tensor and of the stress tensor definedby

Eq.(3) [1/sec]
[g/cm.sec2],

6) Turian, R. M. : AIChEJournal, 13, 1000 (1967)

7) Wasserman, M. L. andJ. G. Slattery:
AIChE Journal,
8)

Literature Cited
1) Foster,

R. D. and J. G. Slattery:

(1962)

2) Hill,

(1956)

9)

Appl. Sci. Res., A12, 213

R. and G. Power: Quat. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 9, 313

3) Hopke, S. W. andJ. C. Slattery:

AIChE Journal, 16, 224 (1970)
4) Johnson, M. W.Jr. : Trans.Soc.Rheol,
5, 9 (1961)
.5) 821Kato,(1972)H., N. Tachibana and K. Oikawa: Trans. JSME, 38,

(1964)
Yoshioka,
(1971)
Yoshioka,
(1971)

K. Adachi:

J.

Chem. Eng. Japan,

4, 217

N. and

K. Adachi:

J.

Chem. Eng. Japan,

4, 221

10) Yoshioka, N., K. Adachi and H. Ishimura:

l)

1144 (1971)
Yoshioka,
(1965)

12) Ziegenhagen,

10, 383

N. and

N. and R. Nakamura:

Kagaku Kogaku, 35,

Kagaku

Kogaku,

29,

791

A.: Appl. Sci. Res., A14, 43 (1964)

ON THE PARTICLE
VELOCITIES
IN SOLID-LIQUID
TWO-PHASE FLOW THROUGH STRAIGHT PIPES
AND BENDS*
Masayuki

TODA, Toichi

ISHIKAWA,

Shozabvro SAITO and Siro MAEDA

Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University,

Sendai, Japan

The mean particle velocities in horizontal pipe, vertical pipe and pipe bends made of
transparent polyacrylate pipe 30.2 mmin inside diameter were investigated experimentally. The radii of curvature of the bends were 12, 24 and 48 cm, The solid particles used
were glass beads which had a meanparticle diameter of 0.189 cm and a density of 2.5
g/cm3. Radioactive particles were introduced as tracer and the particle velocities were
determined by scintillation
probes.
The particle velocities in both the straight pipes and the bends are distributed in
wide ranges, because the flow path of each particle in pipe is different. The particle
velocity in vertical pipe is greater than that in horizontal pipe. The particle velocities in
vertical bends with horizontal approach flow are in general smaller than those in the
other bends. The effect of the radius of curvature on the particle velocity comesto be
larger whenthe meanflow rate of slurry increases.

single particle in fluid flow.

In the present study, the velocities of the particles

Introduction

In studying hydraulic transportation of solid material in a pipe, it is necessary to know the velocities of
the solids and the fluids at various locations along the
Pipe-

The velocity distribution

flow

has

been

studied

of the fluid in two-phase

by

many

authors1'2*4'5'6).

However, the velocities of the solid particles have not

been examined to a sufficient extent as yet, mainly
because of the difficulties in their measurement. Only a
few studies3'6) have been made of the velocity of a
* Received on September 7, 1972
Presented at the Local Meeting of The Soc. of Chem. Engrs.,

Japan (Akita, Sept. 1971)

980

140

in horizontal pipe, vertical pipe and bends with various

radii of curvature were measured.

1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure

The experimental apparatus is shownschematically
in Fig. 1. A transparent polyacrylate pipe of 30.2 mm
inside diameter was used. Three kinds of right-angle
bends7} were used, of which the radii of curvature
were 12, 24 and 48 cm. The solid particles used in this
experiment

were -glass

beads,

whose mean particle

diameter and density were 0.189 cm and 2.5 g/cm3,

respectively.

The meanflow rate of the two-phase flow and the

concentration of supplied particles were evaluated by
measuring the flow rate at the outlet directly. To deterJOURNALOF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

OFJAPAN

a* ~
I 2.5ds=
0.I89lcto
ff IfM W/>s=
cg/cra'3
9/
V
Dm
1.03
Cm/seci)
6? / '
mc= 0.81 C%3
**"
i/ ' Horizontal P'Pe
9/ -J-1
ff I \ ""
bend
AO
<>Horizontal
Vertical bend(H-V)
yj
If
i
".
Vertical
pipe
$6 j}i I f Vertical bend(V-H)
J$-1$9 I MMn velocity of slurry
0 5*5 *^ I.O 1.5 2.0
Us Cm/s^

Fig. 4 Cumulative distribution

velocity (Run No. 23)
1.0,

ds = O.I 89CcnO
Ps- 2.5
Cg/cm*)
0ro= 2.76
Cm/see3

mc= 0.37

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus

_
05

function of particle

1 Jr^Y^^

>S

AS&Zr
<T//

/^
/t/l'

C%J /

\jf//

^r.

-/p:
///
yV> y |
-oy
A/jM
>>
y^^ I
/i
^t
I

Mean velocity of slurry

o Horizontal
pipe
Horizontal
bend
$ Vertical
bend(H-V)
" Vertical
pipe
4 Vertical
bend(V-H)

Jeff

1g/
Jff/
Jj)

li

=a5

ff/f

R =24

ds

'

0m=
me=

-Eft--J
yJI
I

JjJ
y^^^

"

c^ Vertical"

|
j

0.5

1.0

2.0

bend

3.o

D - 3.02

2.0

function

|-,-=

R=24
[crro
ds= 0J89ccmD

-I^>-T-^

of particle
2.o

Om= 2.67
Cm/sec
Ps=
2.5
mc=
I

3.83

~ 0.5

C%D

-/
/

/f

f f

- ^^sprtf^ff0^-

xs^J
/V

>P
/\i>i

I/
\fl

//

~/

6
/
V

/j
//
rg/cm*]

/
^
>/

^-fl'
P
//I/
cr

-O-i/

~/
y/l

-^
!"
-dr
A
tO^I /* |

o\jLooS^v+a*^!l_J
0

1.5

20

2.5

V^-i/Y

/*
/
"

Horizontal
pipe

-o Horizontal
bend
<)
Vertical
bend(H-V)
" Vertical
pipe
^
Vertical
bend(V-H)
Mean velocity
of slurry
3.0

3.5

1.0-

c/^~

/--p-^C

1.0

___ L_

2.0

3.0

UmCm/sD

Fig. 6 Particle
function of particle

measuring region, the pressure drop was determined

along the direction offlow. It was confirmed that the

flow involved no acceleration.
On the other hand, in
the bends two scintillation probes were placed at the
inlet and the outlet ofa bend. For making the tracer, a
small amount of glass beads whose diameter was very
similar to the average particle diameter was irradiated
with f-ray. The irradiation was carried out by the
300-MeV Linac of Tohoku University for three hours,
1973

/A

shown in Fig. 1, at a distance of about 0.6 m. In this

NO.2

/~%

4.0

mine the velocities of the particles in two-phase flow,

radioactive particles were introduced as tracer. In the
straight pipes, two scintillation probes were placed to
detect the intensity of ^-ray at the measuring section

VOL.6

'/_

/y

UsCm/s]

Fig. 3 Cumulative distribution

velocity (Run No. 22)

function of particle

Cg/cm3]

4.0

A/

-OSN.o.

^ -+ n

I
S^&t/*
| jf -&Y"

3.5

mc[%]
/ cf
0.31-0.53
/ ft
o 0.72-1.22
/
->
1.67-5.01
/f-77^^

3
i.0

3.0

ccno

ds=
0.I89ccm3
p%-- 2.5

Us Cm/sl

Fig. 2 Cumulative distribution

velocity (Run No. 14)

L_ 1

2.5

Fig. 5 Cumulative distribution

velocity (Run No. 24)

bend(H-V)
Vertical
pipe
Vertical
bend(V-H)
Mean velocity
of slurry
1:5

!I

0.76"Cm/sea)
5.01
'C%3

o- Horizontal

dJ/J Mr*
j II I

oL^i.f^J

o Horizontal-hpipe 1

mY'

ftm3

0.189CcnO
Pss
2.5
Cg/cm33

'^^^^^

velocity in horizontal pipe

and the half-decay time was about three hours. This

was enough for the purpose of the present experiment.
The particle velocities were determined by dividing
the trajectory length between two scintillation probes
by the residence

time. In this

case, it is necessary

to

know the trajectory length of particles in the pipe or

bend. In this work, it was found from photographic
observation that the loci of particle motions were comparatively parallel to the axis of straight pipes or bends.
Thus, the actual length

of the trajectory

for straight

pipe was assumed to be represented by the longitudinal

distance along the axis. In the bends, it was defined as
the axial length from the inlet to the outlet ofa bend.
Although this definition
is not grounded in theory, it
seems almost correct because the difference
between

the distance moved along the axis and that along the
inside or outside wall ofa bend is at most 12%.
141

Table 1 Mean particle

Run No.

Um [na/gf]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2.190
2.128
1.815
0.91
2.740
2.713
2.572
0.915
1.066
1.798

10

mc [vol%]

17ir[m/s]

0.438
0.987
3.489
1.405
0.456
0.749
2.870
0.471
3.324
0.992

Um [m/s]
0.862

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

mc [vol%]
6.580

0.971
1.188
0.756
2.960
2.920
1.774
1.952
1.866
1.122
1.382
2.670
1.03
2.755
2.720

UsH [m/s]
0.797
0.830
6.401
2.723
2.814
1.419
1.645
1.520
0.670
1.042
2.432
0.676
2.754
2.541

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

Um [m/s]
1.293
0.986
1.860
1.750
1.550
2.880
2.840
2.750
0.965

mc [vol%]

*7Siy [m/s]

1.010
3.460
0.308
1.007
3.720
0.583
1.171
3.223
0.528

7Wi? [m/s]

0.834
0.779
0.815
0.503
2.410
_
1.340
1.639
1.486
0.710
0.963
1.991
0.645
2.186
2.088

1.024
1.040
0.400
2.885
2.971
1.615
1.690
1.715
0.974
1.304
2.626
0.821
2.785
2.692

velocity
1.195
0.688
1.854
1.690
1.315
2.905
2.760
2.640
0.774

Someexamples of the cumulative distribution functions of the particle velocities are shown in Figs. 2 to 5.
In this experiment, the mean particle velocity Us in
the two-phase flow is the velocity at which the cumulative distribution function is 0.5. The mean particle
velocities obtained are summarized in Tables 1 to 3.
These figures showthat the particle velocities are distributed over a wide range because the flow path of
each particle in a pipe is different. In addition, the
meanparticle velocity at each test section is strongly
affected by the operating condition.
2. 1 Particle
a) Horizontal

velocities
pipe

in straight

pipe

Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the mean particle velocity in horizontal pipe, Ush and the mean

velocity of slurry, JJm- Ush, which is not affected by the

small change of concentration mcas found in this experiment, is always smaller than Um,and tends to approach
the value of Umwith increasing flow rate. At low flow
rate, almost all particles flow along the pipe bottom
with smaller velocity than Um. On the other hand, at
higher flow rate Ush approaches Um, because almost
142

C75f [m/s]

*7SF_7i?

(X853
0.922
1.001
0.519
3.121
___
1.643
2.151
2.045
0.912
1.327
2.836
0.848
2.717
2.759

J7sf [m/s]

1.112
0.638
1.930
1.652
1.221
3.135
2.831
2.545
0.849

all particles

2 Experimental Results and Discussion

L918
2.172
1.734
0.731
2.490
2.212
2.340
0.876
1.092
1.460

[m/s]

0.815
0.879
1.800
0.440
2.850
_
1.728
1.737
1.738
0.929
1.337
2.705
0.834
2.880
2.621

(U=48cm)

E/,M [m/s] Ushvb [m/s]

1.486
0.668

*7SFHi? [m/s]

(/?=24cm)

[m/s]
0.81

Table 3 Mean particle

Run No.

L645
1.373
1.354
0.464
2.074
1.848
1.657
0.589
0.483
1.141

velocity

t/SjffjB

0.703
3.070
1.217
5.010
1.075
2.300
3.653
0.715
1.171
3.242
1.673
3.830
0.810
0.374
0.926

(R=12cxn)

*7Wi? [m/s] *7sf [m/s]

L902
2.362
1.493
0.627
2.363
2.243
2.030
0.887
0.802
1.445

Table 2 Mean particle

Run No.

velocity

tf.M [m/s].

C/"Vfl-s

1.995
0.837

flow through

[m/s]
1.186
0.780
2.020
1.909
1.579
3.191
3.055
3.010
0.640

the pipe in suspension.

In general, it is said8) that, in the flow of settling

slurries, particle motion is governed to a large extent
by the dimensionless term UlllgD{psjpw-\). In this
case also, as shownin Fig. 7, the experimental data are
correlated relatively well by the above dimensionless
term through the following empirical equation.
(UsHIUm) = 0.53(UHgD(pslPw
b) Vertical pipe

- !))<.

(1)

Fig. 8 shows the relationship between the meanparticle velocity in vertical pipe, Usy and Um. The effect

ofmc on UsVcan be neglected, similarly to the case of

the horizontal pipe. However, it is different from that

of the horizontal pipe in the case when Umis greater
than
about 2 m/sec. That is, UsVbecomes larger than
[7m, as shown in Fig. 8. It was observed that, with
increasing flow rate of slurry, the particles in the verti-

cal pipe tend to congregate near the axis, where the

fluid flows with higher velocity. This shows the reason

for the particular phenomena mentioned above.

The experimental data could be correlated as well as
in the case of horizontal flow, as shown in Fig. 9, and
the following equation was obtained.
(U,rIUm)

= 0.72(UllgD(Pslpw

- I))-."

JOURNALOF CHEMICALENGINEERING

(2)
OFJAPAN

Q.

0"
d,*
/>$
In

3.02
0.189
2.5

o 0.31-0.53
10 o0.72-1.22

fel0.6-

'

'

3.o-

_
ft=
__
'I"

"^

^^~~~-Si*^

^^^^

l^J-%"

fmpiricfll

E<j

Dsh.0,3-[!'V'0&

2.

1
2

'
6

1
10

30

D=3.02
ds = 0.189
ft= 2.5

20

DsHB=Um

//-

//

q/
y

1.0

2.0

3.0

Fig. 8 Particle velocity in vertical

l/X

1.0

i.

i.

2.0

velocity

Fig. 12 Particle

pipe

3.0.

ccm}
89ccno

2.0

~"'0-72

E(j.

^^^|-

30

between (UsvlUm) and

1

/~~

aima

t,1,

10

r-:D=
3.0-"

3.02
R *12
ds=
0.I89arm
9%- 2.5

17

/
^'

/ y^

///
/ >i

o 0 ^--j

VOL.6

NO.2

1973

velocity

1.0

Im/s.1

! _J
30

velocity in horizontal

'-~
~
\
ccrm

bend

[71

~>

ccm;>

/
/

Cg/cm*]

-90.44-0.47

0.75-1.41

-<^

2.87-3.49/

">/^'"~"
j/sfs'
XXy

IWUny/

2.0

in horizontal

\/,

L-I

//^

Fig. 14 Particle

bend

1.0

2.0

L_.

3.0

Um Crn/s3

, 3.0

Um Cm/sD

Fig. 10 Particle

Um=

/y/

!
1.0

On/sj

^n^

1.5

C-:

/~^S

O0.75-1.4I
2.87-3.50

Dm*-

'

>^
2.0

mcC%^
0.44-0.47

20

Fig. 13 Effect of Rja on particle

/
.

Cm/si

^_

R/a

Cg/cnft

Um=2.0

^
_

~~ 0
(m/sl

"

\)\

20

Fig.
9 Relationship
VilgDlp.lpw
- l)

Dm-"
2.5

^__J

m^^^

l0

\qD(PJPm-

bend

<-

"~^x^.

in horizontal
,

fmpiricol

2.0
rn
S

bend

ccno

c^-

"I

R =12
ds=O.I89am3
^=2.5

me 3. 23-5.00^-^^
ro/-lI
/^
"^X

0.72-1.22
" 1.67-5.01

0=3.02am:

in horizontal

velocity

,
D -3.02
ds=0.I89ccmn

0.31-0.53

30

3.0

//
/,1,1 L
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
UmCm/s]

0m Cm/s3

0*3.02
d$<= O.I

10-^

k^-

30~ D=3.02 CcmD"

~~~
R-48 ccrru
j
ds
0.1
89ccm3
/
Ps* 2.5 Gg/cm3] ^/^
mc C%] //
2.0 0.3I-*-0.53 ~~~
//
o 1.00-I.17 /(/
\ 3.22-3.72 /7

-fys

_^1
^

Um Cm/sD

-^-um^

,,

//?

40

J^>

k>-3.00-5.01"

/4rl

Fig. ll Particle

//^

//

between (UsH/Um) and

ccmD
ccno
Cg/crrfr

I.17-2.50

\,y

1.17-^2.50
"<{> 3.00--5.0I

mc
0.31-1.08C%3

0.37^-1.08

20

gD(WI)

Fig.
7 Relationship
UllgD(Pslpw
-l)

>^
I

j2

>-1
8

/_
)
^^

Cg/cm3]

0o

i.o
Qpl
"I

2.5

,-j
e

ccrm.
ccrm
ccrm

meC%)

0.4

Ds3.02
R =24
dsn
0.189

rciw
aim
l^/cm*}

velocity in vertical

bend with

horizontal approach flow

143

30

D=3.02
R =24
ds=
0.I89ccm3
Pss
2.5

ccm:[cm:

Cg/cm33

_----<>
C%3

:"

^^~^~^^

yf

1.0-

e-^

Hb-2.5

Cm/sD

' '

"

L^-^^

'

"

Um=2.0Cm/a]

"'--1.5Cm/si.

-^K

er-"^""^

Dm '

t-^>J

I.O

1
20

0 10
R/a

1.0

2.0

3.0

in vertical

bend with

On /s:

1
30

,J
>

c-3

Fig. 17 Effect of Rja on particle

0 .

j-

Dm--DsHVB

0/37-1.08

rcnu
ccim
leg/cm3]'

ms=3.00^3.72

,:2--o...7^2.50"
-/-/*^3.00-5.01
/@/^
i

*3.02
" is-0.I89
ft=2.5

7
/

JX>

-_D

velocity

in vertical

bend with horizontal apprroach flow

Um Cm/s3

Fig. 15 Particle

velocity

horizontal approach flow

30--

D=3.02

ccm]

R=48
Lcmj
ds=
0.189Ccm]
ps~-

2.5

//

2.o

--

/-V 1-0I-1.17'

I
1

/#

///////
-///-y
//A/

<>-

3.22-3.72

"

D=3.02
"

rn 2.0
^

o
-$-

ccmn

[ .

y^-

/\
/

Cg/cm3}

0.75-"1.41
2.87-3.49

'

/^/

^y?<

~//s/

^^

/4y/

/
--"

Jyy

USHVb-Um

ccrro

R=12
ds=0.I89ccim
ps=
2.5;

0.44-0.47

//.

/P]//

Cg/cm3]

mc[%]
0.31-0.53

3.o-

///

///

/
I

1.0

1
2.0

3.0

Dm Cm/s]

Fig. 18 Particle velocity in vertical

vertical approach flow
/

I
2.0

1.0

I
3.0

Dm Cm/s]

Fig. 16 Particle

velocity

horizontal approach flow

2. 2 Particle
a) Horizontal

velocities

bends

in vertical

bend with

in bends

The mean particle velocities

in horizontal bends,

Ushb> are shown in Figs. 10 to 12. In any radius of

decreases.

When R[a becomes infinite,

bend with

U.sh-b w^ aP"

proach Ush in the horizontal pipe,

b) Vertical bends with horizontal approach flow

The mean particle velocities

in vertical
bends,
USHVB>are shown vs. Ufa in Figs. 14 to 16. In any

radius of curvature, Ushvb 18 nearly proportional to Um

and the effect ofmc on Ushvbappears in the cases of
i^=12 and 48 cm. In these figures, the slope of Ushvb
vs. Um increases

with

increasing

R. This

tendency

curvature, UsHBis not affected by mc under this experimental condition, and it is nearly proportional to Um.
The slope of Ushb vs- Umincreases gradually with the
increase of radius of curvature. In the case of R=24

agrees with that in the horizontal pipe bends. In the

cases ofR=12 and 24 cm, the slope of Ushvb ^s smaller
than unity. On the other hand, in the case of R=48
cm the slope is nearly equal to that in the horizontal

and in the case ofR=48 cm the slope becomes greater

Fig. 17 shows the effect ofRja on UsHVB. At high

flow rate, UsHVBincreases with increasing Rja and

cm, the slope is nearly equal to that in horizontal pipe,

than that in horizontal pipe. These phenomena could

be caused by many factors, such as secondary flow of
fluid, centrifugal force and the friction force between
particles and pipe wall.
Fig. 13 shows the effect ofRja on UsHbm horizontal

bends. It is found that UsHBincreases with increasing

Rja up to about Rja=20,

but then it decreases
gradually.
This is presumed to be due to the follow-

ing
reasons; i) At high flow rate, the friction force between particles and pipe wall increases because the
centrifugal force.acting on the particle increases with
decrease ofRja. ii). As Rja becomes small, the change
of direction of the particle motion per unit length of the
pipe bend becomes large and the inertia of the particles
144

pipe.

approaches the value of Ush-

c) Vertical bends with vertical approach flow

The
behavior of particles in bends
is muchforce
complicated by the effect of gravity,
centrifugal
and
secondary flow of fluid. The flow states of horizontal
and vertical bends with horizontal approach flow are

detailed
in the previous paper7>. Photos. 1 and 2
show the flow states in vertical
bends with vertical
approach flow. At low flow rate, the particles
are
transported in a state of suspension in the bend. At

high flow rate, as shown in Photo. 2, almost all particles

are transported along the outside wall of the bend, as
well as in horizontal and vertical bends7}, because the
JOURNALOF CHEMICALENGINEERING

OFJAPAN

Flow direction

3-

'

"~

PT~?

D-3.02W
R =48
Km]
ds=
Ps=

0."I89ccm:
2.5
mcC%)

[g/cm3]
'

<

o
^

1
^

//
//
^

//

//c)//

1.00---!.17
3.22--3.72

"

//~

//
//

0.31^.0.53

n 20

j/

UsVHB=Dm

//
/Y

R=24cm,

U
Sm/s,

=O.i

/ft

2.20vol^

Photo. 1 Flow state for low flow rate in vertical

bend with vertical

approach flow

|;,.

|,'1

1.0

2.0

Flow direction

3.0

UmCm/s]

Fig. 20 Particle

velocity in vertical

bend with

vertical approach flow

fD
(f9*

3.02
Ccntf1
0.189otrro

-me' 322-3.7

2.0

j-

R=24cm,

f
__-

--Q

i%l^^^^

u2-5

j--^^--

{^=2.0

Crn/^'

T^

" -^.-

=2.54m/s,
Otn=

Photo. 2 Flow state for high flow rate in vertical

bend with vertical approach flow

r0,.

-"i^4~-

;-

1.5

= 3.02
R =24
ds=
0.189
is=
2.5

Ccm:
ccno
ccm)
Cg/cm3]

V-

20
I
-

>3.00-5.01
-0SVHB-Um

.I
10

I
R/a

[.

30

C-3

ti_T

.4^.

Fig. 21 Effect of Rja on particle

y/

velocity

bend with vertical approach flow

/^J

Cm/s]

20

^/

/^

"0.37-1.08
o I.!7--2.30

-^f

mc[%]
K

X*

tm/s!]

0ffl= 1.0

3.o--D

^^

in vertical

/</
//

D =3.02
ds=0.I89ccrrn,

3l

cc/m

/,2.5

mc=3. 22-3.72

Cg/cm3]

C%3

/-^

R no

" --zf
.o-

-/A
0

1.0

'^-o^'

KyJ

Dm=2-5

Cm/

\
2.0

,.H.P

3.0

Dm Cm/sD

Fig. 19 Particle velocity in vertical

vertical approach flow

bend with
;

particles are strongly affected by inertial and centrif-

ugal forces.
Figs. 18 to 20 show the relationship
between the
meanparticle
velocities
UsVHB and Um in vertical

bends. The effect ofmc on Usvhb does not appear with

the exception ofR= 12 cm, and in any radius of curva-

ture Usvhb is nearly proportional to Um>It is clearly

seen from these figures that the slope of Usvhb vs- Um
increases with increasing R. This tendency is similar to
the case of horizontal and vertical bends with horizontal approach flow. In the case of R=48 cm, the

slope is greater than that in the vertical pipe. These

phenomena are similar to the case of horizontal bends.
It is considered that, at high flow rate, almost all

particles are transported along the outside wall of the

bend by higher fluid velocity near the outside wall.
Fig. 21 shows the effect ofR/a on Usvhb- At low flow
VOL.6

NO.2:

1973-

"f
i
i
H.P H-H.B

N--o^'
i
H.P

U i.o

i
H-V.B

i
V.P

Fig. 22 Change of particle

rate,

I
V-H.B

i
H.P

^T
[

velocity at each flow path

Usvhb tends to increase

with

decreasing

Rja.

On the other hand, at high flow rateC/ svhb decreases

with decreasing R\a as well as the other bends described in the previous sections. As the ratio of Rja

becomes
infinite,
tical pipe.
2. 3 Comparison
section

Usvhb w^ approach Usv in the verof the velocities

in each test

The meanparticle velocity in each test section under

constant mc is shown in Fig. 22. The velocity in the
vertical pipe is always greater than that in the horizontal pipe. This is due to the fact that in the vertical pipe
the particles tend to movepreferentially near the axis
145

in accordance with an increase of Um,while in the

horizontal pipe most of the particles are always transported near the pipe bottom by the fluid at a rate
much slower than that of mean flow6). Moreover,
Fig. 22 shows that the mean particle velocity in vertical
bends with horizontal approach flowis the smallest

of Educational Ministry, Japan, Grant No. 50165. The authors

appreciate the support leading to the publication of this article.
Nomenclature
- radius of pipe
[m]
= diameter of pipe
[m]
= cumulative distribution
function
[ -]
= acceleration due to gravity
[m/s2]
= concentration of solids in mixture discharged

among those in all pipe bends.

from end of pipe

3 Conclusion

The flow states in the bends were observed for solidliquid

two-phase

flow. The particle

velocities

in

were obtained.

i) Under the experimental conditions of f7m=0.7 to

3.0 m/s and mc=0.3 to 5.0 vol%, the mean particle
velocities in straight pipes and bends are nearly proportional

with horizontal

= mean particle

A cknowle dgement

approach flow

velocity in vertical

with vertical approach flow

= density of particle
= density of water

to Um.

ii) The mean particle velocities in the vertical pipe

are greater than those in the horizontal pipe,
iii) Empirical equations expressing the mean particle
velocities in horizontal and vertical pipes are proposed,
as given by Eqs.(l) and (2). These equations give the
mean particle velocity within 10% error.
iv) The meanparticle velocities in vertical bends with
horizontal approachflow are alwayssmaller than those
in the other bends.
v) The effect of radius of curvature on particle velocities becomessignificant as the meanflow rate increases
and/or the radius of curvature decreases.

[cm]
[m/s]
[m/s]
[m/s]

= mean particle velocity in horizontal pipe

[m/s]
= mean particle velocity in vertical pipe
[m/s]
= mean particle velocity in horizontal bend [m/sJ
= meanparticle velocity in vertical bend

straight pipes and bends were measured and the following results

[vol%]

= radius of curvature of bend

= mean velocity of slurry
= particle
velocity
= mean particle velocity

[m/s]

bend

[m/s]
[g/cm3]
[g/crn3]

Literature Cited
1) Ayukawa, K. : Preprints
No. 216

(1969)

for 47th Annual Meeting ofJ. S- M. E.

2) Durand, R.: La Houille Blanche, 8, 124 (1953)

3) Iki, S. and Z. Hokao: MMIJ, 84, No. 957, 15 (1968)
4) Murota, A.: JSCE, 38, 478 (1953)
5) Newitt, D. M.,J. F. Richardson and C. A. Shock: Proceedings
of the Symposiumon the Interaction between Fluids and
Particles 87, London, Inst. Ghem. Engrs. (1962)
6) Toda, M., H. Konno, S. Saito and S. Maeda: Kagaku Kogaku,
33,

No. 1, 67 (1969)

7) Toda, M., N. Komori, S. Saito and S. Maeda: J. Chem. Eng.

Japan, 5, No. 1, 4 (1972)
8) Terada, S. : Preprints for 40th Annual Meeting ofJ. S. M. E.,
No. 86,

137

(1963)

This work was supported by the Science Research Foundation

146

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