Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DESIGN
GUIDELINES
WaboMBrace
Composite Strengthening System
Third Edition
May 2002
Preface
The development of advanced polymers has led to the use of composite materials in
many industries including aerospace, automotive, defense, and shipbuilding. In the
past, economic factors and lack of an adequate knowledge base limited their use in the
construction industry. However, a decreasing trend of raw materials and manufacturing
costs have made these materials economically competitive with more traditional
construction materials. In addition, there now exist a wide number of research and
construction projects that have expanded the knowledge base for using composites in
construction.
Development of composite products for use in construction has led to the introduction of
composite structural shapes, composite bars and grids for concrete reinforcement, and
composite tendons for prestressed concrete. However, at the forefront of these
technologies is the use of externally bonded composite materials for strengthening
existing concrete structures. The most important characteristics of composite materials
in this application are: predominace of labor and shut-down costs as opposed to material
costs, time and site constraints, and log-term durability.
Externally bonded composite or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials were
introduced as an alternative to steel plate bonding in 1982. The initial research of
premanufactured FRP plate bonding began in Switzerland. FRP plate bonding was
developed analogous to steel plate bonding. In contrast to steel, FRP is lighter, easier to
install, and non-corrosive. Further development of this concept was done in Japan
where the FRP material was cast-in-place from its two components, fiber and polymer.
The Japanese development of this technology and of FRP materials in 1985 has directly
led to the key components used in the WaboMBrace Composite Strengthening System.
The increasing consideration and usage of the system on strengthening projects are
indicators of the benefits of FRP technology.
Hundreds of technical papers and several proceedings related to externally bonded FRP
reinforcement are available. In fact, ASCE has begun a new publication entitled Journal
of Composites in Construction that deals exclusively with externally bonded FRP and
other composite material systems. ACI Committee 440 now serves to establish
standardized design criteria, testing procedures, and quality control measures for FRP in
concrete structures. This committees work is presently available as a state-of-the-art
report. However, draft documents for design and construction codes are currently being
circulated through the committee and should be available in the near future.
This design guide seeks to condense much of the current literature and conform to the
recommendations of ACI in order to provide the engineer with useful design reference.
It is envisioned that this guide will supplement future design codes, and through periodic
updates, reflect the most current research on externally bonded FRP reinforcement.
#114871
For additional information, visit the Watson Bowman Acme website at www.wbacorp.com
or contact your local Watson Bowman Acme Composite Specialist.
Technical and Application Inquires:
Mr. Steve Tysl
Bridge & WaboA-P-E
Compsoite Specialist
Watson Bowman Acme Corp
Tel: (216) 577-2812
stephan.tysl@wbacorp.com
Mr. Will Gold
Composite Engineering
Specialist
Watson Bowman Acme Corp
Tel: (216) 622-2690
will.gold@wbacorp.com
Tel: (216) 622-2690
Mr. Robert Snider
Parking & Architectural
Composite Specialist
Watson Bowman Acme Corp
Tel: (281)343-0089
robert.snider@wbacorp.com
KEN HEUFF
Toronto, Ontario
Ph: (416) 254-0048
Fax: (416) 386-0311
Email: ken.heuff@wbacorp.com
Y
N
N
US - West
STEVE BRANDT
Running Springs, CA
Ph: (909) 867-2161
Fax: (909) 867-2181
Car: (909) 315-5326
E-Mail: steve.brandt@wbacorp.com
WA
ME
MT
ND
OR
MN
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WY
C
NV
SD
AZ
CO
HI
IA
IL
KS
NM
KY
MS
AL
NH
MA
CTR
NJ
MD
DE
GA
FL
JOE PERREAULT
Boston, MA
Ph: (508) 528-5618
Fax: (508) 528-2390
Cell: (508) 935-7062
Email: joe.perreault@wbacorp.com
US -Central
NC
S
TN
AR
LA
PA
OH
IN
MO
OK
TX
NY
MI
NE
U
WI
US - East
EDWIN BECHSTEIN
Bowling Green, OH
Ph: (419) 354-0522
Car: (419) 343-9499
Fax: (419) 354-0523
E-Mail: edwin.bechstein@wbacorp.com
US -South
RON POLEON
Woodstock, GA
Ph: (770) 592-9021
Fax: (770) 592-3586
Cell: (678) 427-0991
Email: ron.poleon@wbacorp.com
PETER ALESSI
Burlington, Ontario
Phone: (905) 632-4004
Fax: (905) 632-1140
Cell: (416) 818-8622
Email: peteralessi@on.aibn.com
Y
N
N
US - West
NEIL ANTONINI
Hillsboro, OR
Phone: (503)430-0497
Fax: (503) 430-5209
Cell: (503) 358-9527
E-Mail: neil.antonini@wbacorp.com
WA
ME
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OR
MN
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WY
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KS
KY
HI
MS
AL
NC
S
TN
AR
LA
PA
OH
IN
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OK
TX
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IL
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NE
U
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DAVID SORRELLS
Birmingham, AL
Phone: (205)967-0068
Fax:
(205)967-8004
Cell:
(205)249-7636
E-Mail: david.sorrells@wbacorp.com
CTR
NJ
MD
DE
US - East
PA Zip Codes
Starting with 169-196
David Macro
Amherst,NY
Phone: (716) 691-7566, Ext. 256
Fax: (716) 691-9239
Cell: (716) 830-4295
Email: david.macro@wbacorp.com
GA
FL
US -South
NH
US -Central
PA Zip Codes
Starting with 150-168
ERIC REINKING
Indianapolis, IN
Ph: (317) 823-5648,
Fax: (317) 823-6648
Cell: (317) 514-5648
E-Mail: eric.reinking@wbacorp.com
ARCHITECTURAL
REGIONAL SALES CONTACTS:
Canada
DINO GERVASIO
Amherst, NY
Phone: (716) 691-7566, Ext. 249
Fax:
(716) 691-9239
Cell:
(716) 308-6794
Email:
dino.gervasio@wbacorp.com
Y
N
WA
MT
ND
OR
WY
U
AZ
CO
HI
US - West
TIM HARRIS
Murrieta, CA
Ph & Fax: (909) 698-5617
Cell: (909) 316-4638
E-Mail: timothy.harris@wbacorp.com
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KY
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CT
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IN
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AK
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US - North
MN
ID
ME
IRENE FRIEDMAN
Brookline, MA
Ph: (617) 739-1600,
Fax: (617) 739-1977
Cell: (617) 251-6171
E-Mail: irene.friedman@wbacorp.com
SC
GA
FL
US -South
DOUG CARROLL
Marietta, GA
Phone: (770) 509-1460
Fax: (770) 509-7987
Cell: (678) 485-0698
E-Mail: doug.carroll@wbacorp.com
Chapter 1 Format
1.1 SCOPE
1-2
1-2
1-2
Chapter 1
1.1
Format
Scope
1.3
1-2
05/30/02
Chapter 1 Format
Part 3 presents the procedures and equations used for designing with the WaboMBrace
strengthening system. Additional comment is made on the underlying theories and
principles that form these procedures and equations. Each chapter of this section deals
with a different strengthening concern. At the beginning of each chapter, a definition of
all notation used for the equations presented in the chapter is given. Design examples
are provided at the end of each chapter as aid to those not familiar with the design
process.
Part 4 addresses engineering practice. This section includes standard specifications
and general information.
The appendices include several design aids. These include tables giving typical areas
of CFRP reinforcement, flexural strengthened resistance factors, development lengths
for various sheet configurations, and strengthened column interaction diagrams. A list
and brief description of recently completed projects that utilize the WaboMBrace is also
given in the appendix.
Emmons, P., (1993), Concrete Repair and Maintenance Illustrated, R.S. Means
Company, Kingston, MA, 295 pg.
West, H., (1993), Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, J.W. Wiley and Sons, New
York, NY, 698 pg.
Nilson, A., (1997), Design of Concrete Structures 12th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY,
780 pg.
ACI 318 (1995), Building Codes and Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 369 pg.
05/30/02
1-3
Chapter 2 Definitions
Chapter 2
2-2
Definitions
Debonding Failure resulting from the FRP laminate detaching from the
concrete substrate at the bond line.
Delamination any of several failure modes resulting from the FRP laminate
progressively detaching from the concrete member along the direction of the
fibers. Note that this does not necessarily imply a failure along the bond line;
the failure could result from rupture of the concrete in the vicinity of the
laminate. Also peeling.
Dry fiber sheeta flexible sheet composed of several filaments of the fiber
material arranged with a common orientation in a flat plane. This is the
configuration of all fiber reinforcement systems used in the WaboMBrace
Composite System. Also unidirectional sheet, fiber sheet or, simply, sheet.
Filamenta thread-like portion of the fiber material; this is the smallest unit of
a fibrous material.
Laminate the final composite system after all components have been
installed and cured.
Ply a unit of FRP material consisting of one layer of dry fiber sheet.
05/30/02
Chapter 2 Definitions
Pot life the length of time after adding hardener to an epoxy resin that the resin
can no longer be rolled or troweled. Also working time (for WaboMBrace resins)
Primer the first epoxy resin coat used to fill the concrete pore structure and to
provide adequate bond to the concrete substrate.
Putty a thick, paste-like epoxy which is used to fill surface defects in the concrete
substrate.
Resins the composite material matrix that binds the fibers together, allows load
transfer between fibers, and protects the fibers from the environment. The
WaboMBrace Composite Strengthening System uses thermosetting epoxy resins.
Saturant the epoxy resin that is used to impregnate the dry fiber sheet.
Topcoat a finish coat used to protect the composite material from UV exposure,
chemical splash, and abrasion. The topcoat also serves an aesthetic purpose by
mimicking the color of the concrete substrate.
05/30/02
2-3
3
The WaboMBrace
System
Chapter 3
The WaboMBrace Composite
Strengthening System
3.1
General Description
The WaboMBrace System is comprised of four basic
components that, when combined, form a high-strength fiber
reinforced polymer (FRP) laminate. The FRP laminate may
be used as external reinforcement for strengthening existing
concrete and masonry structures. This technology offers a
cost-effective alternative to conventional strengthening
techniques such as steel plate bonding, steel jackets, section
enlargement, and other techniques. The fibers are bonded
by the use of three epoxy-based resins. The resins used are
Primer,
WaboMBrace
Putty
and
WaboMBrace
WaboMBrace Saturant. An optional final layer of either
Topcoat,
WaboMBrace
ATX
or
WaboMBrace
Material Components
Topcoat
2nd R esin C oat
Fiber R einforcem ent
1st R esin C oat
Putty
Prim er
WaboMBrace Primer
WaboMBrace Primer is essential in providing an adequate
surface for bonding the WaboMBrace fibers and resins to
the base concrete. This first coat is a 100% solids epoxy based
material with a relatively low viscosity. The viscosity of the
WaboMBrace Primer is formulated to penetrate the pore
5/02
3-1
WaboMBrace Putty
WaboMBrace Putty is a thick, paste-like epoxy that is used to fill bug holes and surface
defects up to 1/4 inch (5 mm) deep. The primary purpose of the putty is to provide a
smooth, level bond surface in order to maximize the contact area of the FRP to the
concrete. WaboMBrace Putty can also be used for leveling and patching small holes. If
the base concrete has deep holes or large areas of damage, the defective concrete area
should be chipped out to reveal sound material and replaced with repair mortar. If the
concrete substrate is level and in good condition, the putty may not be required.
WaboMBrace Putty is typically applied with a trowel.
3.2.3
WaboMBrace Saturant
WaboMBrace Saturant is the polymer matrix component of the FRP laminate. It is used
to impregnate the dry fibers. The saturant maintains the fibers in their intended
orientation and distributes stress among the fibers. The saturant also protects the fibers
from abrasion and environmental effects.
The saturant is a bisphenol A epoxy resin. It is formulated to quickly wet the fibers and
hold the tow sheet in place while the WaboMBrace System cures. The viscosity of
WaboMBrace Saturant allows easy handling and overhead application of the fiber sheet.
WaboMBrace Saturant is typically applied with a medium nap roller.
3.2.4
Stress (ks
400
300
200
100
0
0
3-2
0.005
0.01
0.015
Strain (in/in)
0.02
0.025
5/02
3.2.4.1
Aramid fibers are manufactured by polymerization of amine and carboxcylic acid. The
result is an ultra-high molecular weight aromatic polyamide (aramid). The aramid
material is then spun into individual filaments. The aramid fibers are woven into the
continuous AK 60 unidirectional sheet.
5/02
High strength
Excellent chemical resistance
Resistant to fatigue and creep rupture
Usable temperature range +/- 350q F
Excellent impact resistance
Low conductivity
Sensitive to UV exposure and moisture
3-3
Other fiber architectures such as hybrid sheets using two or more fiber types, plain weave
fabrics, and sheets with specific fiber areal weights may be available for special
applications. Contact an WaboMBrace service representative for more information.
3.2.5
Figure 3.2 Wabo MBrace installation before and after the application of Topcoat
ATX
3.3
3.4
Installation Procedures
The WaboMBrace Composite Strengthening System is installed exclusively by an
international network of selected contractors. The contractors within the network are
experienced and receive additional training in concrete repair and strengthening
techniques, product information, installation methods and quality control measures.
3-4
5/02
The surface of the concrete should be free of loose and unsound materials. All laitance,
dust, dirt, oil, curing compound, etc. should be removed. Mechanical abrasion techniques
(e.g. abrasive blasting, grinding), water blasting or other approved methods should be
used to open the pore structure of the concrete prior to applying the WaboMBrace
primer. The surface should be profiled to a minimum ICRI CSP 3 surface texture.
x
The WaboMBrace primer is applied to the properly prepared concrete surface using a
short or medium nap roller.
x
The WaboMBrace putty is applied to the primed surface using a trowel. The putty
should be used to fill any surface defects; complete coverage is not necessary. The putty
may be applied immediately after priming the surface without waiting for the primer to
cure.
x
The WaboMBrace saturant is applied to the primed and puttied surface with a medium
nap roller. The saturant can be installed immediately after application of the primer and
putty (before cure) or long after the application of the primer and putty. If the saturant is
installed after cure of the putty and primer, the surface should be wiped clean with a dry
cloth. (Solvents should not be used to clean the surface.)
The saturant is blue in color and should be applied to a thickness of 18 to 22 mils. The
volume of saturant used depends on the FRP sheet used.
More detailed information regarding the installation process as well as construction specifications
are available from Master Builders.
5/02
3-5
The fiber sheets should be measured and pre-cut prior to installing on the surface. The
sheet is placed on the concrete surface and gently pressed into the saturant. Prior to
removing the backing paper, a squeegee or trowel may be used to remove any air bubbles.
After the backing paper is removed a ribbed roller is rolled in the direction of the fibers to
facilitate impregnation by separating the fibers. The ribbed roller should never be used in
a direction transverse to the fibers since fibers could be damaged. Streaks of blue colored
saturant should be visible on the fiber sheet after rolling.
x
A second coat of saturant is applied immediately after placing and rolling the fiber sheet.
The second coat of saturant is applied to the FRP sheet with a medium nap roller to a
thickness of 18 to 22 mils. More saturant is required for the WaboMBrace WaboMBrace
EG 900 sheets because they are thicker than the carbon sheets.
x
If required, additional fiber plies may be installed by re-saturating the surface after the
second saturant coat is applied and repeating Steps 4, 5 and 6. This process should be
repeated for as many plies as are necessary. After completion of this step, the fiber sheet
layers are completely encapsulated in laminate form.
x
After the saturant has cured tack free, one of the WaboMBrace finish coats may be
applied for protection or aesthetic purposes.
3.5
1
References
ASTM E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, Vol. 04.07.
3-6
5/02
4-2
4.2 COVERAGE
4-3
4-4
4-6
4.5 REFERENCES
4-8
Chapter 4
Technical Data
WaboMBrace Primer
WaboMBrace Putty
WaboMBrace Saturant
Amber
Clear
Amber
100%
0.89 lb/gal (107 g/L)
3/1
Tan
Charcoal
Tan (see Note 5)
100%
0.74 lb/gal (89 g/L)
3/1
Blue
Clear
Blue
100%
0.17 lb/gal (20 g/L)
3/1
100/30
100/30
100/34
45,000 cps
1,350 cps
40 minutes
45 minutes
Typical of many fluids, WaboMBrace resins show reduced viscosity with increasing
temperature. In addition, increased temperatures accelerate the cure of epoxy. Because
these two properties are dependent on temperature, substantial differences in the working
time or pot life are expected. Such behavior is depicted in
Table 4.2. In
Table
4-2
05/30/02
4.2, the reported viscosity is the initial mixed viscosity of the resin and hardener (Part A
and Part B) stored and mixed at the respective temperature. As the epoxy reaction
advances and the temperature of the mixed components rises, the viscosity will increase
until full cure. The working time is the length of time after which the resin can no longer
be easily rolled or troweled.
Table 4.2 Temperature vs. Viscosity
Mixed Viscosity (cps)
Temperature
Wabo MBrace
Primer
WaboMBrace Putty
WaboMBrace
Saturant
1,200
400
200
74,000
45,000
33,000
2,500
1,600
900
50 qF (10 qC)
77 qF (25 qC)
90 qF (32 qC)
Temperature
Wabo MBrace
Primer
WaboMBrace Putty
WaboMBrace
Saturant
75
20
10
95
40
15
200
45
15
50 qF (10 qC)
77 qF (25 qC)
90 qF (32 qC)
Note: Based on 1 gal (3.8 L) sample.
It is common practice to mix only the amount of material needed to coat a given area
within the applicators ability. Working times can be extended by spreading the material
immediately after mixing and by keeping materials out of direct sunlight in warm
weather. In extreme warm weather cases, the resins can be cooled prior to mixing by
immersing unopened containers in ice water.
4.2 Coverage
In general, the area that a particular volume of resin can cover (coverage) is dependent on
the surface texture and porosity of the substrate. Additionally, the viscosity of the resin
will also control the amount of penetration and thus, the overall coverage. Because of the
variability of field conditions, coverage is presented as a typical range of values.
Table 4.4 Typical Resin Coverage
Product
Type of Application
WaboMBrace Primer
WaboMBrace Putty
WaboMBrace Saturant
(CF 130 and CF 530)
Surface
Rough
ft2/gal
(m2/L)
200 (4.9)
6 (0.15)
Not
applicable
Texture
Smooth
ft2/gal
(m2/L)
250 (6.1)
12 (0.29)
55 (1.3)
(total)
Cured
Thickness
mils (mm)
3 (0.07)
Varies
20 (0.5)
(total)
05/30/02
4-3
Ultimate
Strength
ksi (MPa)
620 (4275)
584 (4027)
251 (1730)
Design
Strength
ksi (MPa)
550 (3790)
510 (3517)
220 (1517)
Tensile
Modulus
ksi (MPa)
33,000 (228,000)
54,000 (372,000)
10,500 (72,400)
700
600
Stress (ksi)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Strain
05/30/02
and more resilient than the concrete. For this reason, the tensile, compressive and flexural
properties of the neat resins are presented. Also, for those interested in performing micromechanical design and analysis, these values can be used for the constitutive materials
properties. Please note that micro-mechanical treatment of the WaboMBrace System is
beyond the scope of this manual. For additional information, contact your Watson
Bowman Acme Composite Specialist.
The term neat resins refers to a sample of cured epoxy resin with no reinforcing fiber
materials present. For testing, neat resins are mixed, cast into sheets and allowed to cure.
After full cure is achieved, typically 7 days at 72 qF (20 qC) and 40% relative humidity,
samples are machined from the sheets and tested to determine particular engineering
properties.
Because of the viscoelastic behavior of the WaboMBrace resins, the temperature and
strain rates during testing are important parameters that greatly influence the strength and
stiffness of the constitutive materials. Therefore, to provide repeatable results, testing is
performed according to appropriate ASTM standards.
Table 4.6 Tension: Neat Resin Properties ASTM D-6382
Maximum Stress
psi (MPa)
Stress at Yield
psi (MPa)
Stress at Rupture
psi (MPa)
Strain at Max. Stress
Strain at Yield
Strain at Rupture
Elastic Modulus
psi (MPa)
Poissons Ratio
WaboMBrace
Primer
WaboMBrace Putty
WaboMBrace
Saturant
2500 (17.2)
2200 (15.2)
8000 (55.2)
2100 (14.5)
1900 (13.1)
7800 (53.8)
2500 (17.2)
2100 (14.5)
7900 (54.5)
0.400
0.040
0.400
104,000 (715)
0.060
0.020
0.070
260,000 (1790)
0.030
0.025
0.035
440,000 (3035)
0.48
0.48
0.40
05/30/02
4-5
WaboMBrace
Primer
WaboMBrace
Putty
WaboMBrace
Saturant
3500 (24.1)
4000 (27.6)
20,000 (138)
3500 (24.1)
Large deformation
with no rupture.
0.060
0.050
Large deformation
with no rupture.
3800 (26.2)
20,000 (138)
3700 (25.5)
0.060
0.040
18,000 (124)
0.042
0.038
0.070
0.050
86,300 (595)
130,000 (895)
540,000 (3724)
WaboMBrace
Putty
WaboMBrace
Saturant
Maximum Stress
psi (MPa)
4100 (28.3)
3300 (22.8)
12,500 (86.2)
Stress at Yield
psi (MPa)
3800 (26.2)
3300 (22.8)
12,500 (86.2)
Strain at Max.
Stress
0.100
0.100
0.050
Strain at Yield
0.040
0.050
0.050
Compressive
Modulus, psi (MPa) 97,000 (670)
156,000 (1075)
380,000 (2620)
Note: Properties determined at 72 qF (20 qC) and 40% relative humidity.
4.4 Fiber Selection Guidelines
Three different reinforcing fibers are available with the WaboMBrace Composite
Strengthening System CF 130, CF 530, and EG 900. Each strengthening application
should be carefully evaluated to determine the most appropriate reinforcing fiber. Factors
to consider in selecting a fiber type include the type of loading (sustained or event),
environmental exposure conditions, and project economics. The intent of this section is to
present the engineer with some general guidelines that will aid in selecting an appropriate
reinforcing fiber.
Carbon fibers, such as those used in CF 130 and CF 530 reinforcement, possess high
strength, high modulus and are unaffected by typical environmental exposure conditions.
4-6
05/30/02
Carbon fiber has also been shown to resist high stresses for sustained periods without
failing due to creep rupture*. E-glass fibers used in EG 900 reinforcement allow for a
reduced material cost, but possess lower strength and modulus than carbon fibers. E-glass
fibers also do not exhibit the superior long-term behavior of carbon fibers. In general, Eglass fibers have been shown to degrade over time when exposed to moisture and other
environmental conditions. Eventually, E-glass fibers will fail due to creep rupture at
sustained stresses greater than 30% of ultimate. To provide a safeguard against
environmental and creep degradation, duration and environmental strength reduction
factors, CD and CE are applied to the design values. These reduction factors limit the
allowable stress to levels that environmental and sustained stress effects are no longer a
concern. These values are tabulated in Table 6.1.1. The tabulated strength reduction
factors are determined by long term durability testing of FRP tensile specimens without
protective coatings. Therefore, designs using these strength reduction factors will be
conservative.
The high strength, high modulus and negligible creep rupture behavior make carbon
fibers ideal for flexural and shear strengthening applications. Because fibers used for
these applications typically carry high levels of sustained stress, E-glass fibers will
require large strength reduction factors to prevent creep rupture. In most cases this results
in repairs that lack efficiency in materials use and project economics. In contrast, the
excellent resistance to environmental exposures makes carbon fiber ideal for applications
in harsh environments.
The two carbon fiber types available (CF 130 and CF 530) give the engineer the ability to
select a material with either very high strength or very high modulus. Due to its higher
strength and higher elongation at failure, CF 130 is best used when the ultimate behavior
of a concrete element needs to be improved. In applications where serviceability
(deflection, allowable stresses, etc.) is the main concern, CF 530 may be a more
appropriate choice due to its higher modulus. However, since bonded FRP reinforcement
in general do not dramatically effect serviceability, CF 130 will be best suited for the
majority of applications.
E-glass fibers are ideal for event loading conditions (seismic, blast, etc.) where the lack
of sustained stresses in the fiber eliminate problems with creep rupture. For these
conditions, low cost EG 900 fiber is most appropriate. In harsh environments, redundant
use of material and protective coatings can compensate for environmental degradation of
the E-glass fibers over time.
Creep rupture is a phenomenon unique to FRP materials. Sustained, long-term stresses can cause certain
fibers to fail suddenly after a passage of time. The duration to cause failure is dependent on the magnitude
of the sustained stress, with higher stresses shortening the time to failure. The phenomenon is similar to
fatigue in metals except that the stresses are constant rather than cyclic. In fact, creep rupture is also known
as static fatigue since the sustained load vs. time curves resemble classic S-N curves.
05/30/02
4-7
4.5
References
ASTM D-3039, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials, Vol. 15.03.
ASTM D-638, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, Vol. 08.01.
ASTM D-790, Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. Vol. 08.01.
ASTM D-695, Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics, Vol. 08.01.
4-8
05/30/02
Chapter 5 Durability
5.1 GENERAL
5-2
5-2
5-3
5.4 FIRE
5-3
5.4.1
Surface Flammability
5-4
5.4.2
5-4
5.5 REFERENCES
5-4
Chapter 5
Durability
5.1 General
At room temperature, moisture, atmospheric chemicals, solvents, bases and weak acids
do not affect bare carbon fiber1. Oxidizing agents and temperatures above
660 qF (350 qC)2 can also degrade bare carbon fiber. In the presence of an epoxy matrix,
the carbon fibers are protected from chemical attack.
In the following sections, data was generated by fabricating standard tensile specimens
per ASTM D-30393, cured with MBrace Saturant, exposing the specimens to various
conditions for 1,000, 3,000 and 10,000 hours, then testing the specimens to failure. In
addition to tensile data, the apparent interlaminar shear strength (commonly known as the
short beam shear test) was determined using ASTM D-23444. These tests were
performed without a protective finish coat to determine the resiliency of the MBrace
System. For permanent repairs, it is recommended to include a finish coat for added
protection and for aesthetic reasons. Protective coating systems should be selected based
on environmental exposure conditions and chemical resistance requirements. Data
presented is for the most commonly used carbon fiber, WaboMBrace CF 130.
5.2 Environmental Exposure
The physical properties of polymer materials subjected to hot and moist conditions
eventually degrade because of moisture diffusion. Because moisture diffusion is largely
influenced by elevated temperatures, data was generated for specimens exposed to 100%
RH at 100 qF per ASTM D-22475 and 20% RH at 140qF per ASTM D-30456. Results of
this testing are presented in Table 5.1.
The effect of ultraviolet (UV) light and freezing and thawing has also been investigated.
Table 5.1 shows the residual properties of specimens exposed to 100 UV/condensation
and 20 freeze/thaw cycles.
The most important concern in FRP repair is maintaining strain compatibility between the
fibers and the base concrete. Research has shown that up to 50 saturated freeze/thaw
cycles can be tolerated with no noticeable degradation to the adhesive/concrete interface
or significant change in overall flexural performance7. Appropriate safety factors will
ensure long term performance.
5-2
05/30/02
Chapter 5 Durability
Tensile
Modulus
(ksi)
32,200 r 1,600
591 r 25
540 r 17
Due 2/99
1.78 r 0.06
Interlaminar
Shear
Strength (ksi)
7.7 r 0.3
34,000 r 1,400
33,200 r 400
Due 2/99
1.59 r 0.08
1.51 r 0.06
Due 2/99
7.6 r 0.1
7.2 r 0.1
Due 2/99
637 r 23
582 r 12
Due 2/99
33,400 r 1,200
32,600 r 900
Due 2/99
1.73 r 0.08
1.67 r 0.05
Due 2/99
9.5 r 0.2
8.6 r 0.4
Due 2/99
100 Cycles
644 r 37
33,600 r 1.2
1.76 r 0.09
8.4 r 0.3
Freeze/Thaw
20 Cycles
561 r 29
33,300 r 1,700
1.57 r 0.06
7.5 r 0.1
Exposure Type
Control
100% RH/100 qF
1,000 h
3,000 h
10,000 h
20% RH/140 qF
1,000 h
3,000 h
10,000 h
UV/Condensation
Failure Strain
(%)
Ultimate
Tensile Strength
(ksi)
639 r 27
Tensile
Modulus
(ksi)
32,200 r 1,600
1.78 r 0.06
Interlaminar
Shear Strength
(ksi)
7.7 r 0.3
619 r 25
623 r 23
Due 2/99
33,600 r 500
33,900 r 1,100
Due 2/99
1.70 r 0.05
1.74 r 0.07
Due 2/99
7.5 r 0.2
7.6 r 0.4
Due 2/99
597 r 27
585 r 35
Due 2/99
32,900 r 1,300
31,800 r 800
Due 2/99
1.70 r 0.11
1.70 r 0.09
Due 2/99
7.6 r 0.1
7.2 r 0.6
Due 2/99
589 r 9
34,100 r 1.5
1.61 r 0.08
8.2 r 0.1
Failure Strain
(%)
5.4 Fire
Investigating two related issues can satisfactorily treat the issue of fire durability. The
first issue is that of surface flammability and the second is that of structural integrity.
05/30/02
5-3
References
McKee, D.W. and Mimeault, V.J., Surface Properties of Carbon Fibers, Chemistry
and Physics of Carbon, Vol. 8, Marcel Dekker, 1973, p. 235.
ASTM D-3039, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials, Vol. 15.03.
ASTM D-2344, Test Method for Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength of Parallel Fiber
Composites by Short-Beam Method, Vol. 15.03.
5-4
05/30/02
Chapter 5 Durability
ASTM D-2247, Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in 100% Relative
Humidity, Vol. 06.01.
ASTM D-3045, Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load, Vol. 08.02.
Tysl, S.R., Imbrogno, M. and Miller, B.D., Effect of Surface Delamination on the
Freeze/Thaw Durability of CFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams, Durability of Fibre
Reinforced Polymer Composites for Construction, Benmokrane. B., and Rahman, H.,
Editors, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 1998, pp. 317-324.
10
ASTM E-84, Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials,
Vol. 04-07.
05/30/02
5-5
Chapter 6
Flexural Strengthening
Flexural Strengthening
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Design Approach
6.2 Existing Condition
Assessment
6.2.1 Initial Strains in
Cracked Concrete
6.2.2 Initial Strains in
Uncracked Concrete
6.3 Preliminary Design
6.3.1 Existing Shear
Strength
6.3.2 Existing Stiffness
6.3.3 Controlling Working
Stress
6.4 Ultimate Strength
Analysis
6.4.1 Reinforced Concrete
6.4.2 Prestressed
Concrete
6.4.3 Summary of Strength
Equations
6.5 Ductility
6.5.1 Unreinforced
Concrete
6.5.2 Reinforced Concrete
6.5.3 Prestressed
Concrete
6.6 Serviceability
Requirements
6.6.1 Working Stress
Analysis
6.6.2 Deflections of
Strengthened Beams
6.6.3 Crack Widths
6.7 Examples from Practice
6.7.1 Retrofit of an
Existing Reinforced
Concrete Bridge
Slab
6.1
Introduction
It has been well understood that bonding FRP reinforcement
to the tension face of a concrete flexural member with fibers
oriented along the length of the member will provide an
1, 2, 3
Increases in flexural
increase in flexural capacity.
capacity from 10% to 160% have been documented.
However, when taking into account ductility and
serviceability limits, increases of 5% to 40% are more
reasonable for actual design cases.
In this chapter, the material characteristics presented in Part
2 and information about the existing concrete member are
used to develop equations and procedures for computing the
increase in flexural capacity that may be achieved with an
6.8 References
5/99
6-1
Acr
Af
Ap
As
A's
cb
Distance from the neutral axis of the gross concrete section to the bonded substrate (in.)
CD
CE
d'
dp
Eccentricity of the prestressing force with respect to the neutral axis of the gross concrete
section. Positive eccentricities cause compression on the bonded substrate. (in.)
Ec
Ef
Ep
Es
ff
ffu
fps
fpu
fpy
fs
fy
fs
Total height of the section and depth to the FRP flexural reinforcement (in.)
Icr
Ig
Ratio of the depth to the elastic neutral axis to the effective depth, d
l1
The sum of the lengths of loaded spans that are connected with a continuous, unbonded
prestressing tendon (in.)
l2
ln
6-2
05/02
Moment due to loads in place at the time of FRP installation (mainly dead loads) not including
moments caused by eccentric prestressing forces. (lb.-in.)
Mn
Ms
Mu
Pe
rg
tf
Vn
Vu
wf
:u
Bond reduction factor for unbonded tendons at the ultimate limit state
E1
Hb
Hbi
Strain level in the concrete substrate at the time of FRP installation. Tension is positive. (in./in.)
Hc
H'c
Strain level in the concrete corresponding to the peak value of stress, f'c (in./in.)
Hcu
Hf
Hfu
Hp
Hpu
Hs
Hs
Hsy
Strain level in the tension steel at its yield point = fy/Es (in./in.)
Multiplier on f'c to determine the intensity of an equivalent rectangular stress distribution for
concrete
6-3
Tension is
05/02
6.1.1
Design Approach
The design of bonded FRP reinforcement for flexural members is based on limit states
principles. Strength, ductility and serviceability requirements should all be investigated.
The design process requires investigating several possible failure modes and limit states.
The recommended design procedure outlined in this chapter is to obtain a preliminary
area of FRP and modify this area based on a comprehensive analysis of the section for
strength, ductility, and serviceability. Analysis calculations are necessarily iterative, and
implementation of computer programs to automate the iteration process is highly
recommended.
This chapter addresses the analysis and design of sections only. After the area of FRP is
determined for critical sections, the reinforcement should be appropriately detailed for the
structure being considered. Proper detailing of reinforcement is presented in Chapter 10
and Part 5.
The following assumptions apply to this chapter:
*
1)
2)
3)
Loads in place at the time of FRP installation are within the structures
elastic range
4)
The procedures outlined in this chapter use the load factors and strength reduction factors
stipulated in ACI 3184. Engineers may wish to incorporate additional safety factors
according to uncertainties with the existing structure or degradation of the bonded
concrete substrate.
6.2
Hf
6.2.1
Hb Hbi d Hfu
(6-1)
H bi
M ip (h kd)
I cr E c
(6-2)
This assumption is valid only if the there is perfect bond between the FRP and the substrate. It is
recognized that perfect bond does not exist and that there is some shear deformation of the adhesive
resulting in some relative slip between the FRP and the substrate. However, the relative magnitude
of the strain differential between the FRP and the substrate is such that it may be neglected in design.
6-4
05/02
6.2.2
H bi
6.3
Mipcb
Ig E c
Pe
AcEc
ec
1 b
rg2
(6-3)
Preliminary Design
Before proceeding with a comprehensive analysis and design of the strengthening
system, some initial computations should be performed to determine whether it is possible
to achieve the desired load level. The maximum load level that may be achieved may be
governed by flexural failure, shear failure, deflection limitations, or allowable stress
limitations.
Initial considerations of the following criteria should be made. Each of the criteria listed
should be checked with the structural geometry and material properties of the existing
structure and the load conditions required for the strengthened structure.
6.3.1
(6-4)
For concrete beams, it may be possible to provide additional shear strength with FRP
shear reinforcement bonded to the sides of the beam (see Chapter 7).
6-5
6.3.2
Existing Stiffness
Bonded FRP does not significantly change the stiffness of a flexural member. Although
some additional stiffness may be achieved, the increase is typically not great. Deflection
computations using the existing section properties and the loads on the strengthened
structure will provide a reasonable estimate of service deflections.
6.3.3
05/02
6.4
Hc
d'
H's
f's
E1c
f's
Hbi
Hf
fs
fs
Hs
ff
ff
Hb
2)
3)
4)
In addition to these flexural failure modes, other localized premature failures at the
concrete / FRP interface are possible5, 6. However, these failure modes can be avoided
through proper detailing of the FRP reinforcement. Guidelines for detailing FRP
reinforcement are given in Chapter 10.
6.4.1
Reinforced Concrete
The general equation for the nominal moment capacity of a reinforced concrete section
strengthened with FRP flexural reinforcement is given in Equation (6-5).
Mn
E c
E c
E c
A s f s d 1 A cs f sc 1 d c 0.85A f f f h 1
2
2
(6-5)
The term fs indicates that the reinforcing steel is not necessarily at its yield stress. Addition
of FRP to the beam may result in over-reinforcement for moment capacity thus the steel
will not yield. The 0.85 factor applied to the moment contribution of the FRP reinforcement
is additional to the three standard deviation reduction of the strength of the FRP. The
additional 0.85 reduction term is to be used at the discretion of the engineer.
6-6
05/02
The stresses in each of the materials will depend on the strain distribution and the
governing failure mode. Because of the number of variables involved, there is no direct
procedure for determining the strain distribution and failure mode. Instead, a trial and
error procedure is necessary. This procedure involves first estimating the depth to the
neutral axis, c, and determining the failure mode based on this estimate. The estimated
depth to the neutral axis may be confirmed or modified based on strain compatibility, the
constitutive laws of the materials, and internal force equilibrium. In most situations, a first
estimate of c = 0.15d is reasonable.
With the estimate of c, the failure mode may be checked by the following criteria:
h c
, failure is controlled by concrete crushing.
c
If H fu H bi ! H cu
h c
, failure is controlled by FRP rupture.
c
If H fu H bi H cu
6.4.1.1
Failure by Concrete Crushing
When failure is governed by concrete crushing, the strain in the concrete at failure will be
at its maximum usable strain, Hcu.
Hc
Hcu
(6-6)
Strain levels in the tension steel and compression steel may be determined based on this
known strain level in the concrete and the assumed neutral axis position.
Hs
dc
H cu
(6-7)
H cs
c dc
H cu
(6-8)
The strain in the FRP may be determined by finding the strain in the concrete substrate at
ultimate and subtracting the strain in the concrete substrate at the time of FRP installation.
h c
H cu
H bi
c
Hf
(6-9)
Because the concrete is at its maximum usable strain level, the rectangular stress block
specified in ACI 318 may be used to approximate the actual non-linear stress distribution
in the concrete (i.e. J = 0.85, E1 from ACI 318 Chapter 10.2.7.3)4. Stresses in the steel may
be considered proportional to strains below the yield point and should be taken as the
yield stress for strains beyond the yield point (use an elastic-plastic assumption).
fs
EsHs d f y
(6-10)
f sc
E s H cs d f y
(6-11)
ff
E f Hf
(6-12)
The estimated value of c may then be checked against the value obtained from Equation
(6-13), to satisfy equilibrium of the internal stress resultants.
6-7
A s f s A cs f sc A f f f
0.85f cc E1 b
(6-13)
05/02
6.4.1.2
Hf
H fu
H b H bi
(6-24)
Hc
Hfu Hbi
hc
(6-15)
Hs
H fu H bi d c
(6-16)
H cs
H fu H bi c d
(6-17)
h c
h c
Stresses in the steel can again be determined by Equations (6-10) and (6-11), and the
stress in the FRP, ff, may be taken as the ultimate tensile strength, ffu. Because the
concrete does not reach its ultimate strain in compression, the Whitney stress block (used
by ACI 3184) is not appropriate. The stress resultant for concrete should be determined
from an appropriate non-linear stress-strain relationship or by a rectangular stress block
suitable for the particular level of strain in the concrete. Parameters for such a stress
block are given in Equations (6-18) and (6-19)7. These values may also be determined
from Figures A.1 and A.2 in Appendix A.
E1
2
J
where H cc
>
4 H c H cc tan 1 H c H cc
H c H cc ln 1 H c2
0.90ln 1 H c2 H cc2
E1H c H cc
H cc2
(6-18)
(6-19)
1.71f cc
is computed in radians.
1 H
, and tan c
Ec
H' c
Using the equivalent stress block method, the internal force equilibrium equation is given
in Equation (6-20). This equation is again used to check the estimated depth to the
neutral axis.
6.4.2
(6-20)
Prestressed Concrete
The analysis of a prestressed concrete section strengthened with FRP flexural
reinforcement is analogous to that of a partially prestressed beam. The nominal moment
capacity of a prestressed concrete section may be determined from Equation (6-23).
Mn
6-8
A s f s A cs f sc A f f fu
Jf cc E1 b
E c
E c
A p f ps d p 1 0.85A f f f h 1
2
2
(6-23)
05/02
A similar approach involving estimating the depth to the neutral axis is required to
determine the stress levels in each of the materials. The estimate on the neutral axis
depth must be checked by finding the strain and stress levels in all of the materials and
substituting them into Equation (6-42).
A p f ps A f f fu
(6-42)
Jf ccE1b
2
3
Load Stage 1:
Prestress Alone
(Effective)
Load Stage 2:
Decompression of
Prestressing Steel
Load Stage 3:
Ultimate Load
1
Prestressing Steel
Centroid
Hp3
Hp1
Hp2
Hp
H p1
Pe
ApEp
(6-25)
The second load stage is at decompression of the concrete at the level of the tendons.
Hp2
Pe e 2
1 2
A c E c
r
(6-26)
After decompression, the strain in the tendons may be determined by strain compatibility if
the tendons are bonded to the concrete. The strain level in the tendons at the third load
stage may be determined from Equation (6-27) for concrete crushing or Equation (6-28)
for FRP rupture.
H p3
H p3
6-9
dp c
for concrete crushing
Hcu
c
dp c
for FRP rupture
h c
H fu H bi
(6-27)
(6-28)
05/02
The total strain in the tendons is then the sum of the strains at each load stage as in
Equation (6-29).
Hp
H p1 H p 2 H p 3
(6-29)
The stress in the tendons should be determined from an appropriate equation for the
stress-strain relationship of the particular prestressing steel. The PCI Handbook gives the
following equations for Grade 250 and 270 tendons8.
f ps
HpEp
for H p d 0.008
75
for Grade 270 steel
f
2000 for H p ! 0.008
pu H p 0.0065
(6-210)
f ps
for H p d 0.008
HpEp
58
f
2000 for H p ! 0.008
pu H p 0.006
(6-211)
In some rare cases, the strain levels in the tendons may be high enough to cause tensile
fracture of the prestressing steel. For this reason, the strain in the prestressing steel
should be limited to a value below 0.03.
6.4.2.1
Special Consideration for Unbonded Tendons
When the tendons are bonded to the surrounding concrete as in the case of pre-tensioned
tendons or post-tensioned tendons in grouted ducts, it is reasonable to assume that the
strain in the tendons due to loading stage 3 is the same as that in the surrounding
concrete. If the tendons are unbonded as in the case of post-tensioned tendons in
greased ducts, the tendons are free to slip relative to the surrounding concrete. The strain
in the tendon does not, therefore, correspond to the strain level in the surrounding
concrete, and strain compatibility does not exist. ACI addresses this by providing
separate equations for the stress in unbonded tendons at ultimate. However, these
equations are only applicable for the traditional concrete crushing failure mode. In the
case of an FRP strengthened section, failure may be controlled by FRP rupture. Thus, a
different approach is needed.
One of the most convenient methods of dealing with unbonded tendons is to proceed as if
the strains were compatible and then apply a bond reduction factor to account for the
tendon slip. An accepted formulation for the bond reduction factor is available in the
9
literature and is given in Equation (6-30). This bond reduction coefficient is valid for a
continuous beam loaded with a uniformly distributed load. Reduction factors for other
conditions are also available.
:u
3.0 l1
ln d p l2
(6-30)
In this equation l1 is the length of all the loaded spans that a continuous tendon covers
and l2 is the length of the tendon between end anchorages. With this reduction factor, the
total strain in the unbonded tendons may be found by Equation (6-31) where the strains at
the various load levels are those given in Equations (6-25) through (6-28).
Hp
H p1 H p 2 : u H p3
(6-31)
It has been further recognized that unbonded tendons will rupture at an average stress
well below the ultimate strength of the prestressing steel. It is suggested that the stress in
the tendons at ultimate be limited to below the yield stress for unbonded tendons. The
stress will therefore be proportional to the strain and may be expressed as Equation
(6-32).
f ps
6-10
H p E p d 0.94f py
(6-32)
05/02
6.4.3
6.5
Ductility
The use of FRP as a means of flexural strengthening will compromise the ductility of the
original system. Figure 6.3 shows the idealized moment curvature relationships of a
bonded FRP strengthened beam. Significant increases in moment capacity with FRP
sheets are afforded at the sake of ductility. In many cases, the loss of ductility is
negligible. However, sections that experience a significant loss in ductility must be
addressed. The approach taken by this manual follows the philosophy of ACI 318
Appendix B, where a section with low ductility must compensate with a higher strength
4
reserve . The higher reserve of strength is achieved by applying a strength reduction
factor of 0.70 to brittle sections as opposed to 0.90 for ductile sections.
Moment
Unstrengthened
Curvature
Figure 6.3 Typical idealized moment curvature relationship for various degrees of
strengthening (RC beams)
Concrete crushing or FRP rupture before yielding of the steel is both brittle failure modes.
Steel yielding followed by concrete crushing provides some level of ductility depending on
how far the steel is strained over the yield strain. Steel yielding followed by FRP rupture is
typically ductile because the level of strain needed to rupture FRP is significantly higher
than the strain level needed to yield the steel. Additionally, the tension steel and FRP
sheet are at a similar distance from the neutral axis.
In addition to failure modes at the ultimate limit state, ductility is also affected by the
service condition. If the tension steel yields at service load levels, both ductility and
residual stresses become of concern. Working stress limits presented in Section 6.6 will
guard against such circumstances.
6-11
05/02
6.5.1
Unreinforced Concrete
Although using externally bonded FRP as primary reinforcement may not be
recommended, the designer may want to ignore the contribution of steel reinforcement
due to degradation problems. If no steel is considered in the design of the strengthening
system, then the failure should be considered to be brittle. Thus, the strength reduction
factor used should be I = 0.70 to ensure an adequate reserve of strength.
6.5.2
Reinforced Concrete
The only brittle failure mode a reinforced concrete section could experience is concrete
crushing. Lower ductility is also a concern in sections that, at ultimate, only strain the
steel to levels between the yield strain and twice the yield strain. These sections in
traditional reinforced concrete design have reinforcement ratios roughly between the
balanced reinforcement ratio and 75% of the balanced reinforcement ratio. These
sections must also have a higher reserve of strength than more ductile sections.
It is, therefore, recommended to use a strength reduction factor given by Equation (6-33),
where s is the strain in the steel at the ultimate limit state determined from Equation (67).
0.90
I 0.50 0.20 s
H sy
0
.
70
for
H s t 2H sy
for H sy H s 2H sy
for
(6-33)
H s d H sy
This equation sets the reduction factor at 0.90 for ductile sections where the steel is
strained over twice its yield strain, 0.70 for brittle sections where the steel does not yield,
and provides a linear transition for the reduction factor between these two extremes. This
is presented graphically in Figure 6.4.
I
0.90
0.70
Hsy
2Hsy
Steel Strain at
Ultimate
6-12
Prestressed Concrete
The addition of FRP reinforcement to a prestressed flexural element does not dramatically
affect its ductility. It is recommended that the strength reduction factor of 0.90 be
maintained for all prestressed concrete sections.
05/02
6.6
Serviceability Requirements
Serviceability limit states are crucial to obtaining a well-designed strengthening system.
The significant increases in the ultimate capacity of a section afforded by FRP
reinforcement are not achieved by substantial increases in stiffness (though some
additional stiffness is obtained). When the demand on a flexural element is increased, it is
important, therefore, to determine the effects the increase will have on the service load
stresses and deflections.
6.6.1
Material
Concrete (Compression)
0.45f'c
0.80fy
0.40fy
Prestressing Steel
0.33CDCEffu
0.33CDCEffu
6-13
Duration Factor, CD
Environmental Factor, CE
Carbon Fiber
1.00
0.65 1.00
Glass Fiber
0.30
0.60 1.00
05/02
6.6.1.2
b
fc
Hc
d'
f's
H's
kd
fs
Hs
ff
Hbi
Hf
Hb
Figure 6.5: Strain and stress distribution for a working stress analysis
The stresses in each of the materials may be determined by Equations (6-34) to (6-37).
fs
>M
E
f s c
Es
fc
f sc
ff
6-14
H bi A f E f h kd
d kd E s
3
A s E s d kd d kd A cs E s kd d c kd d c A f E f h kd h k
3
3
3
s
E
f s f
Es
fs
kd
d kd
kd d c
d kd
h kd
d kd H bi E f
(6-34)
(6-35)
(6-126)
(6-37)
05/02
6.6.3
Crack Widths
The crack width at service should be investigated using the Gergely-Lutz equation used in
conventional reinforced concrete design4. The effect of the FRP may be neglected in this
calculation. Available research has shown the presence of FRP to reduce the crack size
and spacing, however its effect cannot be quantified at this time. Ignoring the contribution
of the FRP will be conservative.
h = 18.5
6.7.1
d = 16.5
6.7
6.6.2
As = 1.5 in2/ft
x
Determine
the
flexural
capacity
and
strengthening is required
existing
whether
Af = ?
6-15
05/02
Asf y
0.85 f cc b
1.47 in
IM n
IA s f y d
2
1.47 in
IM n
638,500 in lbs
53.2 kip ft M u
638,500 in lbs
The existing capacity is 25% below the design moment capacity. It is reasonable that the
WaboMBrace System will be capable of correcting this deficiency. WaboMBrace CF
130 is selected for its high strength and excellent performance under sustained and cyclic
loading.
x
M u IM n
0.90 d
A f ,est
T
I 0.85 f fu
10.34 kips
0.90 0.85 550 ksi
10.34 kips
0.0246 in 2
Based on this area, the width of FRP may be computed. For a slab, a series of evenly
spaced FRP strips is typically used. Thus, the estimated width becomes:
wf
Af
n tf
0.0246 in 2
1(0.0065 in )
H bi
M ip (h kd)
I cr E c
The multiplier on the beam depth, d, to find the cracked neutral axis position is k = 0.326.
Further, the cracked moment of inertia is Icr = 2570 in4. The strain level on the soffit at the
time of FRP installation, thus becomes:
H bi
x
430 PH
6-16
05/02
h c
? H cu
H fu H bi
18.5 2.475
0.017 0.000430 ? 0.003
2.475
0.017
Hf
H fu
Hc
H fu H bi
Hs
h c
2.475
18.5 2.475
0.01743
h c
18.5 2.475
0.00263
0.0149
H cc
Hc
H cc
E1
J
x
1.71 f cc
Ec
1.71(2500 psi)
2,850,000 psi
0.0015
0.00263
1.635
0.0015
2
4>H c H cc a tan H c H cc @
H c
0.90ln 1 H c2 H cc2
E1H c H cc
2
0.847
1.635ln1 (1.635)
0.90ln1 (1.635) 0.845
H cc ln 1 H c2 H cc2
0.8471.635
A s f s Acs f sc A f f f
Jf cc E1b
2.300 in
Failure
Mode
Hf
ff
(ksi)
Hs
fs
(ksi)
Hc
E1
ccalc
(in)
2.475
FRP
0.017
550
0.0152
30
0.00269
0.847
0.845
2.300
2.400
FRP
0.017
550
0.0152
30
0.00259
0.840
0.849
2.311
2.330
FRP
0.017
550
0.0152
30
0.00251
0.833
0.851
2.323
05/02
Mn
Mn
x
E c
E c
E c
A s f s d 1 A cs f sc 1 d c 0.85A f f f h 1
2
2
2
0.833(2.33)
0.833(2.33)
1.5(30)16.5
0 0.85(0.026)(550)18.5
2
2
IM n
0.90(76 kip ft )
68.4 kip ft ! M u
66 kip ft
9O.K.
(kd) 2 b
n s A s d kd n f A f h kd 0
2
33000 ksi
(kd) 2 12in 29000 ksi
(1.5 in 2 )(16.5in kd)
(0.026 in 2 )(18.5in kd)
2
2771 ksi
2771 ksi
Solving this quadratic, the depth to the neutral axis is kd = 5.185 inches (k = 0.314).
6-18
05/02
fs
Compute the stress in the steel at a service moment of Ms = 42 kip-ft = 504 kip-in.
>M
H bi A f E f h kd
d kd E s
3
A s E s d kd d kd A cs E s kd d c kd d c A f E f h kd h kd
3
3
3
5.185
(16.5 5.185)(29000)
504 0.00039(0.026)(33000)18.5
3
5.185
5.185
1.5(29000)16.5
(16.5 5.185) 0 (0.026)(33000)18.5
(18.5 5.185)
3
3
fc
E
f s c
Es
fc
ff
ff
x
E
f s f
Es
kd
d kd
2771 5.185
22.57 ksi
1.106 ksi
h kd
d kd H bi E f
33 18.5 5.45
0.00044(33000 ksi) 15.76 ksi
22.53 ksi
29 16.5 5.45
112 ksi
9O.K.
Conclusions
Based on the analysis, one ply of FRP with a width of 4 per 12 width of beam will be sufficient to
strengthen the bridge. The final design could call for a 10 wide one-ply strip spaced at 30 on center for
constructability and material economy. Because the WaboMBrace CF 130 sheets come in 20 wide rolls,
these strips are easily field cut.
As evidence of the validity of this design example, a full size mock-up of a unit strip of this
bridge slab was tested to failure. The experimental beam was constructed using similar
materials and the exact section and span dimensions. Figure 6.7 shows the experimental
load deflection curve as compared to the theoretical curve that is based on the principles
presented in this chapter. These curves show reasonable correlation. In addition, the
predicted failure mode, FRP rupture, was the mode of failure observed during testing.
6-19
05/02
60000
FRP Rupture
FRP Rupture
50000
Concrete
Crushing
Load (lbs)
40000
Concrete
Crushing
30000
20000
10000
0
0
Deflection (in)
Figure 6.7 Experimental validation of Example 6.7.1
6.8
References
Kobayashi, A., Endoh, M., Kuroda, H., and Kliger, H., (1995). Use of Carbon Fiber Tow Sheet
Reinforcement for Improved Bridge Capacity Ratings in Japan, Proceedings of the International
SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, May 8-11.
Nanni, A., (1995). "Concrete Repair with Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement: Examples from Japan,"
Concrete International, v. 17, no. 6, June, pp. 22-26.
ACI-318, (1995). "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete." American Concrete Institute.
Triantafillou, T. C. and Plevris, N., (1992). "Strengthening of RC Beams with Epoxy-Bonded FibreComposite Materials," Materials and Structures, Vol. 25, pp. 201-211.
Oehlers, D. J., (1992). Reinforced Concrete Beams with Plates Glued to Their Soffits, Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol. 118, No. 8, August, pp. 2023-2038.
Todeschini, C., Bianchini, A, and Kesler, C. (1982) "Behavior of Concrete Columns Reinforced with High
Strength Steels." ACI Journal, Proceedings, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp 701-716, November-December
Namaan, A. and Alkhairi, F. (1991) "Stress at Ultimate in Unbonded Post-Tensioning Tendons: Part 2 -Proposed Methodology." ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 88, No. 6, November-December, pp 683-692.
6-20
05/02
10
ACI Committee 440 (1996), State-of-the-Art Report on FRP for Concrete Structures, ACI440R-96,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 68 pgs.
11
Arduini, M. and Nanni, A., (1997). "Behavior of Pre-Cracked RC Beams Strengthened with Carbon FRP
Sheets," ASCE, Journal of Composites in Construction, Vol. 1, No. 2, May, pp. 63-70.
12
Sharif, A., Al-Sulaimani, G., Basunbul, A., Baluch, M., and Ghaleb, B., (1994). "Strengthening of Initially
Loaded Reinforced Concrete Beams Using FRP Plates," ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp160168.
13
Nanni, A., Focacci, F., and Cobb, C.A., Proposed Procedure for the Design of RC Flexural Members
Strengthened with FRP Sheets, Proceedings, ICCI-98, Tucson, AZ, Jan 5-7, 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 187201.
14
Mayo, R.L., Nanni. A,. Gold, W., and Barker, M., Strengthening of Bridge G270 with Externally Bonded
CFRP Reinforcement, FRPRCS-4, Baltimore, MD, 1999 (submitted).
6-21
05/02
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
GENERAL
7-2
7.1.1
7-2
Notation
7-3
7.2.1
7-3
7.2.2
7-4
7.2.3
Fiber Orientation
7-4
7.2.4
Bi-axial Reinforcement
7-5
STRENGTH DESIGN
7-5
7.3.1
7-5
7.3.2
7-5
7.3.3
7-9
7.3.4
Design Recommendations
7-9
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
7-11
7.4.1
7-11
7.4.2
7-16
REFERENCES
7-19
Chapter 7
7.1
Shear Strengthening
General
This chapter addresses the design of bonded FRP reinforcement as a means of
increasing the shear capacity of a concrete beam. Partial or complete beam
wrapping with transversely oriented FRP has been shown to improve the shear
strength of beams1, 2, 3. The amount of additional strength that may be achieved
is dependent on several factors including the wrapping scheme, the amount and
type of FRP, the existing concrete strength, and the nature of the loads and
support conditions. It is also important to realize that because the overall beam
shear strength is significantly dependent on the interfacial bond between the FRP
and concrete (especially in the case of partially wrapped beams); the additional
shear strength is not necessarily proportional to the amount of FRP used. This
phenomenon will become evident in the design procedure.
7.1.1
Afv
Notation
= Total area of one strip of transverse FRP reinforcement = 2 n tf wf (in2)
bw
Width of the web of the cross section (average width for tapered sections) (in.)
Depth to the tension steel reinforcement centroid (prestressed and/or mild) (in.)
df
dfe
Effective depth of the FRP shear reinforcement considering only sufficiently bonded
areas (in.)
Ef
f'c
ffe
ffu
hs
k1
Multiplier on the effective bond length to account for the concrete strength
k2
Multiplier on the effective bond length to account for the wrapping scheme
Le
Lo
Number of plies of FRP shear reinforcement with fibers oriented in the primary (E)
direction
Reduction factor on the ultimate strength of the FRP to find the stress level in the FRP
at failure
sf
tf
Vc
Vf
7-2
05/30/02
Vn
Vs
Shear strength of the transverse mild steel reinforcement in a given section (lb.)
wf
Orientation of the primary fibers with respect to the longitudinal beam axis (degrees).
Hfu
7.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7.1 Various schemes for wrapping transverse FRP reinforcement. (a) FRP
wrapped entirely around the beam. (b) FRP U wrap. (c) FRP bonded to the two sides
of the beam.
The most common method of shear strengthening is to wrap the sides and
bottom of the section. This method referred to as a U wrap and shown in
Figure 7.1(b). The U wrap is practical and is effective in increasing the
sections shear strength. The use of the U wrap is, however, only highly
effective in positive moment regions. In negative moment regions, shear
cracking initiates from the top of the section near the slab. Due to its location
below the slab, the FRP may not be able to control the initiation of these cracks.
Once these cracks open, there is the potential for the crack to drive through
section without any reinforcing effect from the FRP.
05/30/02
7-3
In some situations, it may not be possible to wrap the top or bottom of the
section. Shear strengthening is still possible by placing the reinforcement on
both sides of the section as shown in Figure 7.1(c). However, the effectiveness
of this configuration is limited due to possible anchorage confines of the FRP
sheet.
7.2.2
(a)
(b)
Fiber Orientation
Because FRP is an anisotropic material with high strength in the direction of the
fibers, the fibers may be oriented in such a way to best reinforce diagonal tension
cracks. This is achieved by the use of inclined strips, Figure 7.3(a). However,
vertically oriented plies are easier to install and may reduce the total length of the
wrap, Figure 7.3(b).
(a)
(b)
Figure 7.3 Sheets with their fibers oriented in various primary directions. (a) 45q wrap. (b) 90q
wrap.
7-4
05/30/02
7.2.4
Bi-axial Reinforcement
It has been found that the use of bi-axial FRP reinforcement increases the overall
performance of the system5. Bi-axial FRP reinforcement is achieved by placing
two unidirectional FRP plies in mutually perpendicular directions, Figure 7.4. The
ply in the primary direction acts to provide most of the reinforcement. While the
ply in the secondary direction limits shear crack openings and provides
anchorage for the ply in the primary direction.
(a)
(b)
Figure 7.4 Beams with bi-axial FRP shear reinforcement. (a) 0q/90q wrap. (b) r45q wrap.
7.3
Strength Design
At the ultimate limit state, it is not possible to attain the full strength of the FRP in
a shear strengthening situation. Failure is governed by either rupture of the
sheet at average stress levels well below ultimate due to stress concentrations,
debonding of the FRP sheet from the concrete surface, or a significant decrease
in the post-cracking concrete shear strength from a loss of aggregate interlock.
The strength design procedure takes all of these failure modes into
consideration.
7.3.1
Vc Vs 0.85Vf
(7-1)
The design shear strength, IVn, is obtained by multiplying the nominal shear
strength by a strength reduction factor for shear, I. It is suggested that the
reduction factor of I = 0.85 for shear given in ACI 318-956 be maintained. The
designer may wish to incorporate a more conservative factor if there are
uncertainties about the condition of the existing structure.
7.3.2
As with the factor used for flexural FRP reinforcement, there is no theoretical reliability basis for this factor at this time.
05/30/02
7-5
the ACI equation, the shear contribution is computed by assuming a shear crack
angle of 45 degrees, computing the area of reinforcement that crosses this
potential crack, and multiplying the area by the strength of the material.6
Vf
A fv f fe sin E cos E d f
d 4 f cc b w d
sf
A reasonable limit on the maximum amount of additional shear strength that may
be achieved is placed in terms of the shear strength of the concrete. This limit is
imposed primarily to establish a basis for judging when the use of FRP is not
suitable for shear reinforcement. Furthermore, this limit maintains the use of
FRP as supplemental reinforcement.
In order to determine the area of FRP reinforcement that crosses a potential 45degree shear crack, the terms Afv, df, sf, and E are required. Afv is the area of one
strip of transverse FRP reinforcement covering two sides of the beam. This area
may be expressed by Equation (7-3), where n is the number of plies, tf is the
thickness of one ply, and wf is the width of the strip.
A fv
2nt f w f
In a positive moment region, the depth of the strip, df, is the horizontal projection
of the shear crack (assumed to be 45q) minus the distance from the top of the
crack to the top of the sheet. Because shear cracks typically initiate as vertical
cracks until they reach the depth the longitudinal steel reinforcement, the
effective depth of the FRP strip should be measured from the centroid of the
steel at the bottom of the section. Typically, strips extend only to the soffit of the
slab at the top of the beam. Therefore, the effective depth of the FRP strip may
be computed by subtracting the slab depth, hs, from the depth to the steel, d.
df
E
wf
wf
sf
(a)
sf
(b)
Figure 7.5 Dimensions used to define the area of FRP for shear.
(a) Vertically oriented FRP strips. (b) Inclined strips.
7-6
05/30/02
The spacing between the strips, sf, is defined as the distance from the centerline
of one strip to the centerline of an adjacent strip. Note that for continuous shear
reinforcement, as shown in Figure 7.5(b), the spacing of the strip, sf, and the
width of the strip, wf, are equal.
The angle E defines the orientation of the primary fibers with respect to the
longitudinal axis of the beam. The primary fibers are most effective when
oriented perpendicular to the potential crack. Figure 7.5 summarizes the
definition of the variables used to define the area of FRP that crosses a potential
shear crack.
The final variable in Equation (7-2) that is required to compute the shear capacity
of the FRP sheet is the effective stress in the sheet at failure. As stated earlier,
the ultimate strength of the sheet cannot be attained in a shear strengthening
situation. The effective stress is therefore computed by applying a reduction
factor, R, on the ultimate strength as shown in Equation (7-4).
f fe
Rf fu
The reduction factor is determined by the governing mode of failure. For sheets
which do not entirely wrap the beam cross section, the primary mode of failure is
debonding of the sheet from the concrete. By wrapping the section entirely,
adequate anchorage is provided, and bond is less critical.
The other failure mode of interest is the loss of aggregate interlock in the
concrete. If the shear crack width becomes too large, aggregate interlock is lost
along with the majority of the shear strength of the concrete, Vc. In order to
control the shear crack width, the strain (and thus the stress) of the FRP sheet
must be limited. This limiting factor applies mainly to beams that are wrapped
entirely, however it must be considered a general limiting factor for all wrapping
schemes.
Consideration of these two failure modes was made in the development of
Equation (7-5).
k 1 k 2 L e 0.005
d
468H fu
H fu
The first part of this equation addresses debonding of the FRP sheet. This
equation was developed from a combination of empirical and experimental work
involving a determination of the bond strength of FRP, loaded in tension, to
concrete.8 This bond test arrangement is particularly well suited to a shear
strengthening situation because the method of force transfer is similar*.
Note that for flexural FRP reinforcement, this bond mechanism is less applicable because flexural curvature tends to
stabilize the progressive debonding of FRP from the concrete. See reference 11.
05/30/02
7-7
The limit of 0.005/Hfu on the equation addresses the loss of aggregate interlock.
Aggregate interlock is maintained by limiting the shear crack opening. It has
been suggested that this may be achieved by limiting the strain in the FRP to
values on the order of 0.004 to 0.005 in/in.9 The limit used in this manual, 0.005,
is not on the conservative end of this range. However, this value has been
selected in recognition of additional safety factors in place for the calculation of
the design capacity (strength reduction factors and the factor of 0.85 applied to
the contribution of FRP).
The other possible failure mode, FRP rupture, has not been considered.
However, this failure mode typically occurs at strains above 0.005 in/in.
Therefore, this failure will only occur after loss of aggregate interlock.
In determining the limiting factor for bond, the effective bond length, Le, must be
determined. According to experimental observations, the ultimate tensile force
that the CFRP strip carries is not dependent on its total bonded length. The
reason for this is that load is sustained by bond only in a concentrated area of
active bonding. Bond stresses in the remaining portion of the sheet are relatively
small. If delamination occurs in this vicinity, the area of active bonding is shifted
to a new area. This action is repeated until delamination propagates completely
through the length of the CFRP. Therefore, the maximum force that can be
carried by bond stresses in the active bonding area governs the highest tensile
force that the sheet can carry. The effective bond length times the width of the
strip defines this active bonded area.
The effective bond length decreases with increasing stiffness of the sheet (more
plies). Physically, this results in the stress in the sheet being transferred to a
smaller area of concrete and increasing the stress in the concrete. Thus, the
addition of more plies increases the overall strength, but the efficiency of the FRP
system decreases. The equation for the effective bond length is given in
Equation (7-6).10
Le
1
Lo
n
In this equation, Lo is the effective bond length for one ply of FRP. The effective
bond length for one ply of each of the WaboMBrace Fiber Reinforcement
Systems has been computed and are given as follows:*
Lo = 2.0 in for CF 130
Lo = 1.5 in for CF 530
Lo = 2.5 in for EG 900
In general, the effective bond length of one ply of FRP may be determined by the equation:
Lo
2500
t f E f 0.58
. Also see
reference 10.
The experimental base for shear strengthening with glass FRP is not extensive at this time. The designer should take
particular care in specifying EG 900 for shear strengthening.
7-8
05/30/02
The effective bond length is further effected by the concrete strength and the
bonded configuration (Figure 7.1). Thus two additional factors are applied to
compensate for these effects. The factor, k1, given in Equation (7-7) accounts for
concrete strengths other than 4000 psi.11
k1
f cc
4000
2/3
(7-7)
The factor k2 accounts for the type of wrapping scheme used. This factor is
given in Equation (7-8).
k2
(7-8)
d fe
df
After a shear crack develops only that portion of FRP extending past the crack by
the effective bonded length will be capable of carrying shear. The depth of the
FRP reinforcement will, therefore, be reduced unless the FRP is anchored by
wrapping it around the section. The effective depth may be computed based on
the wrapping scheme from the criteria given below.12
d fe
d f Le
d fe
d f 2 L e if the FRP strip is bonded only to the two sides of the beam,
Figure 7.1(c)
As stated earlier, bond becomes less of a concern when the sheet is wrapped
entirely around the beam cross section. In this case the limiting factor for bond
may be disregarded, and the reduction factor, R, may be taken as the maximum
value.
0.005
if the beam is wrapped entirely, Figure 7.1(a)
H fu
7.3.3
7.3.4
Design Recommendations
In addition to strength considerations, there are several detailing issues that are
of importance in design of FRP shear reinforcement. The details that apply
specifically to shear strengthening are addressed in this section.
7-9
highly recommended. When shear cracks form, it is typically assumed that the
displacement is in the vertical direction and the vertical component of the
resistive force supplied by reinforcement is effective. However, in reality the
displacement has a horizontal component as well resulting from rigid body
rotation about the shear crack tip. If only vertical plies of FRP are used (E = 90q),
there is nothing to resist this horizontal strain component. (In the case of steel
stirrups, this component is resisted by dowel action of the stirrup.) It is, therefore,
recommended to use an additional horizontal ply (E = 0q) to resist this movement
and further limit shear crack opening.
The horizontal ply also acts to arrest the vertical crack that starts at the bottom of
the section (for positive bending) below the longitudinal steel centroid. Due to
this crack control mechanism, the horizontal ply should always be located as
close as possible to the bottom of the section for positive bending and as close
as possible to the top of the section for negative bending as possible.
Without a quantifiable method for determining the amount of secondary
reinforcement to use, a general approach will suffice. In general, one secondary
ply should be used when one primary ply is used, and another secondary ply
should be used for every two additional primary plies. For example, a design
using 3 primary plies should include 2 secondary plies. Placement of the plies
should alternate between primary and secondary with the primary ply placed first.
7.3.4.2 Spacing Requirements
Similar to steel shear reinforcement, the spacing of FRP strips should not be so
wide as to allow the full formation of a diagonal crack without intercepting a strip.
For this reason the strips should not be spaced by more than the maximum given
in Equation (7-9).
s f ,max
wf
d
4
Vs Vf d 8 f cc b w d
7-10
05/30/02
7.3.5
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
In the figure, the line labeled Nominal Datum represents a perfect correlation
between the computed nominal shear strength provided by the FRP, Vf, and the
experimental shear strength provided. The line labeled Design Datum
represents a perfect correlation between the computed design shear strength
provided by the FRP, I(0.85Vf), and the experimental shear strength provided.
Data points falling below the Design Datum represent beams with shear
strengths that were higher than the computed design value and therefore,
represent the design procedure as conservative. From the data, the design
procedure tends to be conservative in nearly all cases.
7.4
Example Problems
7.4.1
The experimental data originate from several sources, however the data is summarized in Reference 8.
05/30/02
7-11
distributed live load of wll = 1.6 k/ft. The beam was originally designed with #3
stirrups spaced at 12 over mid-span and 6 near the support. However, some of
the stirrups near the support were omitted during construction leaving stirrups
spaced at 12 throughout the entire length of the beam. It is desired to correct
the omission by using WaboMBrace CF 130. Other pertinent data from the
construction specifications are as follows: fc = 4000 psi, fy = 60 ksi, fvy = 40 ksi.
b = 36 in
hs = 6 in
d = 24 in
#3 Stirrups
@ 12 o.c.
bw = 12 in
Capacity to be taken by
supplemental FRP
Reinforcement
71 kips
Beam
Centerline
Vn
54 kips
Vu / I
12 kips
d
69 in
Figure 7.8 Shear diagram showing demand versus existing capacity. The FRP reinforcement
must correct the deficiency shown shaded.
7-12
05/30/02
Vf ,req 'd
x
0.85
0.85
20.0 kips
Assume one ply of CF 130 will be used and compute the effective bonded length
Le
x
1
Lo
n
2 in
k 1 k 2 L e 0.005
d
468H fu
H fu
k1
f cc
4000
k2
d fe
df
2/3
16 in
18 in
(1.0 )( 0.889 )( 2 )
468( 0.017 )
1
0.889
0.223
Checking the upper limit on R, 0.005/Hfu = 0.294, it is found that the computed
value of
R = 0.223 is acceptable.
Compute the effective stress level in the FRP sheet
ffe = R ffu = 0.223(550 ksi) = 123 ksi
05/30/02
7-13
20.0 kips
Vf
0.695
A fv f fe sin E cos Ed f
sf
Vf
4 f cc b w d
72.8 kips 9
s f ,max
wf
d
4
10 in
24 in
4
16 in 9
Vc Vs 0.85Vf
Vn
Vn
x
74.3 kips !
Vu
I
71 kips
Final design
The final ply sheet dimensions and orientation are shown in Figure 7.9. This
figure also shows the shear requirement of the beam and the shear
strengthening provided by the WaboMBrace repair.
7-14
05/30/02
23.9 kips
Existing
Stirrups
5 Horizontal Plies
of CF-130
10 Vertical Plies
of CF-130 @ 12
o.c.
74.3 kips
Beam
Centerline
Vn
Vu / I
12 kips
d
72 in
Figure 7.9 Final design and shear diagram for Example 7.4.1.
05/30/02
7-15
7.4.2
Pu = 27 k
Pu = 27 k
Pu = 27 k
Pu = 27 k
wu = 3.27 k/ft
10 ft
6 ft
wu = 3.27 k/ft
10 ft
11.5 ft
3 ft
11.5 ft
Figure 7.10 Beam elevation for Example 7.4.2 showing the change in load pattern.
5
18
17
12
Figure 7.11 Cross section of beam at mid-span.
69.51 k
36.81 k
31.9 k
Vu, original
9.81 k
10
Vu, new
1.5
7-16
05/30/02
Vc
2 f 'c b w d
27,322 lb
27.3 kips
There are no stirrups in the portions of the beam that require strengthening,
because Vu was less than (IVc).
IVc
2
11.6 kips ! Vu
9.81 kips
But in the new condition, Vu became 36.81 kips > (IVc), so additional shear
reinforcement must be provided.
x
Vu
I( Vc 0.85Vf )
36.81 kips
Vf req 'd
x
18.8 kips
Lo
Le
05/30/02
7-17
k1
f cc
4000
df
d hs
18 in 5 in 13 in
d fe
d f Le
k2
d fe
df
R
x
13 in 2 in 11 in
11 in
13 in
k 1k 2 L e
468 H fu
0.846
1( 0.846 )( 2 in )
468( 0.017 )
0.213
f fe
x
Rf fu
Find the shear contribution of the FRP and compare to the required value.
Vf
A fv f fe sin E cos E d f
d 4 f cc b w d
sf
2(1)( 0.0065 in )( 20 in )(116.9 ksi )(1 0 )13 in
d 4 4,000 psi (12 in )(18 in )
12 in
32.9 kips 54.6 kips
Vf
x
Final design
The final design is summarized in Figure 7.13.
One ply of MBrace CF-130 in a Uwrap configuration
9-11
20
2-10
20
9-11
Figure 7.13 Beam elevation showing the location and configuration of the designed FRP shear
reinforcement.
7-18
05/30/02
7.4.3 References
Chajes, M. J.; Januska, T.F.; Mertz, D.R.; Thomson, T.A.; and Finch, W.W., Shear
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Externally Applied Composite Fabrics,
ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 92, No. 3, May - June 1995, pp. 295-303.
Umezu, K.; Fujita, M.; Nakai, H.; and Tamaki, K., Shear Behavior of RC Beams with Aramid
Fiber Sheet, Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Proceedings of the
Third Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 491-498.
Funakawa, I.; Shimono, K.; Watanabe, T.; Asada, S.; and Ushijima, S., Experimental Study on
Shear Strengthening with Continuous Fiber Reinforcement Sheet and Methyl Methacrylate
Resin, Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Proceedings of the Third
Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 475-482.
Rizkalla, S.; Abdelrahman, A.; Hutchinson, R.; and Donald, D. Shear Strengthening of the
Maryland Bridge Using CFRP Sheets. Submitted to the City of Winnipeg, July 1997, 23 pgs.
ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95) and
Commentary (ACI 318R-95), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1995, 369 pgs.
Ohuchi, H; Ohno, S.; Katsumata, H.; Kobatake, Y.; Meta, T.; Yamagata, K; Inokuma, Y.; and
Ogata, N., Seismic strengthening Design Technique for Existing Bridge Columns with
CFRP, Seismic Design and Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Bridges, edited by Park, R.,
1994, pp. 495-514.
Khalifa, A.; Gold, W.; Nanni, A., and Abel-Aziz M.I. Contribution of Externally Bonded FRP to
the Shear Capacity of RC Flexural Members. J. of Composites in Construction, ASCE, Vol.
2, No. 4, Nov. 1998.
Seible, F. and Innamorato, D. Earthquake Retrofit of Bridge Columns with Continuous Carbon
Fiber Jackets. Report to Caltrans, Division of Structures, La Jolla, CA, August 1995, 56 pgs.
10
Maeda, T.; Asano, Y.; Sato, Y.; Ueda, T.; and Kakuta, Y., A Study on Bond Mechanism of
Carbon Fiber Sheet, Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures,
Proceedings of the Third Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 279-286.
11
Horiguchi, T.; and Saeki, N., Effect of Test Methods and Quality of Concrete on Bond Strength
of CFRP Sheet, Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Proceedings of
the Third Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 265-270.
12
Sato, Y.; Ueda, T.; Kakuta, Y.; and Tanaka, T., Shear Reinforcing Effect of Carbon Fiber
Sheet Attached to Side of Reinforced Concrete Beams, Advanced Composite Materials in
Bridges and Structures, edited by El-Badry, M.M., 1996, pp. 621-627.
05/30/02
7-19
GENERAL
8.1.1
8.2
8.3
Notation
8-2
8-2
8-3
8.2.1
8-5
8.2.2
8-7
8.2.3
8-8
8-8
8.3.1
8-8
8.3.2
Serviceability Considerations
8-9
8.4
8-9
8.5
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
8-9
8.6
8.5.1
Strengthening Purpose
8-10
8.5.2
Existing Reinforcement
8-10
8.5.3
Size Effect
8-10
8.5.4
Seismic Retrofit
8-10
DESIGN EXAMPLE
8.6.1
8.7
REFERENCES
8-11
8-11
8-12
Chapter 8
8.1 General
The use of FRP reinforcement to enhance the axial compressive performance of concrete
members is a commonly used FRP retrofit technique. By wrapping a concrete column with an
FRP jacket, the shear, moment, and axial capacity are improved. In addition, the ductility of the
member may be significantly improved. Wrapping the column with the FRP fibers oriented in the
transverse (hoop) direction forms the FRP jacket. The jacket provides significant confinement to
the concrete, which leads to the mechanical performance improvements.
Both glass and carbon FRP are very effective in enhancing the axial performance of concrete
columns. Creep rupture of glass FRP is not a concern with column wrapping because under
normal sustained service loads, the FRP jacket remains virtually stress free. On a weight basis,
the strength improvements afforded with glass FRP are lower than those achieved with carbon.
This chapter deals specifically with circular cross sections. The technique has been shown to
improve the performance of rectangular cross sections as well. However, these improvements
are not quantifiable at this time.
8.1.1
Notation
Ec
Ef
fc
f'c
f'cc
fcp
ff
ffu
fy
= Reduction factor on the ultimate strength of the FRP to find the stress level in
the FRP at failure
tf
Vc
Vf
Vn
Vs
8-2
05/30/02
Hc
Hc,cr
H'c
= Unconfined concrete strain level corresponding to the peak value of stress, f'c
(in./in.)
H'cc
= Confined concrete strain level corresponding to the peak value of stress, f'cc
(in./in.)
Hf
= Strain in the FRP jacket in the direction of the fiber orientation (in./in.)
Hfu
Hs
Hy
Ht
Ht,cr
H't
= Strain corresponding to the peak value of tensile stress in the concrete (in./in.).
A typical value of 0.0002 is recommended.
Qc
= Poissons ratio for concrete in the elastic range. Typically Poissons ratio is
assumed to be equal to 0.19.
Uf
05/30/02
8-3
Stress
Ht
fc
Hc
Tension
f'c
Unconfined Concrete
~0.70f'c
Ht
Ht,cr
Hc,cr
H'c Compresssion
Strain
FRP Jacket
Fiber Direction
for Confinement
8-4
05/30/02
Stress
Because the FRP jacket acts to contain damaged sections of concrete; the maximum usable
strain level in the concrete is only limited by the ultimate strain obtainable in the FRP jacket. The
generalized stress-strain behavior of concrete confined with an FRP jacket is shown in Figure 8.3.
Strain
Increasing
Confinement
Stress
As shown in Figure 8.4, the improvements to the behavior of the concrete are proportional to the
degree of confinement provided.
Unconfined
Strain
05/30/02
8-5
fcp = 2 tj ff / h
ff
fcp
FRP Jacket
(Thickness = tj = n tf)
ff
Concrete Column
(Diameter = h)
fcp
Figure 8.5 Free body diagram showing the internal and external forces
on the FRP jacket and concrete column
By strain compatibility, the strain in the jacket is equal to the transverse strain in the concrete as
expressed in Equation (8-1). The confining pressure may then be found by analyzing the statics
of a thin-walled cylindrical cylinder (Figure 8.5). This analysis yields the confining pressure given
by Equation (8-2).
Hf
Ht
(8-1)
f cp
0.85E f H t U f
2
(8-2)
where, U f
4nt f
h
In the expression for the confining pressure, the 0.85 factor is intended to account for any
localized debonding that may result in incompatibility between the strains in the concrete and the
jacket and as a general reduction factor to account for the novelty of this repair technique. There
is no theoretical reliability basis for this factor at this time.
The apparent increase in the compressive strength of concrete under the confining pressure
supplied by the jacket may be quantified by Equation (8-3) and the strain corresponding to this
peak value of stress is given by Equation (8-4)4
f ccc
7.9f cp 2f cp
f cc 2.25 1
1.25
f cc
f cc
(8-3)
H ccc
fc
H cc 6 cc 5
f cc
(8-4)
8-6
05/30/02
In the above expressions, f'c and 'c are properties of unconfined concrete. The term 'c is the
strain corresponding to the peak value of unconfined compressive stress and can be found from
Equation (8-5).
1.71f cc
Ec
H cc
(8-5)
H t 1 2Q c f cp
for H t d H t ,cr
EcQc
Q c
H c cc
g (H t ) for H t ! H t ,cr
c , cr
1 2Q c H ccc
Hc
where, g (H t )
1
1 2Q c
Q c2 H ccc
(8-6)
Q c H c ,cr 1
1
H t ,cr 2H t Q c H c ,cr
1
2
Q
c
This expression states that the transverse strain and longitudinal strain are initially related by
Poissons ratio. After the onset of transverse cracking in the concrete, the transverse strain
increases rapidly. The transverse strain at which cracking initiates is given by Equation (8-7).
The corresponding longitudinal strain is given by Equation (8-8).
H ct
H t ,cr
H c ,cr
f cp 1 2Q c
H t ,cr
Qc
05/30/02
Ec
(8-7)
(8-8)
8-7
8.2.3
The stress corresponding to any value of longitudinal strain may be computed by Equation (8-9).
fc
H
1.8f ccc c
H ccc
H
1 c
H ccc
(8-9)
The complete stress-strain behavior of FRP confined concrete may be developed by selecting a
strain in the FRP (or transverse strain in the concrete), computing the confining pressure
supplied, computing the peak value of stress for this confining pressure, finding the longitudinal
strain corresponding to the transverse strain, and finally calculating the stress corresponding to
this value of longitudinal strain. This procedure is valid for all values of strain in the FRP from
zero up to the ultimate elongation of the FRP fiber material ( fu).
8.3 Combined Axial and Bending Forces
The axial and moment strength interaction of the FRP confined column may be computed by
applying strain compatibility, the constitutive laws of the materials, and equilibrium of stress
resultants in the traditional fashion. The FRP jacket only has the effect of modifying the
constitutive law for concrete as described in Section 8.2. This constitutive law may be used for
any distribution of stress in the section assuming that the confinement remains active in partially
cracked conditions or if the column is subjected to cyclic loading.
8.3.1 Ultimate Strength Analysis
Theoretically, the ultimate longitudinal strain that is achievable in the concrete is only limited by
the strain corresponding to the strain in the FRP material at rupture. However, the transverse
strain in the concrete should be limited to 0.005 in./in. to maintain the shear integrity of the
concrete6.
In the process of determining stress resultants, it is necessary to integrate the stress-strain
relationship given in Equation (8-9) over a circular concrete cross section to find the magnitude
and location of the concrete stress resultant. The computational effort involved can become quite
complex, and the use of computer programs to automate the process is highly recommended.
Alternately, dimensionless interaction diagrams for several concrete strengths and configurations
of longitudinal steel reinforcement are given in Appendix A.
The interaction diagrams in Appendix A use the same I factors given in ACI 318-957 for columns
with spiral reinforcement*. If the purpose of the FRP confinement is to replace deficient spiral
reinforcement, it is recommended to use more conservative I factors. In particular, the I factors
I= 0.75 for compression controlled sections with a maximum axial force of 0.85IPn. Additionally, the I
factors are adjusted in the tension controlled region per ACI Section B.9.9.3.2 (I = 0.90 if Hs,max > 0.005, I
= 0.65 50 Hs,max if Hy < Hs,max < 0.005)
I= 0.70 for compression controlled sections with a maximum axial force of 0.80IPn. The adjustment in
the tension controlled region per ACI Section B.9.3.2 is I = 0.90 if Hs,max > 0.005, I = 0.56 58 Hs,max if Hy <
Hs,max < 0.005.
8-8
05/30/02
Vn
Vc Vs 0.85Vf
(8-10)
The contribution of the FRP jacket to the shear capacity may be determined from Equation (811).8
Vf
S
nt f Rf fu h
2
(8-11)
Because the FRP jacket completely encases the column, the reduction factor, R, can be
computed from Equation (8-12).
0.005
H fu
(8-12)
This factor is the same as that given for a beam wrapped entirely with transverse FRP
reinforcement (see Chapter 7). This factor also remains consistent for the limit imposed on the
jacket acting as confinement. As stated previously, the value of this factor is chosen to limit the
transverse strain in the concrete so that aggregate interlock is maintained.
8.5 Further Considerations
The following observations are presented to help the designer make an educated judgement as
to the applicability of FRP confinement to a specific project.
The stress levels indicated are not intended to be Allowable stresses. These values are only to insure
that damage to the column under service loads is avoided.
05/30/02
8-9
8.5.1 Strengthening
Columns may require retrofit due to a number of circumstances such as changes in load
requirements, design/construction deficiencies, physical damage, corrosion or other durability
problems, etc. Depending on the circumstance, the condition of the existing concrete may range
from excellent to very poor. The following considerations should be made depending on the
condition of the existing concrete and the reason for the retrofit.
1) If the existing concrete is damaged then subsequently repaired (by epoxy injection for
instance), the designer may consider reducing the nominal compressive strength of the concrete,
fc depending on the extent of the damage. This reduced compressive strength may be
incorporated into the design methods presented in this chapter.
2) If there is an active corrosion problem, the source of the corrosion must be
investigated and the problem corrected before any strengthening work is commissioned. This is
especially critical considering that the FRP jacket will hide visual signs of corrosion.
3) Similarly, other durability related concerns such as the presence of efflorescence or
exudation, any form of chemical attack, and non-structural cracking should be addressed and
corrected prior to strengthening.
8.5.2 Existing Reinforcement
For columns with high, existing steel reinforcement ratios, the effect of the confining jacket may
be limited due to decreased volumetric expansion of the concrete in the column. In the absence
of further study, it is suggested to use FRP confinement only in columns with reinforcement ratios
lower than Ug = 0.03.
Similarly, the presence of existing spirals or ties may effect the volumetric expansion of the
column. Further research into this topic is required for an adequate assessment of the effect of
the presence of spirals or ties.
8.5.3 Size Effect
The procedures outlined in this chapter do not imply a restriction on the column diameter
(although the reinforcement ratios for large columns may result in excessive jacket thickness that
may become economically restrictive). However, the effect of the confining jacket may be
reduced or may be non-existent in very large diameter columns. Until further research is
available, it is suggested to use the methods provided in this chapter only for columns with a
diameter smaller than 72 inches.
8.5.4 Seismic Retrofit
Future editions of this manual will contain specific guidelines on the use of FRP jacketing for
seismic retrofits. Topics that remain to be addressed are the effect of cyclic loading, the
formation of plastic hinges, and a quantitative assessment of the ductility improvements afforded
by the FRP jacket.
8.6
Example Problem
8-10
05/30/02
Compute the factored axial force and bending moment for the 20% live load increase
1.2( 570kips )
Pu
684k
1.2(135k ft ) 162k ft
Mu
To use the non-dimensional interaction diagrams given in Appendix A, the following values must
be calculated:
x
Ug
x
6.0 in 2
201in 2
As
Ag
0.03
Jh
h
10.875 in
16 in
0.68
Pu
Ag
684 kips
201in 2
Mu
Agh
3.40 ksi
in
ft
2
201in 16 in
162 k ft 12
0.60 ksi
With these values, the required FRP reinforcement ratio may be determined from the nondimensional interaction diagrams given in Appendix A.
nt f
x
Uf h
4
0.0026 16 in
4
0.010 in
0.010 in
in
0.0065
ply
1.6 plies
? Use 2 plies
Thus, 2 plies of CF 130 will be adequate to allow a 20% increase in factored loads.
05/30/02
8-11
8.7
References
MacGregor, J.G. (1997) Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River, NJ, 939 pg.
Nanni, A. and Bradford, N. (1995), FRP Jacketed Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression,
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 115-124
Samaan, M.; Mirmiran, A.; and Shahway, M., Modeling of Concrete Confined by Fiber
Composites, submitted
Mander, J.B.; Priestley, M.J.N.; and Park, R. (1988), Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for
Confined Concrete, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 8, pp. 18041826.
Imran, I., and Pantazopoulou, S.J. (1996), Experimenal Study of Plain Concrete Under Triaxial
Stress, Materials Journal, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 93, No. 6, pp. 589-601.
ACI Committee 440 (1996), State-of-the-Art Report on FRP for Concrete Structures, ACI440R96, Manual of Concrete Practice, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 68 pg.
ACI 318 (1995), Building Codes and Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI 369 pg.
Seible, F. and Innamorato, D. (1995), Earthquake Retrofit of Bridge Columns with Continuous
Carbon Fiber Jackets, Report to Caltrans, Division of Structures, La Jolla, CA, 56 pg.
8-12
05/30/02
9-2
9.1.1
Notation
9-2
9.1.2
Basic Theory
9-2
9.1.3
9-3
9.2 REFERENCES
9-4
Chapter 9
Other Applications
Notation
f'c
ffe
ffu
k1
Ktr
Ktr,f
Ktr,s
Le
nb
sf
tf
wf
Hfu
9-2
05/30/02
Potential
Splitting
Failure
Potential
Splitting
Failure
FRP U Wrap
Reinforcement
(b)
K tr
K tr ,s 0.85K tr ,f
(9-1)
The first term, Ktr,s, is the traditional transverse reinforcement factor given in ACI 318 Section
12.2.4 for transverse steel reinforcement. The second term is a new transverse reinforcement
factor for transverse FRP reinforcement. The 85% reduction factor is meant to account for the
novelty of this strengthening technique.
The transverse FRP reinforcement factor may be computed based on the general principles
presented in Chapter 7. The expression for this factor is similar to that for steel and is given by
Equation (9-2).
K tr ,f
A tf f fe
1500 s f n b
(9-2)
Where the area of transverse FRP reinforcement may be computed by the following expression.
A tf
nt f w f
(9-3)
In this expression, n is the total number of plies which cross a potential plane of splitting along
the longitudinal steel being developed and wf is the width of the FRP strip. Note that, similar to
shear strengthening, the width of the strip and the spacing of the strips, sf, should be equal for a
continuous FRP wrap.
05/30/02
9-3
The effective stress in the sheet, ffe, is dependent on the bond mechanism of the FRP to the
concrete. This variable is quantified similarly to the effective stress for shear strengthening given
in Chapter 7.
f fe
Rf fu
(9-4)
0.005
k1 L e
for " U" wraps
468H d H
fu
fu
0.005
(9-5)
Where,
k1
f cc
4000
2/3
(9-6)
Effective lengths, Le, are given for various fiber reinforcement systems in Chapter 7. Alternately,
the value of R for U wraps may be determined from tables given in Appendix A with df/dfe equal
to 1.0.
With the modified transverse reinforcement factor, the basic tension development length
expression given in ACI 3182 as Equation 12-1 may be used to compute the development length.
9.2
References
Seible, F. and Innamorato, D. (1995), Earthquake Retrofit of Bridge Columns with Continuous
Carbon Fiber Jackets, Report to Caltrans, Division of Structures, La Jolla, CA, 56 pgs.
ACI 318 (1995), Building Codes and Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI 369 pgs
9-4
05/30/02
10.2
GENERAL
10-2
10.1.1
Notation
10-2
10.1.2
10-3
10-3
10.2.1
Cover Tension
10-3
10.2.2
Beam Shear
10-4
10.2.3
10-4
10.2.4
10-5
10.2.5
Mechanical Anchorage
10-6
10.3
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
10-6
10.4
SPLICES
10-7
10.4.1
Beams
10-7
10.4.2
Columns
10-8
10.5
CUTOFF POINTS
10-8
10.6
REFERENCES
10-10
Determine the amount of FRP required at critical sections based on the analysis procedures
given in Chapter 6
Find the required length of the laminate based on development lengths and allowable cut-off
points
Insure that the general detailing guidelines given in Section 10.1.2 are met
For FRP reinforcement used for shear strengthening or column wrapping the only detailing
necessary is determining splice dimensions and locations and insuring that the general detailing
guidelines are met.
10.1.1 Notation
Ef
f'c
fct
ffu
tf
Mcr
Mu
= Interfacial bond stress between the FRP and the concrete substrate (psi)
df
= Length required to develop the ultimate strength of the FRP laminate in tension
(in.)
10-2
05/30/02
Provide a minimum radius when the sheet is wrapped around outside corners
Additionally, some standard details for FRP reinforcement are contained in Appendix B.
10.2 Bond and Delamination
Because of shear transfer mechanisms and local regions of tension at the interface between the
concrete and the FRP, delamination before ultimate design strength may be encountered. The
cause of this phenomenon is complex. However, schemes can be implemented to avoid this
situation.
The weak link in the concrete/FRP interface is the concrete. The soundness and tensile strength
of the concrete substrate will limit the overall effectiveness of the FRP bonded to it. It is important
to recognize the possible types of delamination failure. The basic types of delamination are1:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Cover tension
Beam shear
Interfacial shear
Planar surface irregularities
It is important to realize that delamination typically occurs at loads significantly higher than
service loads.
10.2.1 Cover Tension
For externally bonded FRP reinforcement using sheet materials, the cover tension delamination
condition starts developing at the location of flexural cracks and propagates towards the laminate
end2. This is different from the case of bonded steel plates where the delamination usually starts
at the plate end due to stress concentration and propagates toward the centerline of the beam3.
Because the reinforcing steel essentially acts as a bond breaker in a horizontal plane, the
reduced area of bulk concrete pulls away from the rest of the beam. This situation is illustrated in
Figure 10.1.
The use of over-wraps has been shown to lessen the effect of cover tension delamination. Overwraps are highly efficient if distributed over the length of the member. If the over-wrap is simply
added at the at the FRP curtailment, its function is simply to add a safety device.
05/30/02
10-3
Cover
Tension
Failure
FRP
CL
10-4
05/30/02
End of FRP
Centerline of beam
Compression
Tension
Normal Stress, V
Distance along FRP
Snap-through forces
FRP
FRP
05/30/02
10-5
df
n
f fu t f
3 f cc
(10-1)
df
n
2 f fu t f
f ct
(10-2)
10.4 Splices
Splices are often required for constructability and geometric reasons. Although WaboMBrace
fibers are delivered in rolls containing several hundred feet of continuous material, the installer is
typically only capable of handling sheets in 6 to 8 ft lengths.* For most strengthening projects, it
therefore becomes necessary to incorporate splices. Furthermore, in cases where a section is to
be completely wrapped with the sheet (such as shear strengthening or column wrapping), splicing
is necessary to maintain continuity of the laminate. The recommended method of splicing
WaboMBrace laminates is simple lap splicing.
If the splice runs parallel to the direction of the fibers, the sheets being spliced may be butted
against one another. All of the design procedures assume that no force transfer exists in the
direction perpendicular to the fibers. Therefore, no overlap is required.
Full tensile capacity of the WaboMBrace CF 130 and CF 530 carbon fiber sheets are developed
within a 2-inch lap splice. However, for additional safety and application convenience, a 4 inch lap
splice is typically used. Design tensile capacity of the WaboMBrace EG 900 glass fiber is
developed within 6 inches.
6 to 8 ft is a conservative length that all installers can manage; however some installers are capable of
handling sheets in excess of 25 ft. The designer is encouraged to consult the contractor involved in the
installation for more specific guidance.
10-6
05/30/02
05/30/02
10-7
M=0
M = Mu
(a) Continuous Beam
M = Mcr
M = Mu
(b) Simply Supported Beam
6 6 6
t df
10-8
05/30/02
10.6 References
1
Blaschko, M., Niedermeier, R., and Zilch, K. (1998) Bond Failure Modes of Flexural Members
Strengthened with FRP, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Composites in Infrastructure, Tucson, AZ, Vol. 1, pp. 315-327.
Arduini, M., A. Di Tommaso, and A. Nanni, "Brittle Failure in FRP Plate and Sheet Bonded
Beams," ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 94, No. 4, July-Aug. 1997, pp. 363-370.
Roberts, T.M. and Haji-Kazemi, H. (1989) Theoretical Study of the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded Steel Plates, Proceedings of the
Institute of Civil Engineers, Part 2, Vol. 87, No. 9344, pp. 39-55.
Malek, A., Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. (1998) Prediction of Failure Load of R/C Beams
Strengthened with FRP Plate Due to Stress Concentrations at the Plate End, Structural
Journal, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 95, No. 1, January-February 1998, pp. 142-152
Brosens, K. and Van Gemert, D. (1997) Anchoring Stresses Between Concrete and Carbon
Fibre Reinforced Laminates, Non-metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures,
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Vol. 1, October 1997, pp. 271-278.
05/30/02
10-9
SPECIFICATION
WaboMBrace Composite Strengthening System
with Carbon Fiber Reinforcement
NOTE TO THE SPECIFIER
The specification information below is intended for use by architects, engineers, or other specifiers in defining the
criteria needed to specify carbon fiber reinforcement systems.
1.
PART 1: General
1.01
Work Including
1.02
A.
Existing concrete or steel surfaces shall be repaired and reinforced with dry, fiber
fabric sheet.
B.
The bid is deemed to include furnishings of materials, labor and equipment and all
items necessary for repair and reinforcing of the concrete or steel as specified on
contract drawings and specifications, complete.
C.
Drawings and the general provisions of the contract, including general conditions
and general requirements are hereby made a part of this section.
D.
Cooperate and coordinate with all other trades in executing the work described in
the contract.
E.
F.
Design and install CFRP laminates to reinforce (Beams, Slabs, Columns, Walls,
Pipes, or other).
standards,
applicable
the latest
references
SPECIFICATION
1.03
3.
4.
5.
SACMA 4-88 Test method for tensile properties of oriental fiber resin
composites.
6.
7.
Manufacturer/Contractor Qualifications
Materials Manufacturer/Supplier Company must be
manufacturing of the products specified in this section.
specialized
in
the
Quality Control
The Contractor shall conduct a quality control program that includes, but is not
limited to the following:
1.
2.
SPECIFICATION
C.
3.
4.
Inspection of all work completed including sounding all repairs to check for
debonding and correction of all defective work.
Quality Assurance
1.
2.
1.04
Submittals
A.
Contractor's Qualifications
B.
C.
Test results on the properties of the epoxy and the carbon fiber (CF) s
heet/systems to be used on the project.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Certifications (in time to prevent delay in the work) by the Producers of the
materials that all materials supplied comply with all the requirements and
standards of the appropriate ASTM and other agencies.
SPECIFICATION
1.05
1.06
I.
J.
K.
L.
Structural Design
A.
Design the repair with CFRP laminates according to the design guides for the
CFRP laminates and instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
B.
General Procedures
A.
B.
Remove all tools, buckets and materials from work areas and store neatly at an
approved location daily at the end of work.
C.
Protect the building and its contents from all risks related to the work in this
Section. Schedule and execute all work without exposing adjacent building areas
to water, dust, debris or materials used by the Contractor. Protect adjacent areas
from damage and stains with appropriate barriers and masking. Repair all
damage as a result of the work to its condition at the start of work, or if such
cannot be determined, to its original condition.
D.
Protect the work from damage such as impact, marring of the surfaces and other
damage.
E.
Compliance with OSHA and all other safety laws and regulations is the exclusive
responsibility of the Contractor, his Subcontractors, Suppliers, Consultants and
Servants.
SPECIFICATION
1.07
Technical Support
A.
The contractor shall provide the services of a trained Field Supervisor at the work
site at all times to instruct the work crew in the CRFP application procedures.
1.
2.
2.
PART 2: Products
2.01
2.02
A.
Deliver materials clearly marked with legible and intact labels with Manufacturer's
name and brand name, product identification and batch number.
B.
C.
Acceptable Manufacturere/Suppliers
A.
CFRP laminates: (dry sheet only). Wabo MBrace Fiber Reinforcement Systems
supplied by Watson Bowman Acme Corp. 95 Pineview Drive, Amherst, NY
14228 , 716-691-7566, 800-677-4WBA, FAX: 716-691-9239
Epoxy
resin
application
Primer
Putty/Filler
Saturant
Topcoat
Substitutions:
No
substitutions
allowed,
except
as
requested
by
Manufacturer/Supplier of the product and approved by the Engineer of Record.
Bridge & Highway
Last Update: 03/18/02
5 of 12
of
the
SPECIFICATION
3.
Part 3: Execution
3.01
Ambient Temperature
Conditions of CFRP process application must be examined carefully during the
winter season and/or cold zones. DO NOT APPLY CFRP SHEET WHEN
AMBIENT TEMPERATURES ARE LOWER THAN 40 DEGREES qF (5 degrees
qC). Auxiliary heat may be applied to raised surface and air temperature to a
suitable range. Utilize "clean" heat source (electric, propane) so as not to
contaminate bond surfaces by the carbonation of the substrate.
B.
Condensation
Presence of moisture may inhibit adhesion of primer and/or resin. DO NOT
APPLY CFRP WHEN RAINFALL OR CONDENSATION IS ANTICIPATED.
C.
D.
SPECIFICATION
E.
3.02
Surface Preparation
A.
All substrates must be clean, sound and free of surface moisture and frost.
Remove dust, laitance, grease, curing compounds, waxes, impregnations, foreign
particles and other bond inhibiting materials from the surface by blast cleaning or
equivalent mechanical means. Any concrete surface including any exposed steel
reinforcement or steel surface should be cleaned and prepared thoroughly by
abrasive cleaning. Any spalled concrete areas should be patched prior to
installation of CFRP laminates.
Any deteriorated concrete or corroded reinforcing steel must be repaired as per
ICRI Specifications. Do not cover corroded reinforcing steel with CFRP.
B.
Existing uneven surfaces must be filled with either the epoxy putty or a repair
mortar or must be ground flat. If required, the strength of a concrete repair area
can be verified after preparation by random pull-off testing. Minimum tensile
strength required is 200 psi (1.4 MPa).
C.
Prior to initiating surface preparation procedures, the Contractor shall first prepare
a representative sample area. The sample area shall be prepared in accordance
with the requirements of the Specification, and shall be used as a reference
standard depicting a satisfactorily prepared surface.
D.
Where applicable for concrete members, Contractor shall install a sample area (2
ft2 or 0.2 m2) of CFRP for purposes of in-situ bond testing to verify bond.
E.
Maintain control of concrete chips, steel particles, dust and debris in each area of
work. Clean up and remove such material at the completion of each day of
blasting.
SPECIFICATION
3.03
Application Steps
A.
The deteriorated surface layer of the base concrete or steel (weathered layer,
laitance, surface lubricants, broken mortar pieces, paint coatings, staining, rust,
etc.) must be removed and the surface ground using a grinder or abrasive
blasting.
Dusting from surface grinding must be removed using an air blower or other
suitable means. If the dust has been removed by means of water washing, the
surface must be thoroughly dried.
B.
3.04
Epoxy based material used in the composite system may develop higher viscosity
and/or slow curing and insufficient curing at low ambient temperature. The
ambient temperature of the epoxy components shall be between 50 and 100
degrees Fq (10 to 38 degrees qC) at the time of mixing. Presence of moisture
may inhibit adhesion of the system to the concrete or steel substrate. Provide
necessary weather protection to protect surfaces from rain or cold.
B.
C.
D.
Mix only that quantity of epoxy which can be used within its pot life.
SPECIFICATION
3.05
Applications
A.
B.
Primer must be thoroughly mixed with hardener at the specified ratio in the
mixing pot until it is uniformly mixed (about 2 minutes). Agitation shall be
by means of electric hand mixer. Volume of primer prepared at one time
must be such that it can be applied within its batch life. A mixed primer
batch that has exceeded its batch life must not be used. (The batch life
may vary subject to ambient temperature or volume of the mixed primer
batch and care must be taken accordingly.)
2.
Prime the concrete or steel surface with the penetrating primer prior to
application of any subsequent coatings using brush or roller. Alternatively,
the primer may be spray applied with airless spray equipment, followed
immediately by thorough back rolling to work the primer into the concrete
surface. The primer shall be applied uniformly in sufficient quantity to fully
penetrate the concrete or cover the steel and produce a nonporous film on
the surface not to exceed two (2) dry mils (50 micrometers) in thickness
after application. Volume to be applied may vary depending on direction
and roughness of the concrete or steel surface.
3.
4.
Apply base putty/filler to primed surfaces to fill all substrate voids and
irregularities. (See 3.01-C.)
CFRP Sheet must be cut beforehand into prescribed sizes using scissors
and/or cutter. The size of CFRP Sheet to be cut is preferable less than 10
ft. (3 m) in length, but may be longer if access allows.
2.
When the primer coat has been left unattended for more than one week
after the application, the surface of the primer coat must be roughened
using sandpaper. Do not solvent wipe.
SPECIFICATION
3.
Apply saturant coat to primed surface or CFRP sheet using a medium nap
roller (3/8 in. or 9.5 mm) to approximately 20 mil (500 micrometers) film
thickness.
4.
CFRP Sheet is placed onto the concrete or steel surface where the wet
saturant coat has been applied. The surface of adhered CFRP sheet must
be squeezed in the fiber direction(s) using a defoaming roller in order to
impregnate resin into CFRP Sheet and to defoam the resin coat.
For joining strips of CFRP Sheet in the fiber direction, a 4 in. (100 mm)
overlapping length is required. At the overlapping location, additional
resin is applied to the outer surface of the CFRP Sheet layer to be
overlapped.
No lapping is required in the fiber lateral direction
(unidirectional sheet only).
Minimize the elapsed time between mixing and application of the saturant
to ensure the material is applied to the sheet at least 15 minutes prior to
any thickening or gelling.
3.06
5.
The secondary saturant coat of mixed resin must then be applied onto the
surface of the CFRP Sheet. The surface onto which resin has been
applied must be applied in fiber direction, in order to impregnate and
replenish resin into the CFRP Sheet using a roller in the same film
thickness as detailed in Item 3 above.
6.
In case more than one layer of CFRP Sheet must be laminated, the
processes as detailed in Items 3 through 5 must be repeated.
7.
In the case of outdoor application, the work must be protected from rain,
sand, dust, etc. by using protective sheeting and other barriers. Curing of
adhered CFRP must be for no less than 3 hours (dry to touch) prior to
application of topcoat.
Repair of all the defective work after the minimum cure time for the CFRP
laminates. Comply with material and procedural requirements defined in this
specification. Repair all defects in a manner that will restore the system to the
designed level of quality. Repair procedures for conditions that are not
specifically addressed in this specification shall be approved by the Owner's
representative. All repairs and touch up shall be made to the satisfaction of the
Owner's representative.
SPECIFICATION
3.07
3.08
Test all the repaired areas to check for voids, bubbles and delaminations. Repair
all voids, bubbles and delaminations by approved methods per manufacturer's
direction.
B.
Conduct direct pull-off test (concrete member only) to verify the tensile bond
between the CFRP and the existing concrete substrate. Inspect the failure
surface of the core specimen. Failure at the bond line at tensile stress below 200
psi (1.4 Mpa) is unacceptable.
C.
Perform a minimum of one pull-off test (concrete member only) per_____ ft2
(___ m2) strengthened with the CFRP laminate system. The test is to be
completed prior to the application of topcoat finishes on the CFRP laminates.
D.
Repair the test areas of the composite system to the satisfaction of the Owner's
representative.
In Process Control
The Field Supervisor shall observe all aspects of onsite material preparation and
application, including surface preparation, resin component mixing, application of
primer, resin and CFRP Sheet, curing of composite, and the application of
protective coating.
B.
C.
Adhesion Testing
Adhesion Test: The Contractor will conduct adhesion testing of the fully cured
CFRP Sheet concrete assembly. (See 3.07.)
SPECIFICATION
D.
Load Testing
If required by the Engineer, a representative area(s) shall be in-situ load tested
before and after application of CFRP Sheet to verify results. The insitu test shall
be designed by the Engineer of Record and carried out by a designated third
party at owners expense.
E.
Report
The Field Supervisor shall keep a copy of daily log report for inspection of the
Engineer of Record.
Design
Strength,
ffu
Design
Strength/Unit
Width
Design
Strain,
Hfu
Tensile
Modulus,
Ef
(in/ply)
(ksi)
(lb/in)
(in/in)
(ksi)
CF 130 High
Tensile Carbon
0.0065
550
3575
0.017
33,000
CF 530 High
Modulus Carbon
0.0065
510
3300
0.009
54,000
EG 900 E-Glass
0.0139
220
3050
0.021
10,500
WaboMBrace
Fiber
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
3000 psi
4000 psi
5000 psi
6000 psi
8000 psi
10000 psi
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
0.002
0.0022
0.0024
0.0026
0.0028
0.003
Hc
A-2
06/26/02
0.9
3000 psi
4000 psi
5000 psi
6000 psi
8000 psi
10000 psi
0.85
E1
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.001
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
0.002
0.0022
0.0024
0.0026
0.0028
0.003
Hc
CF 130
CF 530
EG 900
3000 psi
4000 psi
5000 psi
dfe/df =
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.8
1 ply
0.210
0.189
0.168
0.254
0.229
0.203
0.295
0.265
0.236
2 plies
0.148
0.134
0.119
0.180
0.162
0.144
0.209
0.188
0.167
3 plies
0.121
0.109
0.097
0.147
0.132
0.117
0.170
0.153
0.136
1 ply
0.298
0.268
0.238
0.361
0.325
0.289
0.419
0.377
0.335
2 plies
0.211
0.189
0.168
0.255
0.230
0.204
0.296
0.266
0.237
3 plies
0.172
0.155
0.138
0.208
0.187
0.167
0.242
0.218
0.193
1 ply
0.324
0.292
0.259
0.392
0.353
0.314
0.455
0.410
0.364
2 plies
0.229
0.206
0.183
0.278
0.250
0.222
0.322
0.290
0.258
3 plies
0.187
0.168
0.150
0.227
0.204
0.181
0.263
0.237
0.210
06/26/02
A-3
C4-60.60.01
6.50
5.50
5.00
IPn/Ag (ksi)
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
h
Jh
f 'c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.60
Ug = 0.01
6.00
Uf = 0.006
CF-130
Uf = 0.0045
Uf = 0.003
Uf = 0.0015
Uf = 0
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
6.50
IPn/Ag (ksi)
5.50
Uf = 0.006
5.00
Uf = 0.0045
4.50
Uf = 0.003
4.00
Uf = 0.0015
3.50
Uf = 0
h
Jh
f 'c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.60
Ug = 0.03
6.00
CF-130
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
06/26/02
C4-60.90.01
6.50
5.50
5.00
IPn/Ag (ksi)
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
h
Jh
f 'c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.90
Ug = 0.01
6.00
Uf = 0.006
CF-130
Uf = 0.0045
Uf = 0.003
Uf = 0.0015
Uf = 0
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
6.50
IPn/Ag (ksi)
5.50
Uf = 0.006
5.00
Uf = 0.0045
4.50
Uf = 0.003
4.00
Uf = 0.0015
3.50
Uf = 0
h
Jh
f 'c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.90
Ug = 0.03
6.00
CF-130
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
A-5
C5-60.60.01
6.50
5.50
5.00
IPn/Ag (ksi)
4.50
4.00
h
Jh
f 'c = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.60
Ug = 0.01
6.00
Uf = 0.006
Uf = 0.0045
CF-130
Uf = 0.003
Uf = 0.0015
3.50
Uf = 0
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
6.50
6.00
Uf = 0.006
5.50
Uf = 0.0045
IPn/Ag (ksi)
5.00
Uf = 0.003
4.50
Uf = 0.0015
4.00
Uf = 0
h
Jh
f 'c = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.60
Ug = 0.03
CF-130
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
06/26/02
C5-60.90.01
6.50
5.50
5.00
IPn/Ag (ksi)
4.50
4.00
h
Jh
f 'c = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.90
Ug = 0.01
6.00
Uf = 0.006
Uf = 0.0045
CF-130
Uf = 0.003
Uf = 0.0015
3.50
Uf = 0
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
6.50
6.00
5.50
IPn/Ag (ksi)
5.00
Uf = 0.0045
Uf = 0.003
4.50
Uf = 0.0015
4.00
Uf = 0
h
Jh
f 'c = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
J = 0.90
Ug = 0.03
Uf = 0.006
CF-130
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
IMn/Agh (ksi)
A-7
CF 130
21.8
18.8
16.9
CF 530
20.2
17.5
15.6
EG 900
18.1
15.7
14.0
A-8
06/26/02
for H p d 0.008
HpEp
0.52
f
13.8 for H p ! 0.008
pu
H p 0.0065
(6-28M)
f ps
for H p d 0.008
Hp E p
(6-29M)
Chapter 7
A fv f fe sin E cos E d f
Vf
d 10.5 f cc b w d
sf
R
k1k 2 L e
0.005
d
11900H fu
H fu
k1
f cc
27
(7-5M)
2/3
(7-7M)
Vs Vf d 32.5 f cc b w d
Chapter 9
A tf f fe
K tr ,f
263 s f n b
0.005
k1 L e
for " U" wraps
11900H d H
fu
fu
0.005
k1
f cc
27
C-2
(7-2M)
(7-10M)
(9-2M)
(9-5M)
2/3
(9-6M)
05/30/02
Chapter 10
df
f fu t f
n
0.25 f cc
05/30/02
(10-1M)
C-3