
releaseCO2,whichiscorrosiveinnature.
:WaterTreatment:
5.1Watersources&theirquality:
Differentwatersourcesare
9 Rivers
9 Lake&reservoir
9 Groundwater
Qualityofwaterare:
PH,Acidity,Alkalinity,Colour,Turbidity,DO,etc.
Secondary
Primarytreating
Disonfeet
Pretreatment
treatment
Sedimentation,
Coagulation(Fitration)
5.2WaterTreatmentOperation:
5.2.1Sedimentation
Theseparationofsuspendedsolidsfromtheliquidbygravitysetting
processisreferredassedimentation.
Sedimentationofdiscreteparticles(I)
Separatepart
9 Settingtanksarecircular/rectangular.Particlessettleout
individuality.Thedesignofsuchtanksarebasedonsettingvelocity.
Aparticlewillaccelerateverticallydownwardsuntilthedragforce
(FD)equalstoimpellingforce(F1).Thenparticlewillsettleata
constantvelocity.
Stokesvelocity(V2)
F1=(sw)V
s=densityofsolidparticles(Psg)
w=densityofsolidwater(Pwg)
V=Volumeofparticles
FD=CDAsPw
CD=Dragcolficient
=0.4forspheres.
As=spheresectionarea.
Vs=stokesvelocity
V=kinematicviscosity=
Sedimentationofflocculentparticles(I)
Flocculent:cloudlikeaggregations.
Flocculentparticlesarethoseparticlesthatarechemically(Addthechemical)
assistedtocometogether&producelargeparticle&settle.
5.2.2(Coagulation:
Iftheparticlesizerangeisbetter107to101mm,thenbecauseofsmall
size,thesuspendedmatterhasnegligiblevelocity.Tosettletheseparticles,we
usechemicalcoagulanttocollecttheparticlesinmass.
Coagulant:Aluminumsulphate,ferrous,sulphete&ferricchloride.
Whenalumisaddedtorawwater,thereactionis:
Al2(SO4)3.14H2O+3Ca(HCO3)2
Alumcalciumbicarbonate
PH=PotentialofHydrogen(VariesfromOto14)
=Itisthelogarithmofthereciprocalofhydrogenionconcentrationingram
atomsperlitre.
=<7(acidity)
>7(Basic/alkalining)
FlocGelatinousparticle(Asmalljellyaggregatemassformed.)
Itthereisinsufficientalkalinityinwater,limeisaddedtowater.Thereaction
is:
Al2(SO4).14H2O+3Ca(OH)2
Calcium
Hydroxide
Then,thesmallparticlesattachedwiththeflockmass&producealarger
mass&itsettlesdown.
Solve.
Ex.11.3,11.4
5.2.3Filtrationistheprocessofpassingwaterthroughaporousmedium.,(ex
sandlayer).
Usuallysandfiltrationhasbeenusedfortheporousmedium.
Classificationoftitrationsystemare
9 Gravityorpressure
9 Rapid/slowfiltration
9 Depth/cakefiltration
Gravityfiltrationistheprocesswherewatergoesthroughfilteronly
bygravityforce.
PressurefiltersWaterisforcedthroughthefiltermediaunder
pressure.
Slow/rapidfiltration
Slow:filtrationrate(0.1to0.2m/hmeter)
Rapid:filtrationrate(5to20m/h)
Depthfiltrationiswheremostofthedepthofthefiltermediumis
activeinthefiltrationprocess.
SlowSandFilteration
Supernatantwater
Schmutzdecke
Sandfiltered
Inlet
Structure
Systemofunderdrain.
Waterenterthroughinletandflowerontheschmutzdeckelayer.
Thislayeriscomposedofliving&deadmicroorganisms.
TheSupernatantwaterprovidessufficientwatertodrivethrough
thesandfilter.
Thefilterbdisoffinesand(0.15to0.3mm)
Inshowsandfiltration
Totalcoliformbacteriaremoval(99.4%)
Removalofparticlewithsizes1to60r&m
Colourremovalisnotsignificant.
Turbiding(waterwithfineclay/mueldyparticles)removalis25%
Slowsandfiltrationfiltersabout26month.
RapidGravityFilters
InfluentWaterheadcoarsematerialFinesand
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Rapidgravityfiltersareusedtofilterchemicallycoagulatedwater&
producehighqualitydrinkingwater.
Biologicalactivityoccurinthebreakdownofammoniatonitrateas
innitrification:
NH4+2O2NO3+
AmmoniaBacteriaNitrate
2H++H2O
Filtrationoperateswithaheadofabout1mofwater.
Maintainsamefiltrationrate
Waterorcompressedairfrombottomissentupthroughbackwash.
(BackwashVelocity>0.3melm/min)
Waterisrecycledthroughtheplant.
Filtrationoperatedonhydraulicprinciple.
Vf=Vtxf4.5
Porosity
Terminalvelocitytowashmediumfrombed
5.2.4Disinfection
Itreferstooperationsusedtokillpathogenicmicroorganisms.
Sterilizationistheprocessforthecompletedestructionofallliving
matter.
Disinfectiondoesntindicatetosterilizationprocess.
90%ofbacteria&virusesareremovedbycoagulation&filtration
process.
Therateofdestructionofmicroorganismisalchemicalreaction
(chickslaw)
=kNt
solun Nt=Noekt
Nt=Nooforganismsattimet
No=
K=rateconstantofthetypeofdisinfectant,microorganism
Thecommonuseddisinfectantsare
9 Chlorinedioxide.
9 Chloramines
9 Ozone
9 Ultravidetradiaction
9 Chlorination.
1Makeashortnoteontheuse&effectofdifferentdisinfectants.
2Drawthelayoutofthewatertreatmentplant.
*BrakpointChlorination:Duetothereactivityofchlorine,itreactswitha
multitudeofinorganic&organicmaterialspresentinwater.Insomecases,itis
usedasanoxidizingagentfirsttobreakdownthesematerials.Thistypeof
chlorinationiscalledbreakpointchlorination.Duetohighdosagesofchlorine
normallyemployed,thisprocedureisnolongerperformedinGermany,butstill
widelyusedinUS&othercountries.
:WasteWaterTreatment:
6.1Wastewatercharacteristics:
Wastewatersareeitherfromthesourcofindustrialwastewaterorfrom
municipalwastewater.
Componentsofwastewateraresuspendedsolids,biodegradableorganics,
andpathogens.
Suspendedsolidsareorganicinnature.ExBodywaste,foodwaste,paper&
biologicalcells.
Solubleorganicsinwastewaterareofproteins,carbohydratesandlipids.
Waterbornepathogensmaybefoundindomesticwastewater.
6.2wastewatertreatmentprocesses:
Domestic&industrialwastewatercontainmainlyorganicwaste.
So,themaintreatmentprocessesareusedtowardsorganicremoval.
Processare:
9 Pretreatment
9 Primarytreatment
9 Secondarytreatment
9 Advancedtreatment
6.3Pretreatment:
Thefloatingdebrisdestinationproductofbuildingdebris&grit,&oily
dictionaryscumsareremovedfromwaste
Vegetationprolentwater,inthepretreatmentprocess
Sometimes,thepHofwastewaterisinsucharangethatwateriseithertooacidic
ortooalkalineforoptimumbiologicaldegradation.ItneedpHcorrection.ThePH
correctionisachievedbytheadditionofsulphuricacid(H2SO4)orlime.
6.3.1Screening
Theobjectiveofscreeningistoremovelargefloatingmaterial&soprotectdown
streammechanicalequipments.
9 Corasescreenwithopening
(removelargematerial>6mm)
9 Finescreenswithopening(1.6mmto6mmmaterial)
(Foractivatedsludge)
9 Veryfinescreenopening(0.2to1.5mm)
9 Microscreenwithopening(0.001to0.3mm)
Municipalwastewater
screens
Gritfacilities
Fat,oil,greases
FOG
flotation
BalancingpH,
Organic,nutrient
Primarytreatment
6.3.2Gritchannels
Gritisinorganicsandorgravelparticlesdofsizeabout1mm.
Theyarewashedintosewercollectionsystemsfromroad&pavement.
Gritdoesntexistinindustrialprocessofwastewater.
Gritcanabrademechanicalequipments.
Gritcollectiondevicesare:
9 Helicalflowaeratedgritchamber
9 Horizontalflowgritchannel.
Airentersonesideofchannelnearthebottom&thiscauseaspiralmotionIarto
themainflowdirection.
Airsupply
Grit
FigHelicalflowaerated
gritchannel
Heaviergritparticlessettlewhilethelighterorganicmatter
remaininsuspension.
Aeratedgritchambersaremoreefficientthanhorizontalflow
type.
Thedesignofgritchannelisbasedonsettingofparticle
F1=FD
(sw)V=CDAsfw
Vs=(Sp1)d2
Sp=Specificgravityofparticiples
CD=dragcoefficient
=
V=Kinematicviscosity
=
Ex12.4Designahorizontalflowgritchambertoremovegritofsize
greaterthan0.2mmifthethroughflowis10,000M3/d.thespecific
gravityoftheparticlesis1.9.
Solution
Settingvelocity(Vs)=.(
)d2
=x(1.91)x(0.2)2
=19.6mm/see
=0.02m/see
AssumeDepth(D)=1.5xwidth(w)
C/sarea=A=WxD
=1.5w2
A===0.39m2
6.3.3 Flotation : Flotation is used when suspended particles have low setting
velocitythattheyarenotsettleableinsedimentationtank.
Sedimentation, in watertreatment chapter, is the gravity unit process of
separatingsolidsfromliquids.
Flotationisthebuoyancyunitprocessofseparatingsolidparticlesfromaliquid
phase.
Inmunicipalwork,solidsarefats,oils&grases(FOG).
The process of separation involves introducing air bubbles at the bottom of a
flotationtank.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Fig:DissolvedAirFlotation
Airbubbleattacheswithparticulate(composedofdistunitparticles)dictionary)
matter&thecombinedbuoyancyhelpstheparticletorisetothesurface.Then,itis
removedbyskimming.Dictionary.
9 Gravityflotation
9 VacuumMakeashortnote
9 Electroflotation
9 Dissolvedairflotation(DAF)
9 Airflotation
6.3.4Equalization:Uniformity/balancing
Wastewater treatment plant receives the waste matter (effluent),
uniformity/balancingisrequiredforthat.
Thisincludes
9 Flowequalization
9 Organicequalization
9 Nutrientbalancing
9 PHbalancing(PHcorrection)
(6.5to8.5)
Flowequalization/balancingoperates&balanced7days.
Overflow
RawScreensstructureToprimary
2
3A
1
sedimentation
WastewaterGritremoval
3B
EqualizationFlowcontrol
6.4PrimaryTreatment:
Primarytreatmentisoftencalledclarification,sedimentationorsetting.
The waste water is allowed to settle for a period (about 2hr) in a setting tank
andproduceclarifiedliquideffluentinonestream.
Therefore, the objective is to produce a suitable for the secondary biological
treatment&achieveasolidseparation.
Hence,theprimarytreatmentinclude
9 Reductioninsuspendedsolids
9 ReductioninBOD
9 Reductionintheamountofwasteactivatedsludge(WAS)
9 Removaloffloatingmaterial.
9 Partialequalizationofflowrates&organicload.
++++++++++++++++
FigC/sofatypicalcircularprimaryclarificationtank.
9 Wastewaterentersthroughthediffusionbox.Thetankissizedso,that
theretentiontimeisabout2hr.inthisperiod,thesuspendedparticles
settledownassludge&liftupwardsthroughacentralhopper.
6.4.1Chemicallyenhancedprimarysedimentation
Theadditionofcoagulantchemicals
(iron,salts,lime,alum)
Beforesedimentationmakesthesuspendedfineparticlesintosettleableflocs.
This process increases. The efficiency of suspended solid & BOD removal
rates.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Surfaceoverflowratem3/d/m2)
Asthesurfaceoverflowrateincreases,theremovalefficiencydecreases.
Themechanismofchemicallyenhancedprimarysedimentationistousean
aerationtank&addcoagulants.
6.4.2Sludgequantitiesfromprimarysetting:
Theamountofsludgeproducedduringprimarysettingwilldependonthe
totalsuspendedsolids&theefficiencyofsolidremoval.
6.5Secondarytreatment:
In primary setting process. About 60% of suspended solids & 30% of BOD
removedfromwestwater.
ThepurposeofsecondarytreatmentistoreducetheBODwhichdoesnot
benefitasmuchassuspendedsolidsfromprimarysetting.
Secondarytreatmentprocessproducesnonpollutingandproductsfromthe
(H2O,CO2,Sludge)
Biodegradableorganicmatter:
Theendproductshouldntprovideafoodsourceforaerobicbacteria.
(Liquidefficient)
Theremovaloforganicmatterincludestheprocesses:
9 Biodegradation
9 Airstripping:removalofcovering
9 Adsorption
(accumulation of molecules particles to form a thin film on surface of
water)
9 Activatedsludgesystem
9 Attachedgrowthsystem
6.5.1Activatedsludgesystem
Thecommonactivatedsludgesystemsare
9 Completemixreactors.
9 Plugflowreactors.
9 Oxidationditch
9 Contactstabilization
9 Sequencingbatchreactors
CompleteMixReactors
Ithasuniformcharacteristicsthroughouttheentirereactor.
Aerationisprovidedbysurfaceaerators.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are maintained throughout the process
(2mg/L).
Thereturnedactivatedsludge(RAS)fromtheclarifierisfeddirectlytothe
aerationbasin
bacteria
Organic+O2CO2+NH3+newbiomassOliodProcess
PlugFlowReactors
Plugflowmeansaplugofsubstrateinfluenttoanaerationbasinismoved
forward, without too much interaction with plug. This means satisfacting
mixingoccursinthelateraldirection,butnoneinlongitudinaldirection.
InfluentEffluent
Plug
Thereisahighorganicloadingattheinfluentendofthebasin.
Thereisanexcessoffoodsubstrateattheinfluentendshortageoffood
substrateatthedownstreamend.
Throughtheaerationbasinthefoodsubstrate.Decreaseswhilemicro
organismconcentrationincreases.
OxidationDitch
+++++++++++++
FigLayoutofanoxidationditchsystem.
ContactStabilization
Aerationiscarriedoutintwophasesintwodifferenttanks.
Influenteffluent
Contacttank
Clarifier
Sludgesludgewaste
recycle,
Aeratortank
In contact tank the suspended organic matter is adsorbed by the microbial mass and
thedissolvedorganicmatterisabsorbedbythebiomass.
Sequencingbatchreactors
Itisacomplexmixactivatedsludgesystemwithoutasecondaryclarifier.
Fivedifferentsequencesarefollowedwithinthesingleaerationbasin.
Aeration&clarificationarecarriedoutinonetank.
++++++++++++++++++++
6.5.2Attachedgrowthsystems(Writeashortnote)
Itallowamicrobiallayertogrowonthesurfaceofthemedia(stone,plastic)
Itexposedtotheatmospherefromwhereitdrawsitsoxygen.
Themicrobiallayerissprayedwiththewastewater.
Inthisprocess,themicrobiallayerconventsthebiodegradeableorganicwastewaterto
biomass&byproducts.
Microbial:involving/causedbymicrobas
ThemicrobiallayerhelpstoreducetheBODofeffluents.
PercolatingFilters(TrickingFilters)
Thesearegenerallycylindricalorrectangularboxesofconcreteorsteel,containing
stonemedia.
Themediaisangularratherthanrounded(exlimestoneisabetterchoice).
Thefloorofthetankhasanunderdrainsystemforcollectingtheunderdrainsystemfor
collectingthetreatedwastewater.
Q.1Operationoftrickingfilterwithdiagram.
Factorsaffectingtheefficiencyofatrickingfilter.
Granularmediafiltration:
Themediamaynatural/syntheticmedia&filtertypeiseitherofpressureorgranting.
Adsorption:(Activatedcarbonadsorption)
OrganiccompoundmayberemovedbyPACorgranulatedactivatedurban(GAC).
Powered.
Chemicaltreatment:Inthisprocess,thePHofeffluentrisesto10.811.5,sothat
ammonia(wastewater)
Nitrogenconvertedtoammoniagas&itreleasedtoatmosphere.
++++++++++++++
6.6SecondaryClarification:
Theretentiontimeinsecondaryclarificatorisabout2hrssameasinprimary
clarification.Butitisprovidedwithadeepsettingtank.
(about4.5m)
Theaimisthatnosolidsshouldescapeintheclarifiedeffluent.
Thesolidsarebiologicalinnature.
(Biodegradableorganicmatter)
Itmayrequireoxygendemandfromwaterbodyforthedecomposition.
Theimportantparameterforsecondaryclarificationis
surfaceoverflowrate(SOR)=discharge
AreaofC/S
6.7AdvancedTreatmentProcess(Filtration)
9 Granularmediafiltration:Itcomposedofonetypeofgrains
9 Adsorption(Sand/stoneek)
9 Chemicaltreatment
9 AirstrippingRemovalofammonia;
9 Chlorinationwhenammonialevels
arehighineffluent
(wastewater)
6.8WastewaterDisinfection
Theobjectiveofdisinfectionistoeliminatepathogenicorganisms.
Thedisinfectionproducerforwastewaterare?
9 Chlorine
9 Ozone
9 Chlorinedioxide
9 Ultravidetradiation.
6.9Layoutofwastewatertreatmentplant
+++++++++++++++++++++
Figlayoutofatypicalwastewatersystemincludingfiltration.
:Anaerobicdigestion:
Processofdecomposingthe
organicmatter.
7.1Introduction:
Itisusedforthetreatmentofindustrial,agricultural&municipalwastewater.
Anaerobicdigestionistheuseofmicroorganismsforthestabilizationoforganic
(intheabsenceofoxygen)
matterstotheformofmethaneandotherinorganicproducts.
Organicmatter+H2OmicrobialCH4+CO2+
organism
New+NH3+H2S+Heat
Biomass
Itoccursintheabsenceofoxygen.
Concentratedwastewatersledgesmayreactwithwastewater&hena,canproduce
badproductsorgasestotheenvironment.
Therefore,Ithastomakethesludgesasinertpriortodisposal.ThecommonNoreaction
withwaterorotherelements.Noreactionwithwaterorotherelements.
Processisbiologicaldegradation.Thisprocessconvertthesolidstononcellularend
products.(dictionary)Notdividedintocells
Theprocessiscommonlytermedassludgedigestion.
2 Sludgedigestionreducesthevolumeofthickensludgeaswellasmakesthe
remainingsolidasinert.
Aerobicdigestion
Anaerobicdigestion
Aerobes:Microorganismsrequireoxygenfortheirsurvival,arecalledaerobes.
Anaerobes:Othermicroorganismscantsurviveintheoxygenenvironment,areknown
asanaerobes.
3 Primarysludgecontainslargeamountsofavailableorganicsthatwouldinducea
rapidgrowthofbiomassiftreatedaerobically.
(dictionary)totalmassoflivingmatter
4 Anaerobicdecompositionproduceslessamountofbiomasscomparedtoaerobic
processes.
The aim of anaerobic digestion process is to convert as much as sludge to end
productssuchasliquids&gases;whileproducingalittleresidualbiomass.
7.2MicrobiologyofAnaerobicdigestion:
Fourdifferentmicrobiologicalgroups(bacteria)arerecognized.
9 Hydrolytic bacteria compound reacts with water & produce other
compound.
9 Acidogenicbacteriaformationofacid.
9 AceticlasticMethanogens.
9 HydrogenophilicMethanogens.
Complexwaste
(sludge)
Proteincarbohydrates.Lipids.Hydrolysis
Process
Hydrologic
Bacteria.
Aminoacid,sugar
Faltyacid,alcohols.
Acidogenic
bacteria
Acidogonesis
process
Intermediate
Products.
Acetate
H2,CO2
Aceticlastic
BacteriaHydrogenophilic
Methane,
Methanogens
CO
2
7.3MethaneProclcetion:
Anaerobicsludgedigestiondividesintotwogroups,theacidformers&methane
formers.
Theinfluentsludgeentersthetankclosetothetopatthesupernatantlayer(purified
liquidlayer)
Thereisaactivitydigestingsludgelayerbelowtosupertentlayer.
Finallythedecomposed(digested)sludgestabilizedatthebottomoftank.
Gasreleased.
InfluentsludgeScam
Supernantreleased.
AActivitydigestingsludge.
Stabilizedsludge
Digestedsludge
ExC6H12O63CO2+3CH4
7.4Applicationofanaerobicdigestion:
Agriculturalwastewatertreatment
Industrial
Municipal
:AirPollution:
Mancanhardlysurvivefor5minuteswithoutair.
However,hecansurvive5dayswithoutwater&for5weekswithoutfood.
Whenairgetspolluted,itcausesanumberofdiseasesinhumanbody(animals).
Hence,thepollutedairisharmfultoalltypesoflife(plant,animals).
8.1Airpollutants:
Thepollutedairgetscontactwiththenonlivingmaterials(metal,wood,stoneetc)&
corrosiveactionofpollutedairorduetothechemicalattackofairpollutants.
Primarypollutants
Sulphuroxides(SO2),carbonmonoxide(CO),Nitrogenoxides(NO&NO2),Lead(Pb),
hydrocarbons,allergicagents&radioactivesubstances,H2S,H2F,&methylðyl
mercaptans.
Theprimarypollutantsreactwitheachother&withwatervapour&producesnew
pollutants,calledsecondarypollutants.
Secondarypollutantsareproducedfromhechemicalreactionsduetooxidationcaused
byenergyofsun.
Secondarypollutantsaremoreharmfulthantheoriginalprimarypollutants.
Thepollutantsare:
9 H2SO4(Sulpharicacid)
9 Ozone(O3)
9 Formaldehydes(HCHO)orCH2O
9 Peronyacylnitrate(PAN)(NOz)
1 Sulpherdioxide(SO2)
Itisanirritantgas&wheninhaled,itincreasesthebreathingrate&causesoxygen
deficitinthebody.
exPatientsofasthmaareaffectedbythispollutions.
SO2mayoxidizetoformSO3,whichwheninhaled,maydissolveinbodyfluidtoform
sulphuricacid(H2SO4).H2SO4isaverystrongcorrosiveacid.
SO3causesseverebranchspasm.
(dictionary):difficultyinexhalation
SO2originatesfromrefineries&chemicalplants,smeltingoperation&burningof
(dictionary):formationmetalsby
heating
fulls.ThermalpowerplantalsoemitsSO2.
ThequantityofSO2inairis0.03ppm
(SpecifiedAirStandard)*
*Contentationofpollutant(Unitofmeasurement)
9 Generallytheconcentrationofpollutantcanbeexpressedasmicrogramspercubis
metre(g/m3)atatmospherictemp&pressure.
9 Iftheconcentrationisexpressedincum(m3)permillioncumofair,itiscalledas
ppm(partspermillion).
9 Therelationbetwnppm&g/m3is:
1g/m3=
X103
Liter
Molmolecule
( /mol)VolumeinLiteroccupiedbyonemolecule.
2 Carbonmonoxide.(CO)
COhas200timesaffinitytowardsbloodhemoglobin(Hb)thanoxygen.
Wheninhaled,COreplacesO2fromhaemoglobin&formcarboxyhaemoglobin
(COH6).
Ithasnouseinrespiratoryprocess.Hence,helfofthebloodisused
Carbonmonoxideisresponsibleforheartattack.
SourcesCOoriginatesfromautomobileexhausts&incompletecombinationof
organicmatter.(dictionary):(Processinwhich
substancesreactswithoxygen.)
Incities,theconcentrationofCOis54ppm.
Specifiedstandard(9ppm).
3 OxidesofNitrogen(NO,NO2)
NitricoxideNitrogendioxide.
Eye&NasalirritationsarecausesbyNO2(whenconcentrationis15)
Respiratorydiscomfort(concentrationis25ppm)
Itoriginatesfromautomobileexhausts:
(dictionary)
Furnacesmokes
SpecifiedstandardforNO2is0.05ppm
4 HydrogenSulphide(H2S)
H2Sisafoulsmellinggaswithaodourofrottenegg.
(dictionary)dirty(dictionary):Damaged/useless
Thisgascauseheadaches,sleeplessness&painineyes.
HigherconcentrationofH2Smayblockoxygentransfer&damagetonervetissues.
H2Sisrarelyfoundinatmosphere,therefore,Itisnotincludedintheairquality
standers.(Nospecifiedstandardconcentration)
Itisproducedinindustrieslikeoilrefinibg,rubber,artificial,silketc.
5 Methyl&EthyleMecaptans
Ethylmercaption:C2H3SH
Thesecompoundsarenotharmfultous.
Theyhavestrongodours.
6 HydrogenFluoride&OtherFluorides
Allfluoridecompoundsareextremelyirritantgas&corrosiveinnature.
Theirsmallerconcentrationmayproducesfluorosisincattle&plants
dictionaryapathologicalcondition.
Itisnotharmfultohumanbeings.
SourcesTheyareemittedintoatmospherefromaluminumplant,steelplant,
phosphatefrtiliserplantsetc&byburningofcoal.
Itsconcentrationincityairisveryless(around0.025ppm).Itisnotincludedinair
qualitystandard.
7 Lead(Pb)
SourcesItisejectedintotheatmospherethroughexhaustedofautomobile.
(Gasemittedfromtheautomobileengine)
Itmaycauseirritationofmucousmucousmembranesofnose,throat&lungs,
when(athinlayerinsideofnose&mouth&outsideofotherpartofbodyinhaledair.
ItmaydamagetoLiver,kidney&gastrointestinaltracts(systems).
(dictionary)system.
Specifiedstandardforleadinairqualitystandardis1.5g/m3
8 Hydrocarbons(Alkane,Alkene,Alkynes.)
Alkenesarehighlyreactiveinatmospherethroughphotochemicalrealn.
Itreactswithotherpollutantgases&formsnewpollutants.
SourcesHydrocarbonsreleasedtothetmospherebyautomobileexhausts&by
smokesofincinerators&fromOilrefineries.
Hydrocarbonsarefoundtocausebodycancers.
Formaldehydecauseirritationofeyes,skins&lungs.
Airqualitystandardis160g/m3(0.24ppm)
9 AllergicAgents
Microscopicsubstancesinairmaycauseallergicreactionsinhumanbodies,called
aeroallergens.(Physicalmatterofwhichthing/personconsist)
Sneezing,asthma,skintroublesareduetoallergicagents.
SourcesItOriginatesfromplants&animals.
Finallypoweredindustrialmaterialsmaycauseallergicreacnwithsensitivepersons.
Poweredlikematerialformseasonalplants.
10RadioactiveIsotopesexTitrium(H3)
Carbon11,14,18
Radioactive emissions leads to anemia, cancers & shortening of life spans & genetic
effects.(Itsnuclicareunstable&itdisputeenergybyemittingradiationinthefromof,
&rays)&accidentialdischargesfromatomic&nuclearreactors.
11Ozone(O3)
The presence of ozone gas in air may cause irritation in the respiratory (dictionary)
tract.System.
itmaybeproducedbyphotochemicalprocess
Twopollutantsunittogetherinthepresenceofsunlight,
producingathirdpollutant.
In day time, It is also produced by photochemical realn of hydrocarbons & nitrogen
oxide.(inhighlymotorizedareas)vehicleused(dictionary)
Theairstandardforozoneis0.12ppm
Environmentprotectionagency
8.2Criteria&Noncriteriapollutants:
Criteriapollutantsare:
9
9
9
9
9
9
CO
NO2
O3
SO2
Lead
Particlematter(dia<10m)
Asmalldiscretemassofsolidorliquidmatterthatdistributedingasorliquid
8.3Influenceofmeteorologicalphenomenaonpollutants:
Meteorology:Thescientificstudyofearthsatmosphere&itschanges.
Meteorologicalphenomena:1Heat(Tempn)
9 Pressure
9 Wind
9 Moisture
Whenapocketofgasisreleasedintotheatmospherefromasource,itgetsdispersed
into atmosphere into various directions depending on wind, temperature & pressure
conditionsoftheenvironment.
8.3.1Lapserate
Introposphere,temperatureofsurroundingairdecreaseswithan
ionosphere
Atmospherestraphere
Troposphere
Earthssurface
Increaseinheight.TherateofchangeoftemperatureiscalledLapserate.
Theratewilldifferfromplacetoplace&fromtimetotime(daytoday)atthesame
place.
Lapserateataparticularplace&timeisdetermined
bysendingabarbonequippedwithathermometer&
aselfrecordingmechanism.
Ambientlapserate/Environmentallapserate
surrounding.
Whenaparcelofair,whichishotter&lighterthanthesurroundingair,isreleased,the
Emittedgases
ittendstoriseup
Untilitreachestoalevel,whereitsowntemperature&densitybecomesequaltothatof
surroundingair.
Therateofdecreaseoftemperaturemaybedifferentthanambientlapserate.Thisis
calledadiabaticLapserate.
Withouttheadditionoflossofheat
2000
Heightin
meter
500
5101520
To
EnvironmentalLapserate=
Theemittedgasiscalledplume.(Lapseratevsdisperstmot)pollution
EmittedplumeLoppingplumeLoftyplume
BehaveinNeutralplumefumigatingplume
airunderConingplumeTrappingplume
theseconditions.Fanningplume
8.3.2Impactsofwinds
Themovingairisknownaswind.
Themovementinairisduetounequaldistributionofatmospherictemn&pressureover
theearthssurface&alsobecauseofrotationofearth.
Thedirectionofwindisfromhighpressureareastolowpressurearea.
Quickerheating&coolingofearthcomparedtoseamaycauseflowofair.
9 Daytime(fromseatoland)
9 Nighttime(fromlandtosea)
Thismayaffecttotheairpollutionproblemwindspeedismeasuredbyanemometer.
Thevelocityofwindatanyheightzis:
U=Uok
WhereU0=windspeedatheightZo
9 K=constforlargelapserate.
=(averagevalue)
Thedirection&speedofwindwillinfluencethediffusionofpollutedgases.&emission
ofparticulatesfromfactoriesorautomobiles.
unit
8.3.3Impactofpressure
High pressure systems (clear SR/, Light ward condition) cause a bad dispersion of
pollutants.
Lowpressuresystemsleadstogoodmixing&rapiddispersionofpollutions.
8.3.4Impactofmoister
The presence of moisture blocks & obstructs the solar radiation reaching to ground,
whichaffecttheairquality.
Humidityleadstoformationofdog&increasesthecorrosiveactionofairpollutants.
Excessivemoistureinatmospherewillleadtorain,whichwillbehelpfulinimproving
thequalityofambientair.
Becauseitwashdownthepollutantstotheearth.
RemovedofatmosphericSO2throughraincauseproblemsduetoreactionofSO2with
water,formingH2SO4.
:Watertreatmentprocess:
Ex.11.3Determinethedailyrequirementofalum,Lime&polyelectrolytetocoagulatea
flowof200L/S,ifthejartestindicatesthatqrtimumcoagulationoccurswhen1Litreof
waterisdosedwith3mlof10g/Lalumsolution,1.8mlof5g/Lsuspensionoflime&0.2
mg/Lofpolyelectrolyte.
AnsCoagulantsaresometimesassistedwithfurtherchemicals,knownascoagulant
aids.
Ex1Polyelectrolyte.
Limealkalinityaddition
PHcorrection:Lime,sulphuric,acid
(H2SO4)
Theamountofchemicalcoagulantpolyelectrolyterequiredforparticularrawwater
qualitycanbedeterminedusinglaboratoryJartest.
Electrolyte:Asolutionthatconductelectrolyte.
transmissionof
electricity
Polyelectrolyte:Aelectrolyteofhighmolecularweight.
Solution1min1hr
Dailyflowrate=200x60x60x24
=17.28x106L1day
Alumrequirement3mLof10g/L
=30mg/Lx17.28x106L
=518.4kg/day
Linerequirement1.8mLof5g/L
=9mg/Lx17.28x106L
=155.5kg/day
Polyelectrolyte=0.2mg/Lx17.28x106L
=3.46kg/day
Ex9.2S.K.Garg
Ex9.6S.K.Garg
In a continuous flow setting tank 3m deep 60m long, what flow velocity of water
wouldyourecommendforeffectiveremovalof0.025mmparticlesat250C.thesp.Gravity
ofparticlesis2.65&kinematicvisocityvforwatermaybetakenas0.01cm2/see
SohtimVs=(Sp1)d2
Settingvelocitydiaofparticles
Sp.gravityofparticles
Kinematicviscoeity=v
= ( s w)d2
So,
Vs=(sp1)d2
Kinematicviscocity
vs=x(2.651)(0.0025)2
vs=0.0562
Settingvelocity
InletAD
Depthof(=H)
water
sludgezone
V=flowvelocityinhorizontaldirect
Vs=settingvelocity
FromthevectordiagramfromAtoC,wecanwrite.
Flowvelocity
V=)xVs
=x0.0562
=1.35cm/see.
Derivationofstokeslaw:
Vs=(Sp1)
Kinematicvisocityofwater(m2/see)
Sp=Sp.Growthofparticle
F1F1=Impellingfor=densityofparticle
FDFD=Dragforcedensityofwater
Dragforceincreaseswithincreaseofvelocity,tillitbecomesequaltoeffectiveweight
ofparticlei.e.(V=Vs)
Effectiveweightofparticle(F1)
=TotalweightBuoyancy
=)ys)yw
VolumeVolumeofsperialparticle
=r3(VsVa)
Unitwt.ofwater
Unitweightofparticle
=(
Dragforce(FD)
(Areaofparticle)(r2)=CDAs.Pw.
CD=dragcolt.
=
=0.4(forsphericalparticles)
V=dynamicvisocityofwater
densityinkg/m3
(m2/see)
F1=FD
Vs=
Vs= (S 1)
p
WhereSp=
V=
*Dragforcereferstoforcesactingoppositetotherelativemotionofanyobjectmoving
withrespecttothesurroundingfluid.
:NoisePollution:
9.1Introduction:
Noiseisdefinedasanunwantedsound.Theunwantedsoundproducesseveral
undesirableeffectsonourbodyhealth,therefore,itcanbecalledasapollutant.
Itinterfereswithonesactivitieslikework,rest,sleepetc.&producesundesirable
physiological&psychologicaleffectsinbody.
Itismainlyinhighlyindustrializedcountries,characterizedbyhighvolumeoftraffic;&
sportingactivities&lowflyingaireaftetc.
Itreducesthequalityoflife&causesasignificanthealthhazard.
Ex1)Peoplelivingadjacenttobusyroadtendtohavehigherbloodpressure.
2)Highnoiselevelsofsufficientdurationcanresulttemporary/permanenthearingloss.
3)Irritation,headacheetc.
9.2Physicalpropertiesofsound:
Soundisproducedintheenvironmentbyalternatingpressurechangesintheair
becauseofvibrationsofsolidobjects.orseparationoffluids.
Alternatingpressurevariationproducessoundwaveswhichpropagateintheformof
sinusoidalwavepattern/cosinewavepattern.
T
A
(+ve)
SoundPressure
(ve)T
A=Amplitude
T=Wavelength=Distmabetwntwosuccessivecrests.
Timeperiod:Thetimerequiredforacompleterotationoscillation
Frequency:Thenoofcompletedcyclesperunittime.
Mostsoundsarenotpurelysinusoided.Theyvarybothinfrequency&magnitude.
Soundpressure(Prms)
Rootmeansqure.
=(P2)=1/2
(P=pressureateachinstantoftime.)
Soundpower&intensity
Therateatwhichenergyistransmittedbysoundwavesiscalledthesoundpower(W)
measuredinwatt.
Theaveragesoundpowerperunitareanormaltothedirectionofpropagationofa
soundwaveistermedthesoundintensity.
I=Wetts/m2metre.
I=soundintensity/acousticintensityatadistancerfromthesoundwave.
9.3Noisecriteria:
Loudnessofasoundisdeterminedbyitssoundpressurelevel&frequency.
9.4Noisestandard:(x)
Soundpowerisindifferentrange.
Deeibel:Soundpowerlevelismeasuredindecibel(db).Itisthereferencepowerlevel;
1012watts(db).
Soundpower(watts)
Lw=10log10
Soundpowerlevelindb
9.5 Noisemeasurement:
Soundpowercantbemeasureddirectly,whereassoundintensitycanbemeasured
withmoderninstrumentation.
9 Soundlevelmeter.
(Readthe
9.6Noisecontrol:
Whennoiselevelisexcessive,thesolutioninvolvesthreesteps.
(a) SourceSourcecouldbemodifiedbythetreatmenttomachinesurfaces.
(b) TransmissionpathCouldbemodifiedbycontainingthesource(machine)insidea
soundinsulatorandbyconstructinganoisebarrio(absorbingmaterial)
(c) ReceiverProtectionofthereceiver(ear)byprovidingearprotection.
Soundprotectioninbuilding
Externalsoundwillenterabuildingthroughtheweakesttransmissionpath.
(maybewindow)
Whensoundpressurewavemeetawall/buildingsurface,thebuildingvibrates&
soundisradiatedbuckintospace.
Partofsoundenergyisreflected,partisabsorbedbysurface&remainderis
transmitted.
Vibrationwillbelargeratthenaturalfromofelement(will/building).
Naturalfromdependsonweight,surfacearea&rigidityofbuildingelement.
Soundreductionisbetterforhighernaturalfrequency
:10.SolidWasteManagement:
10.1Introduction:
Solidwastesincludepaper,plastics,glass,foodwaste,ashetc.italsoinclude
paints,oldmedicines,etc.liquidwates
Fromhealthpointofview,solidwastesare
9 Humanpathogens
(exHandkerchiefs,contaminatedfood&surgicaldressing)
9 Animalpathogens(exWastefrompets)
9 Soilpathogens(exGardenwaste)
10.2Sources&classification
Solidwaste/municipalsolidwasteiscollectedfromdomestic,commercial&industrial
sources.
SourceTypesofwaste
Domestic(Singlefamilyhouse,Food,paper,packaging,glass
MultiFamilyhouse.Low,medicinemetal,ashes.
&highriseapartments)otherhouseholdwaste
Commercial(shop,restaurants,Types
Markets,office,Food,paper,
Buildings,hotelsPackaging,glass,
&institutions)metals,ashes.
(sameasdomestic)
Industrial(Fabrication,Types
Manufacturing,refineries,Industrial,process
chemicalplants,miningwastes,oil,metal,plasticsetc.
Construction&demolition.Soil,concrete,
(destruction)timber,steel,
Plastics,glass.
10.3CompositionofMSW:
Municipalsolidwaste.
Thebasicideaistoidentifywasteasbeingorganicornonorganic(Inorganic).
Organic:Food,vegetables,paper,
Cardboard,plastics,
Clothing,gardenwaste,
Wood,bone.
Inorganic:Metals,glassash,
Stone,brick,etc.
WHO(Worldhealthorganization,1991)
Categorytheindustrialwasteintothreetypes:
9 Nonhazardousindustrialwaste.
9 Hazardouswaste.
9 Hospitalwaste.
10.4PropertiesofMSN:
Wastehandlersneednttoknowthephysical,
Chemical&biologicalpropertiesofsolidwaste.
Forproperwastemanagement(disposal,transformation,reuse&recycling),wehaveto
knowthephysical,chemical&biologicalpropertiesofsolidwaste.
Physicalpropertiesare:
9 Density&moisturecontent(kg/m3)
9 Particlesizedistribution.(mm)
(LxBxH)
9 Fieldcapacity(%)metre
9 Hydraulicconductivity(m/day)
9 Shearstrength(KN/m2)
Fieldcapacityisthemaximumpercentageofvolumetricsoilmoisturethatasoilsample
willholdfreelyagainstgravity.
Density&moisturecontentofMSWisabout20040kg/m3&is1sto40%forthe
compaction(density)(moisture)
Ofsoildswasteinlandfill.
Hydrauliccontectingistherateofmovementofwaterintosoil.Sludgeresiststhe
movementofwarterdownthroughthesolidwaste.
Densewaste:7x106m/s/Loosewaste:15x1015M/S
Filedcapacity=0.60.55
W=Overburdenweightofsolidwasteinlift.
ShearstrengthofsludgeinLandfillisaboutzero.
Hardness:isdefinedastheconcentrationofmultivalentmetalliccationsInsolution.
Organics:Thesearecarboncompoundproducts.
Biodegradableorganic
Nonbiodegradableorganic
Biodegradableorganic:Materialscanbecetilizedforfoodbynaturallyoccurringmicro
organizations.Thesematerialsconsistsofstarches,facts,proteins,alcohols,acidetc.
NonbiodegradableOrganics:Someorganicmaterialshavetheresistanttobiological
degradation.
Aeration:Itisaprocessusedinpreparingthepotablewater.
(drinking)
9 Itmaybeusedtoremoveundesirablegasesdissolvedinwater
Biochemicalprocess:Thesechemicalreactionsarenotspontaneousbutrequire
externalsourceofenergyforinitiation.
Turbidity:isameasureoftheextenttowhichLightiseitherabsorbedorscattered
bysuspendedmaterialinwater.
Itisnotaquantitativemeasurementofsuspendedmaterial.
Sp.Gravity:Thedensityofasubstmee/particlerelativetothedensityofwater.
Effluent:Watermixedwithwastematter
Viscocity:Resistanceofliquidtoshearforceinflow.
PH:Potentialofhydrogen(Logarithmofthereciprocalofhydrogenion
concentrationingmatomsperlitre).
Diffusion:themovementofasubstancefromanareaofhighconcentrationof
thatsubstancetoanareaoflowerconcentration.Sludge:theprecipateproduced
bysewagetreatment.
Sewage:wastemattercarriedawayinsewers
Decant:Causetoflowoutfromacontainer.
.4
PropertiesofMSW:
MostoftheMSWwasdumpedsoitnotnecessarytofindthechemicalproperties.
Sincerecycle,reuse&transformationtechnologyfollowed,wearedeterminingthechemicalpropertiesof
MSW.
ChemicalProperties
Technology/Analysisprocessusedtofindthechemicalpropertiesas:
9 Proximateanalysis
9 Ultimate
9 Energycontent.
Proximateanalysisinclude
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Moisturecontentbypercentageweight
Voletinematter
Fixedcarbon
Noncombustiblefraction(ash).
Theenergycontentisbasedinheatvalue.
Heatenergyproduced,itthe
Solidwasteisburnt
(Joule/kg)/orMI/kg
(Hu)=(HawfxB2.445xw)
Easilyburning
B=Flammablefraction.(%)
(Volatilematter+fixedcarbon)
W=moisturecontentfractionbyweight(%)
Ultimateanalysisisfollowedtoknowtheenergyproducedbycombustionorbiologicaltransformation
ofsolidwaste.
1)
(Dulongequation)
WhereC,
Ultimateanalysisincludethe%oftheaboveelement.
2) Khanetal(1991)
E=0.051
Energycontentin
F=%offrombyweight
CP=%ofcarboard&paperbyweight.
PLR=%ofplastic&rubberbyweight.
BiologicalpropertiesDuetoaerobic/anerobicdigestion,solidwasteistransformedintoenergy&otherend
products.
Anerobicdigestionprocessisresponsibleforthedecompositionoffoodwastestoendproductmethane,
Thesolidwaterrelatedtobiodegradation.AreOil,fat,proteins,celluloseetc.
Therefore,thebiodegradationoffoodfractionofMSWisdeterminedby
BF=0.830.028LC
Lignincontent(%)
Biodegradationfractionexpressedona
volatilesolidbasic.
LCLignincontent(dryweight)ofVolatilesolid.
LigninAcomplexpolymerconstituteofwood
otherthancarbohydrate.
VolatileSubstancethatchangesreadilyfromsolid/liquidto
vapouratnormaltemperature.
Dispose:toarrangethings/orpeopleinaparticularway/position.
Disposal:theactofgettingridof5th.
tobefreeofsb/thing
thathasbeenannoyingyou
haulier:aperson/companywhosebusinessistransportinggoodsbyroads/railways.
10.5 Separation:
Separationofdifferentfractionofwastefromthetotalsolidwastecanbedoneatsource(household/or
industry)oratfinaldestination.
Basedonseparation,thetotalMSWisdividedinto:
9 Wastesthataredesirablyseparatedatsource
9 Allotherhouseholdwaste.
Wastesthataredesirableseparatedatsource
(sourceseparation)
9
9
9
9
9
Foodwaste
Paper&cardboard
Plasticaverythickpaper
Metals
Glass.
Otherhouseholdwastesare
9 Bulkywaste(tyres,furnitureetc)
9 Hazardoushouseholdwaste.
9 Yardwaste.
Anareaoutsideabuilding(withasurroundingwell)
10.6) Storage&transportofMSW:
Differenttypes&sizesofstoragecontainersareusedforMSW.
Therangeforsizevaryfrom25Lcapacityto40000litre.
Forapartmentbuilding,thesizeofcontainerisfrom600to1000Litre.
Thetypesofstoragedependonthecollectionfacility.
9 Haulierforbulkyitems.
aperson/companywhosebusiness
istransportinggoodsbyroad/railways.
9 Doorstepcollection
(areaveryclosetodoor.)
9 Regularkerbcollection
(sideofroad)
9 Vacuumtrucketc.
(emptyspace)
Typesofstoragesareplasticbag,wheeled,bin,vaccum,truck,paperbagetc.
(alargecontainerwithacover/aid)
10.7) MSWManagement:
Thetechnologiesusedfortreatment&disposalofMSWare:
9
9
9
9
9
Wasteminimization
Reuse&recycling
Biologicaltreatment
Thermaltreatment(combination/incineraton)
Landfiling
10.8) Wasteminimization:
Itfollowsthereductioninamountofsolidwastegeneratedatsources.
Examplesofsourcesare:
1 Productionunitsforfood&householdproducts.
(Industry)
2 Productionunitsforcommercialproducts.
3 Shoppingoutlets(Businessplace)
4 Households
5 Office,institutes&commercialproperties.
10.9) Reuse&Recycling:
Aluminiumcansareconsideredforrecyclingpurpose.
(dictionary)container
Paper&cardboardareusedasarecyclingsolidwastematerial.
Glasswaswellrecycled.
Exdifferenttypesofbottles.
Plasticsaremostlynonbiodegradable.
Hence,itisundesirableinlandfilling.
Therefore,plasticsarerecycled.
Yardwaste,organicfoodfractionetc.
10.10)BiologicalTreatment:
9 AerobicorcompostingItisanaerobicprocess
Whichdecomposetheorganic
foodwaste.
9 AnaerobicorBiogas
9 Combinedanaerobivc&aerobic
1 Compostingisanaerobicprocesswheremicroorganismsdecomposetheorganicfoodwastein
anoxygenenvironment.
aerobicbacteria
Organicmatter+O2Newcells+CO2+H2O+NH2+SO4
Thefinalproduct(compost)consistsofminerals&complexorganicmaterial.
Therequiredparametersforthecompostingprocessare:
9
9
9
9
9
Temperature*
Moisturecontent(%)
Oxygen(%ofoxygen)
(range68)
Biochemicalcomposition
(Itinfluencestheprocessrate)
2 Anaerobicdigestion(Absenceofoxygen)
Organicmatter+H2ONewcells+CO2+CH4+NH3+H2S
anaerobicbacteria
ThebeneficialendproductistheCH4(methane).
ThisprocessdecomposethefoodwastetoCH4.
3 Combinedanaerobic&aerobicprocess
Anaerobicdigestionfollowedbyinvesselaerobiccomposting.
(1stprocess)
(2ndprocess)
10.11)ThermalTreatment:
Thermaldegradationoforganicmaterialcanbecarriedoutwith/withoutoxygen.
Thermaldegradationwithexcessoxygeniscalledcombustion.
Whenthefuelisawaste,thethermaldegradationprocessiscalledincineration.
IncinerationOrganicmaterialisconvertedintoheatenergy,gas,slag.
10.12)Landfill:
*Aschematic(Layout)oflandfillprocess.
:11HazardousWasteTreatment:
11.1) Hazardouswaste&itsgeneration:
Hazardouswastemeans
9 Itcausesfire(Ignitable)
9 Itreactswithother(reactive)
9 Itdestroy/corrodeother(corrosive)
Tissue/material
9 Solidwasteisdangertohealth.(toxic)
Itpollutewater,food&air
Itmaybemedicalhazardouswaste.
orhouseholdhazardouswasteorfromindustry.
Examples
Copper(Cu),Zine(Zn),Lead(Pb)&
Mercury(Hg)etc.
Lubricatingoil,drillingoil,syntheticoil
NO2,Organics,hydrocarbons,etc.
TaskWriteexamplesofhazard/solidwastesfrommedical/household/industry.
11.2 TreatmentforHazardousWaste:
*Incineration
Hazardouswastecanbemanaged/treatedbyincineration/Landfillingprocess.
Intheincinerator,thewasteisoxidizedinanoxygenrichenvironmentatelevatedtemperature.
Themostimportantcriteriaforhazardouswasteincineratorsisthecompletedestructionofthemajor
hazardouscompounds.
Thecombustionefficiency(CE)iscalculatedas:
Where
Incinerationisacontrolledhightempratureoxidationofprimarilyorganiccompoundtoproducecarbon
dioxide&water.
OrganicwasteIncinerationCO2+H2O+Byprotein
Thenetheatvalue(NHV)forwasteinincinerationprocessis
NHV=1.25(T15)x
[1+0.268(NHV+EA)]
WhereT=(therequiredtemperatureforincineration,OC)
=15+
EA=Heatcapacityofexcesssirof1.25KJ/Kg.OC
Duringincineration,heattransferoccurredbyconduction,convection&
radiation.(lowtempn)
at(hightempn)
Energyspreadsintheformofwaverays.
Convection:transferofheat
Conduction:transmissionofheat
throughfluid(liquid&gas)(transferfromonemediumtoanothermedium.)
Typesofincinerators
Incineratortypedependsonageofstructure&economics.
9
9
9
9
9
Rotarykiln
Liquidinjectionfor(liquidorganicwaste)
Plasmaarcelectricalconductionthroughagas
Wetairoxidation
Fluidizedbed.
Theuseofanelectricalarcforwastetreatmentgenerallyitisusedwithinchemical&metallurgical
industryastooltoprovidehightemperature.(280000C)
Wetoxidationisanaqueousphaseoxidationwhereorganic&inorganicmaterialssuspendedor
dissolvedinwateeareexposedtooxygen/(gaseoussource).
11.3) Handlingoftreatmentplantresidences:
Residuefromincineratorare:
9 Slagfromrotarykiln
9 Dustfromheatboiler
9 Reactionendproducts
Residuefrominorganicplantare:
9 Filtercakes
9 Wastewater
Theabovewastesrequirefurthertreatment.
*Securelandgfill
*Stabilization(solidification)
SecureLandfill
Securelandfillarethedisposalsitesforfiltercakes,slag,dustfromafulltreatmentfacility(treatment
plant).
ThedesignofasecurelandfillissimilartothatMSWlandfill.
9
9
9
9
SiteLocation
Designoflandfill
Constructionoflandfill
Operation
Stabilization(Solidification)
WhenhazardoussolidwasteisnottreatedbyLandfillingprocess,stabilizationisthenextchoicefor
furthertreatment.
Allingredientsaremixedinacontinuousmixter
Waste
Solid
(or)
sladge
Blast
furnace
ash
Water
Cement
Waste
acid
Batch
reacts
Contineous
mixer
SolidationPlant
11.2 Treatmentforhazardouswaste(Continued)
1
RotaryKiln
Rotarykilnisusedinthecement,lime,clay,iron,coal&phosphateindustry.
Traditionalcementkilnsarenowchoosenashazardouswasteincinerators.
Rotarykilnprovidetheprocessesforincineration
9 Mixingofsolids
9 Containmentofheatforheatexchange.
(cantspread)/topreventaccidentalrecycle
ofradioactivematerial.
9 Chemicalreaction
Rotarykilnsarecapabletotreatbulksolids,sledges,liquidsetc.
Liquidinjectionincineration
ItisusuallyusedtoidealLiquidwastestreamscontainingminor
concentrationoforganiccontaminants.makesimpure
(substancethatcontaminates)
InLiquidinjectionincinerator,thewastedontcontainthenecessaryheatvaluetosustainitsown
combustion.
10.12MSWLandfill:
ThetraditionalmethodofdisposingofMSWisLandfill.
ThedesignofLandfill&secureLandfillsaresimilarinnature.
ParameterfordesignofLandfilltosatisfyimpermeabilityinmaterial(generallyconcock).
&topreventleahate(PenetrationofLiquidthroughthematerial).
LandfillDesign:
1) Foundationdesign
2) Linerdesign(Toavoidseepageofleachete.)
Aprotectingcoverthatconstructsinsideof
landfilltoprotectthesurface.
3) Leachatecollection&gascollection.
(Lechate&Landfillgasisreleased)
4) Drainagedesign
5) Fillingdesign
6) Runoffcollectionsurfacewelfer
7) Closuredesign
Reactions
InLandfill
Gascollection
Leachate
(Liquidwaste)
collection
Lechatetreatment
Leachateisthecontaminatedwaterinlandfill,whichproductsthroughexternalprecipitation.
(makeharmful/impure)
LandfillOperation:
wasteitems,Loads,typeetc.
(solid,liquid)
(organic/inorganic)
Cell/compartmentforhazardouswaste.
Cell/compartmentfornonhazardouswaste.
Landfilltypes:
Landfillsaretwotypes1)Attentuate&dispersesites.
tomake5thweaker.
2)Containmentsites.
Attenuate&dispersesites
Leachatedisperses/spreadsthrough
OldPores&fissuresintotheunderlyingsaturatedzone.
Type
Newlandfillsarecontainmentsites.Leachate&Landfillgasarecollectedwithspecialdesign
procedure,whichisisolatedfromthesurroundingenvironment.
:EnvironmentalImpactAssessment:
12.1Introduction:
EIAisaprocessthatrequiresenvironmental&publicparticipationinthedecisionmakingprocess
ofprojectdevelopment.
EIAincludesthefollowingprocedures:
9 Screening(Todecidewhichprojectshouldbesubjecttoenvironment
assessment.)
9 Scoping(Issuesshouldbeincludedinenvironmentalassessment)
9 EISpreparation(Scientific&objectiveanalysisofpreparationof
documentation.)
Environmental1ReviewMethodsdeveloped
Impactstatementtoassiststhetask.
Defuissurveyistobetakenbyagovernmentorganization/agency.
Thereviewpanelguidesthestudy&thenadvicesthedecisionmakers.
Wetairoxidation:(continuingfrompreviouspages)
Air/oxygen
(coolingwater)
Heatexchanger.
Thetemperatureofoperationisfrom150to3250C&operationalpressureisfrom2000
kpato20,000kpa
Theprocessisitcarriesinabatchreactor.
Batchreactor:Itconsistsofatankwithmovingorshakingfacility&auditionedheating&
coolingsystem.Avarietyofoperationsuchasmixing,dissolution.chemicalreach&crystulization
canbedoneinsidethebatchreactor.
Due to high pressure & high temperature, the construction material of reactor. Must
havetheresistancetowardscorrosiveactionofhazardoceswaste.
An extent waterbased cooling system is provided. If the waste is in suspension, it is
directlypumpedintothereactor.
Duringtreatmentinahorizontalreactor,oxygen/airareinjectedatcertainpositioninto
thereactor.Acontinuousoxidationtakesplace&majorityoftheorganiccompoundsareoxidized.
FluidizedBedCombustion:Consistsof
9 Airfluidizationsystem
9 Bedmaterial
9 Fluidizedbedvessel
9 Wastefeedsystem
9 Fluegascleaningequipment.