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THIRD YEAR
SEMESTER 1
JANUARY 2011
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Dr Pat Carroll
TIME : 3 HOURS
Formula
Q1(iv) :
f(a+nh)=f 0 +nf(a)+
n(n-1) 2
n(n-1)(n-2) 3
f(a)+
f(a)+
2!
3!
n(n+1)
2!
dy yi+1 -yi-1
=
dx
2h
d2 y 1
=
yi +1 -2yi +yi-1
dx 2 h 2
Q4 FOURIER SERIES Period 2L
Even Function:f(-x)=f(x)
Full Range for even function -L to L
1
f(x)= a0
2
an cos
1
n
x
L
a0
2
f ( x)dx
L0
an
2
n
f ( x) cos
xdx
L0
L
Odd Function:f(-x)=-f(x)
Full Range for odd function -L to L
f(x)=
bn sin
1
n
x; b n
L
2
n
f ( x) sin
xdx
L0
L
f(a)+
n(n+1)(n+2)
3!
f(a)
1 (a)
(i)
(xy 2 +2)dA
integral
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
(4)
2 7 0
(2)
(4)
3 10
(find values of a and b) so that A has
a b
2
5
and
.
(5)
1
2
(d) Form a difference table using the data in the following table and approximate the
value of y at x= 4.7 through a Newton-Gregory procedure. Explain briefly how you
would amend your calculations in order to estimate y at x= 1.3
(5)
eigenvectors
-1 0
2.
a
b
has 0
as an eigenvector.
1
(b) find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A.
(c) since A is symmetric comment on one special feature of
the eigenvectors.
(d) Set up a matrix P such that P-1AP is a diagonal matrix D.
Write down this diagonal matrix.
(e) The motion of a system is given by the following equations:
dx
= 2x
y
dt
dy
= -x + 3y +
z
dt
dz
=
y
+ 2z
dt
(i) Write this system of equations in matrix form.
(2)
(8)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(ii) Use the substitution X= PU, where P is the matrix created in (d)
above, to transform these equations to diagonal form.
(4)
(iii) Hence solve them.
(4)
d 2 y dy
-x
+4y=0
dx 2 dx
dy
4; y 7 at x=2;
16 at x=4
dx
(1-x 2 )
3.
2 x
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
State the central difference approximations for both the first and second
derivatives.
(2)
Set up a computation scheme to replace the differential equation with a
linear equation at any point xi in the given interval.
(8)
Mark out 4 divisions of the given x interval above and recast the
differential equation at each point as a linear equation.
(8)
Express these equations in matrix form.
(2)
Explain briefly how you would amend the procedure if
(a) y 1 at x=1 and y=7 at x=2 (b) y 1 and dy =2 at x=1
dx
(5)
4.
(a)
integral
x dydx .
(3)
Calculate the value of the integral by any one of the following methods
(6)
(i)
by converting to polar co-ordinates
(ii)
as it stands
(iii) by changing the order of integration.
(b)
(i) Confirm that F=3x 2 y 2 i+2x 3 yj is a conservative field.
(3)
(ii)Find the work done by this force in moving a particle
from A (1,2) to B(2,3).
(5)
(c) A rectangle box, open at the top, has a volume of 32 cubic metres.
Find its dimensions in order for the least amount of material to be used in its
construction.
(8)
SOLUTIONS
Solution to Q1
1
2
(xy +2)dA
R
3x
0
3
2
(xy +2)dydx or
3x
0
1
y
3
(xy 2 +2)dxdy
(xy 2 +2)dydx
Inner :
1
3x
0
I= (9x 4 6x)dx=
0
xy
3
(xy 2 +2)dy=
9x
5
3x
9x 4 6x
2y
0
1
3x 2
1.8 3 4.8
0
(b)
2 7 0
AX1 = 1 3 1
a
b
a
9 b
5 0 8
2a+7b 9a
7a+7b=0
a+3b+c=9b
a-6b+c=0 1-6+c=0
a=b=1
c=5
1
Eigenvector is 1
5
Deflation:
Set up a new matrix A-X1a1
2 7 0
1 3 1
1 2 7 0
5 0 8
2 7 0
1 3 1
5 0 8
10 35 0
1
5
4 1
35 8
0
1
5
0
4
35
0
1
8
0
4
1
35
( 4
8
)(8
) 35 0
4 3 0
( 3)( 1) 0
Eigenvalues are 9, 3, 1
Trace of A is 13
3 10
a
3 10
2
and
1
5
.
2
; one eigenvector is
2
1
2
1
16
a+b
3 10
(find values of a and b) below so that A has
a b
2
1
Also: 2a+b=8
A
3 10
5
; other eigenvector is
a b
-2
3 10
a b
5
-2
-5
5
-2
5a-2b
-2
also 5a-2b=-1(-2)=2
we have 2 equations for a and b:
2a+b =8
5a-2b= 2
Hence a=2 and b=4
A=
3 10
2 4
(d)
x
y
1.5 43.1
15.1
2
28
6.4
8.7
2.5 19.3
3
3.4
5.3
3
14
1.5
1.9
3.4
3.5 10.6
0.7
8.2
0.2
0.8
1.6
4.5
6.6
0.4
5.4
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.9
5.5
0.2
0.4
1.2
5
0.6
0.9
2.4
4.0
1.5
4.5
0.1
0.2
0.7
6
3.8
Backward differences:
f(x+nh)=f(x)+n f(x)+
x+nh=4.7
x=4.5
nh=0.2
h=0.5
n=0.4
n(n+1)
2
f(x)
n(n+1)(n+2)
6
f(x) ...
0.4(1.4)
(0.8)
2
0.4(1.4)(2.4)
0.4(1.4)(2.4)(3.4)
( 0.2)
0.7
6
24
6.3
f(4.7)=6.6+0.4(-1.6)+
Solution to Q2
(a)
-1 0
-1 3
0 a
a
b
=2
and -1+a=0
0
1
0
1
1 a
b
a=1
and b=2
2
A= 1
0
1 0
3 1
1 2
21
0
0
1
3
1
add R3 to R1
21
0
(2
1
0
). 1 3
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
=2 is one root
1
0
1 3
0
1
(3
2
1
1
2
3-
2-
)(2
5
1
0
C1 to C3 1 3
0
1
0
) 2 0
4 0
4)( 1) 0
4,1
eigenvalues are, 4, 2, 1
1
2: we know that V1
0
1
1
1
-1
1
4: V3
-2
-1
0
2
2
V1
0 ; V2
1 ; V3
-2
-1
-1
V1.V2
0;
V2 .V3
V1.V3
0 1 0
0 0 4
-2
1 -1
x
y
z
2
A= 1
0
let X
X
1 0
3 1
1 2
PU where U
AX
u
v
w
PU
But X
AX
PU
AX
P -1PU
U
u
6u
3w
APU
P -1APU
DU
u
v
w
Ae 2t
Since X
DU
2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 4
u
v
w
Be t
w
Ce 4t
PU
x
y
z
Solution:
x=Ae 2t +Be t +Ce 4t
y=
x
y
z
Be t -2Ce 4t
z=Ae 2t - Be t -Ce4t
1 1 1
0 1 -2
1 -1 1
Ae 2t
Be t
Ce 4t
Solution to Q3
d 2 y dy
-x
+4y=0
dx 2 dx
dy
4; y 7 at x=2;
16 at x=4
dx
(1-x 2 )
2 x
Call this y5
dy5 y5 y3
16
dx
2(0.5)
y5 y3 16
d2y 1
=
yi +1 2 yi yi 1
dx 2 h 2
dy yi 1 yi 1
dx
2h
1
1
h 0.5
1; 2 4
2h
h
1
(1 xi 2 ) yi +1 2 yi yi
2
(0.5)
4(1 xi 2 ) yi +1 2 yi
yi
xi yi
xi
yi 1 yi 1
2(0.5)
4 yi
yi
4 yi
i 1; x 1 2.5;(1 2.52 )
4( 5.25) y2 2 y1 7
21 y2 2 y1 7
5.25; y 0
2.5 y2 7
2.5 y2 7
4 y1
4 y1
2; x 1 3;
4(1 x2 2 ) y3 2 y2
x2 y3
y1
3 y3
y1
4 y2
29 y1 68 y 2 35 y3 0 y4
32 y3 2 y2
(1)
3; x 2
y1
y1
45 y4 2 y3
0
(2)
y2
y2
3.5 y4
3.5 y4
y2
0 y1 41.5 y 2 94 y3 48.5 y4
4; x 2
3.5;
4(1 x32 ) y4 2 y3
4 y2
4; y5
y2
4 y3
4 y3
0
(3)
y3 16
4(1 x4 2 ) y5 2 y4
y3
4 y5
60 y3 16 2 y4
y3
4 y3 16 y3
60 2 y3 16 2 y4
4 16
y3
4 y4
4 y4
0
4 y4
0
(4)
129.5
(1)
29 y1 68 y 2 35 y3 0 y4
(2)
0 y1 41.5 y 2 94 y3 48.5 y4
(3)
0 y1 0 y 2 120 y3
1024
(4)
124 y4
46
23.5
y1
129.5
29
68
35
0
0
41.5
0
94
120
48.5
124
y2
y3
(b)
This is a Initial Value problem:
Solved by Runge Kutta
y4
0
1024
Solution to no 4
Sketch the region of integration covered by the double
(a)
4-x 2
integral
x dydx .
I=
Inner:
x dydx
4-x 2
0
x dy= xy
4 x2
0
x 4
x2
I= x 4
x2
1 12
1 12
1 2 32
I=- .u du= .u du=
u
2
2
2
3
4
0
8
3
Polar:
4-x 2
I=
x dydx
Inner:
2
I=
0
2
0
2
0
8
cos
3
0 to
(rcos ) r drd
(r 2 cos ) dr
d =
8
sin
3
r3
cos
3
2
0
8
3
8
cos
3
(b)
F=3x 2 y 2 i+2x 3 yj
B
= 3x 2 y 2 dx +2x 3 ydy
A
B
= P dx+Q dy
A
P=3x 2 y 2 ; Q=2x 3 y
P
y
Q
x
6x 2 y ;
6x 2 y
P
Q
y
x
Hence F is conservative,
So work is independent of path.
B
3x 2 y 2 dx +2x 3 y dy
A
B
= P dx+Q dy
A
P
z
x
z
y
dz
A
z
x
3 x 2 y 2 ; Q=
3x 2 y 2
2x 3 y
z
z
dx+
dy
x
y
z
x
2 x3 y
z=x 3 y 2 +c
z=x 3 y 2 +c
z=x 3 y 2
work= z
x3 y2
(2,3)
(1,2)
72
68
(c) A rectangle box, open at the top, has a volume of 32 cubic metres.
Find its dimensions in order for the least amount of material to be used in its
construction.
f
f
f
i
j
k
x
y
z
= (y + 2z)i + (x + 2z)j + (2x + 2y)k
g
g
g
i
j
k
x
y
z
= yzi + xzj + xyk
g.
y + 2z = yz
x + 2z = xz
2x+2y= xy
Divide each of these across by yz, xz, and xy respectively
so that we get
1
z
2
y
1
z
2
x
2
y
y=x
y = 2z
2
x
x = y = 2 z.
We want xyz= 32
(xx)( x / 2) = 32
x3
32
2
3
x 64
x
=4
y
=4
=
z2