Professional Documents
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Camille
INTRO:
Le sommet de Copenhaguea eu lieu du 7 au l-8 décembre2009.Au vu du péril climatiqueet afin d'améliorerla
situationmondiale,les dirigeantsdu monde entier se sont rassemblésautour d'un projet commun. Lesmédias,ainsi
que lesjournauxont réagi; c'estNOTRErevuede pressedu jour ... .
,'b cl0Cq-N\idg
,1.e,* ,[] ui'-uttaiLLr-r -\9 qt Ôtr$NJù^
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sur le fait que l'accordde Copenhaguedoit maintenirl'augmentationde la température,à
THEGUARDIANÏnsiste
moinsde 2'C. Apparemment,les paysrichess'engagentà réduire lesgazà effet de serreet leur taux d'émissiondesgaz.
De même, ils veulent réduire la déforestationet donner accèsaux payspauvresà la technologie : or cette entente sur la
déforestationest mise en suspensjusqu'àla prochaineconférence...LesUSAont affirmé qu'ellesont obtenu un accord
avecla Chine,l'lnde, le Brésilet l'Afriquedu Sudpour la transaction.
Lesacteursclésde ce sommetsont Gordon Brown, BarackObamaet les dirigeantseuropéens; un autre article
du même journal reprend ces acteurs.En effet, c'est Obama qui aurait convaincules grands producteurs mondiaux de
gaz à effet de serre de mieux agir pour la planète. Cependant Obama s'est heurté à des refus; en effet beaucoup
pensent que cet accord est inutile et rejettçnt les documents qu'il propose; Obama n'est pas soutenu. Le secrétairedu
changementclimatique aurait un jour "niin r"çu un appel lui annonçantqu'un traité va enfin être accepté(après2
semainesde conférence)par 30 payset bientôt 132 nations.Mais alorsque le premier articlede ce journal plaidepour
l'aide des pays pauvres,' le deuxième affirme qu'un accord secret entre les pays riches a été gardé pour la fin des
pourparlers; les pays pauvressont furieux.ll est important de noter que l'Afrique,qui a beaucoupperdu à causede ce
réchauffementclimatique,s'est beaucoupdonnée pendant ces négociationsmenéespar son présidentMeles Zenawi
d'Ethiopie. Le dernier accord,celui de KYOTO,date de 1997 et concentreles accordsjuridiques des dirigeantsdes pays
qui s'engagentà réduire les émissionsde gaz.
Alexandra
Puisdans un autre article,THETE;I-EGRAPH
cherchedes excusesau réchauffementclimatique! Ce ne sont peut-
être pas les hommes qui sont responsablesdu réchauffemen! mais tes radiationssolaires.Plusieurshypothèsessont
formulées: le réchauffementseraitdû à une soudaineactivitésolaire,hypothèseappuyéepar l'exemplede la dernière
périodede réchauffementplanétaireau Moyen-Âge,où ily avait la mêrneconfigurationastronomique. Apparemment
l'élévationde la mer ne serait pas aussiimportanteque signalée,mais resteraitplutôt au même niveau.Lafonte des
calottesglacièresserait due à l'activitégéothermiqueet le CO2 proviendraitplutôt des volcansque des hommes.En
bref, 1.personnesur 2 pense que c'est l'homme qui provoque ce réchauffement,mais il serait possibleque ce soit une
causeenvironnementale.Pour conclure,cet articleest sceptiquepar rapport au réchauffementclimatiqueet propose
un réchauffementnaturel cyclique.
Après avoir mené à bien les articlessur l'organisationpour la réduction du réchauffementplanétaireet les
excusesque l'ont peut trouver pour ce réchauffement,THETELEGRAPH fait un bilan catastrophiquede ce sommet.En
effet, ce dernier vise à protégerla planète,maisla réunionde celui-ciet de tous les membresqui le composenta donné
un bilan ahurissant! Copenhagueveut changerle climat, mais cette réunion a émis autant de dioxyde de carbone
qu'uneville de 150 000 habitants.Le directeurgénéralde la plus grandesociétéde limousinede Copenhaguea de plus
affirmé avoir loué 1200 limousinespour < le sommet visant à sauver le monde D; on n'a compté que 5 voitures
hybrides! L'aéroportdéclare avoir reçu 140 jets privéssupplémentairesau cours de cette période. Et les ll jours de
conférence,y compris le voyagedes participants,a produit près de 41^000 tonnes de dioxydede carbone,alorsque Mr
Miliband, le secrétaire de ce sommet, déclare essentielde donner aux gens une vision positive d'un futur à faible
carbone.Hôtel réservé, caviar à tout va ! Laconférenceest un véritable échec.Si Martin Luther King était là, il dirait < Je
faisun cauchemarn.
Enfin,Obama insiste sur le fait qu'il faut signerun accordentre l'Amériqueet la Chine: il faut une victoireglobaleet
mondialedes pourparlers pour la diminutiondu réchauffementclimatique.Mais tout cela n'est pas crédibfesuite aux
41000 tonnesde CO2 pour ce sommet!
Camille
C'étaitnotre revue de presse sur le sommetde CopenhagueO
;
I
I
Le Sommetde Copenhague.
D'après le Telegraph et le Guardian, 1200 limousines, 140 avions privés ont été réservéspour
le sommet de Copenhague.Ce sommet a accueilli des chefs d'état, des artisteset des
négociateurs.Ils ont été reçus dans le luxe, avec le meilleur hôtel, du foie gars et du caviar et
tous leurs plaisirs furent accordés.Ce sommet a causé41 000 tonnes de COz en quelques
jours pour parlerd'écologie...
En effet, durant ce sommet, la Chine et les Etats-Unis se sont confrontésà plusieurs reprises.
Les deux représentantsont tenu à rester sur leur position.
Les USA véulent que la Chine prenne sesresponsabilitésau sujet de son émission de gaz à
effet de serre.
La Chine, qgant à elle, reste inflexible malgré les pressionsportéescontre elle-
Le premier ministre Chinois, Wen Jiabao,n'a pas flanché. Il a su montrer que la Chine était
prêle à freiner son taux d'émissionsde gaz à effet de serremais qu'elle ne s'y engagepas
iotalement car la préservationde l'économie chinoise reste avant tout primordial.
Dès le début du sommet, Obama a refusé de signer un contrat avec la Chine, I'Inde, le Brésil
et I'Afrique du Sud. Obama déclaraqu'une impasseétait en perspectivece qui a permis de
sor.tirdes négociations.Les points clés du réchauffementclimatique ne sont ressortisqu'à la
fin du sommet et le texte final a manquéde mentionner toute date de fin pour le rendre
officiellementengagé.
Gordon Brown fut déçu de ce sommet auquel il avait passébeaucoupde temps pour le
préparer.Cependant,il a affirmé que c'était un bon début pour parler du changement
Llimatique ei qu'il espéraitque la conférencede l'été prochaine avanceraitdavantage.
Une personnede Greenpeacedéclaraaprèsle sommet que l'essai rédigé avait perdu tout sens
et qu^,ils'agissait plus d;un communiqué du G8 qu'un accord engageantdont on aurait besoin.
Ainsi, ils nlont *è-. pas conclu un planning pour lui donner un caractèrejuridique ou un
objectif précis sur la baissede température.
ThomasCOURRET ArnaudIMBERDIS
CharlesPAPON PierreVAZEILLE
ANGLAIS
Charles :
Du 7 au 18 Décembre 2009s'esttenuela quinzième conférence sur le climatà Copenhague.
Ellea réunitcent quatre-vingt-douzechefsd'états,afinde se au
substituer accordde Kyoto.Plusde
cinquante hommesd'affaires
scientifiques, et lobbysse sontrencontrés pourdébattredessolutions
environnementales pournotreplanète.
possibles
Lesavisdesscientifiques sont très variésà proposdescausesdu réchauffement de la planète,la
causela plusprobableétantl'activitésolaire.
Pierre:
Eneffet,en ce qui concernela fontedesglacesarctiques, elleseraitdued'aprèscertainsspécialistes
à l'activitégéothermalenaturellede laTerre.Deplus,la montéedeseauxauraitété exagérée par les
alarmistes et la culpabilitéde l'Hommedansle réchauffement climatiquene seraitqu'un mythe,
d'aprèsleTelegraph.
Le NewScientistoffre une visionbeaucoup de la chose,en faisantremarquerque
pluspessimiste
nombrede scientifiquesprévoientune augmentation
de 3,5"Cde la températureglobaleterrestre
d ' i c i à2 1 0 0 .
Thomas:
Quantau présidentdes États-Unis, BarackObama,il juge la Chineresponsable. ll a persuadéles
producteurs de gazà effet de serred'agirsur le réchauffement Cependant,
climatique. d'aprèsle
Guardian, dénoncel'accordcommercial.
lesécologistes Obamade répondre:
< Sil'onavaitcherchéà obtenirun meilleuraccord,nousne l'aurionspaseu.))
D'aprèsle Guardiantoujours,le but du sommetde Copenhague étaitde réduirelesémissions de gaz
chinoises.Malgrécela,lessénateurs démocrates desétatsindustriels
et républicains sontinflexibles.
ll nefautaucunaccordqui pourraitdésavantager l'unou l'autredespartis,Chineou Inde.
Arnaud:
Malheureusement, le sommetde Copenhague s'estclôt sansciblespour réduireles émissions
de
qui avaitpasséle
pourla Grande-Bretagne,
c€ qui fut unehumiliation
CO2, plusde tempsà préparé
cetteconférence.
Par exemple,Gordon Brown avait pensé,avec le présidentSarkozy,à une< Organisation de
Européenne
Surveillance la policedu climat,et vérifieraitque les émissions
> : l'Europedeviendrait
en CO2de chaquepayssoientconformes auxexigences.
Alexandra Watier lère $l
Thibaud Montbel
Joanna Zammit
Théo Morales
REVUEDE PRESSE
SOMMETDE COPENHAGUE
Théo:
Joanna:
Alexandra:
Thibaud:
-L-
Alexandra:
Joanna:
Alexandra:
Thibaud:
-2-
Jo a n n a :
Thibaud:
Alexandra:
affirmentquele sommetde
on peutdirequetouscesjournauxanglais
Enconclusion,
fut unegrossedéception.
Copenhague
-3-
FT.com / Global Economy - Deadlock threatensCopenhagenclimate deal Page 1 of2
EDITOR'S CHOICE
Rich nations step up pressure
onBeiiinq ie. li
lndepth: Copenhagon tE. la
FT Dodcast on the
Copenhaqen summit [,:..]r
Enêrgy Source: Climatê
êxDells'forum Ce. al7
How Facebook bêcame
næolialors' irisnd ûe. 1r
Energy Source: Bâghdad v
Coponhaqen'D€L:ri
"lt is not certainyet
that we can reachan agreement,"Ms Merkelsaid in Berlin."Thereis a lot
of work stillto be donein the nextfew days."
But developedcountries,led by the US,want a newframeworkthat bindsChinaand other Pension Fund Investment Adviser
emergingeconomiesto targets. DerbyshireCounty Council
Head of Finance
Africanleaderson MondayaccusedDenmarkwhichis chairingthe conferenc€,of tryingto PÊ backed software business
sidelinethe Kyotoprotocolfrom negotiationsand saidtheywoutdnot take part in the moming's
talks as a result.Otherdevelopingcountriesbackedtheir stance,leadingto the suspension. Business DeveloDmentOirector
IntertÊk ASG
"The Kyotoprotocol Strategic Lêadership Opportu nity
is of paramountimportanc€to us,"said MamaKonate,chiefdelegatefor
the Atrlcannationof Mali."We can neveracceptthe killingof the Kyotoprotocol." Markettng,Corporateand Markets
RECRUITERS
Talkshaveso far proceededalonga "two-tracl('process,
includingboththe Kyotoprotocoland the so-calledLong- Greenhousegâses:the FT com æn dglivertalentedindivtduals
acrossall
scoDe tor culs industriesaroundthe rcrld
termCo-operative Actionworkinggroup The US is involved Post a job now
in onlythe latterof the two becauseit neverratifiedthe FT intemctive
Kyototreatyand has madeclearthat it is notwillingto join. gEphic: sêe what
pobntial different RELATED SERVICES
sectoF ]Eve to
VictorFodeke,headof the Nigeriandelegation,said it was redre carbon FT Lexi6n MBA-Drecl.æm
crucialthat the two-track processcontinued."t/Vhenyou emi$ions by 2030 ând how FT BespokeForums FT Nffipaper sub$riptions
havea train runningon two tracksand you removeone of much it would cost lo do so Annual reports Fï Diaris
the tracK, what you are goingtô haveis catasirophe,"he Market reæarch FI Bookshop
said. Growth companies FT Conferencæ
Cqporate sub$riptions FT Slndiætion æwiæs
Luury Travel brochuræ
officialwhochairsthe "G77plusChina"groupof 130
The Non-Exeotive Dirætor
LumumbaDi-Aping. the Sudanese AnalystReæarch
developingcountries,deniedreportsthe grouphad walkedout of the talks.However,he
stronglybackedthe Africancountrjes'callfor negotiations
to be continuedunderthe Kyoto
Protocol.
L a u n c hi n P o p - u D
I D o w n l o a dm p 3 I R S SF e e dI I A d d t o i T u n e s| ^ A u d i oH o m e
Ed Miliband, British clirnate chang€ secretary, said time was running out to lay the
foundations for an agreement this Friday, when more than 100 heads of state and government
are expected in Copenhagen.
"What
we cannot do is leave a whole slew of issues to the leaders." he said. "Leaders aFwavs
have a very important role in this. But frankly it's also up to negottators and mini$ers to get our
Advqti$ with the FT Meda cer{re FT Ne.cpapà$bsiptims FT Cûftrs€ FT SFdEtim CqDse $bshti6s FT (àflD àffidth. FT
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INTRODUCTION .-;L,!'
I f*qrfe*'+
asq."îffil*datf*ff1 ''
Désormais
tout le mondele sait,la planète esf en danger! Et ce problèmeestLnfin l,une
desprioritésde tous lesétatsdu monde.Lesémissions de gazà effet de serreen sont
principalementlescauses, carcesgaz(commele COz)participentaux changements
climatiques.
Ceschangements se manifestentpar: uneaugmentation destempératures,
uneaugmentationdu niveaude la mer (par la fonte desglaces),et par conséquentla
destructionde nombreuxécosystèmes.
ntlÛr tUg|tÂUl"lÀftiN
Au8tti$ntiolt
oruconicct'tmAllcNÂTMÛsP[ÉRtqJt
ûl.æ&L1nûtrt
x ùnupËÊlîun€
ÉvoLutrox ÉLÉvlirolr
iJûYrN$Iti'oBALiITRRÊsÏiË
en9ârt,es
Êârnlllîts
$ degrÉ
ûebi!5
maYenne
rÈiénnr*:
i951-1-q80
.irii
'i.{i'r
. . 'l
'i
, t','*'*,,,, t ":i)'..
.; ): 1i!? i
commela destruction
Maisce rejettrop importantà d'autresconséquences,
d'écosystème ou d'espècesmarinesqui ne peuventsurvivredansdesocéanset mersqui
deviennenttrop acideà causede leurabsorptionsansarrêtdu Cozqui setrouvede plus
en plusdensedansl'air.
plusla concentration
Plusellesdisparaissent, en COzdansI'atmosphère va augmenter.
de
Leurdisparitionest aujourd'huià l'origine rz à zo%desémissions de COz ll
annuelles.
est doncvéritablementimportantde préservercette nature.Commedansde
nombreuses certainspays(ici,la Norvègeet le Brésil)ont déiàannoncésles
discussions,
de fournirmaisattendentdu soutiendesautrespaysdu
effortsqu'ilssont capables
monde.
al:Lfabjtdsa-rsipe:rgê-bitit€l-gllçpartii é,tuitablqm
Afin de mieuxréglerle problèmedesémissions de COz,il est nécessaire pour ces
délégations de définirquelssontlespayslesplusresponsables, ceuxquiont émiset qui
émettentle plusde COzaujourd'hui. lcidemeurele point sansdoutele plusdélicatde ce
sommet.Un véritablecombats'engageentrepaysdéveloppés dits du nord et lespaysen
voiede développement afinde savoirquisontlesplusresponsables et doncqui sontceux
qui doiventfaire le plusd'efforts.
Seulement la questionestbeaucoup pluscomplexequecela.Eneffetpourdéfinirquel
paysestle plusresponsable plusieurs échelles d'évaluation sontpossibles'
Aujourd'huiil est clairquela Chineest le paysqui rejettele plusde GESdevantlesEtats-
Unis,maispar exemple,un américain < rejette> 4 fois plusde COzqu'unchinois(qui sont
beaucoup plusnombreux). Autredémarche d'évaluation, la priseen comptedes
émissionsde GESdansl'histoire, avecunecumulation de touteslesémissions carle Coza
unetrèslongueduréede viedansl'atmosphère. Ainsidonccesontlespaysdéveloppés
commeles Etats-Unis lesplusresponsables de cettequantitéde COz.
5! T'rgqd{*:ilqtfLdr" s engiigiemenir;
On le sait,tous lesétatsayantsignéle protocoledb Kyotone l'ont pastous respecté,ce
qui fait que lesémissions de COzn'ontjamaisralentisdepuis1997.Cegraphiquerend
comptedesobjectifs étaientfixéspour chaqueétat à Kyotoet ce qu'ilsont émis
qui
jusqu'enzoo7.
-44
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n
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È.$"!
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aù!o\\s- sou.cE: !
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Cesommetde
Deplustous lesétatsn'ont passignéce protocole(Etats-Unis)'
Copenhague et de créerdesaccordsque tous les
va donctenter d'ouvrirdesdiscussions
étatsapprouventafind'avoirunelutte collectivecontrecesémissionsde COz-ll est
impératifque chaquedélégationproposedessolutions,et quechaqueétat soit capable
de tenirsespromesses'
lV-Lesacteurs
ce
lndg I L'inde,est sansdoutel'un desseulpaysà avoirunepositionaussiradicalesur
problème,ellerefusetoute restrictionchiffréetant que lespaysdu Nordqui pour elle,
sontlesplusresponsables n'ont pasprisdesengagements qu'elleiugerasuffisant'Et cela
parceque ezo millionsde sesressortissantsviventsousle seuilde pauvretéet que ce
paysémettrès peu de COzpoursapopulation'
par les
Afrique et états insulairesi Sansdoutelespayslesmoinsconcernés
les
industriespolluantes,maislesplusaffectéspar lesreietsde coz dansl'atmosphère,
des
que l'avenirde leurpaysétaittrès dépendant décisions
dirigeantsont prisconscience
desautresétats.lls attendentdoncdeseffortset desengagements lorsde ce sommet.
D'aprèsde nombreuxpaysafricains, ils sont dans< le couloirde la mort >.
VC.erlimileràI'issuede cesommet
Tout d'abc,rd,'chaquê-âôteur majeurde ce sommetn'a voulus'engagerdansdesaccords
et desréglementations sansque lesautresétatsaientprisaussidesengagements qu'il
juge suffisant.Ainside nombreuxpaysont attendupresquela fin, ou lesderniersioursdu
sommetpouroserdonnerquelques propositionsqui n'ontpasréussià débloquerune
situationenliséedepuisle départ.
Ensuite, il estimportantde signaler quece sommeta véritablement manqué
d'organisation, l'ONU n'a passu ouvrirlesdiscussions, tout estrestébloquépendantune
semainemalgrélesappelsde détressedu secrétairegénéralede l'ONU: BanKi-Moon
Lesétatscommela Chineou I'lndesontrestésur despositionstrès radicales, et n'ont pas
fait preuved'écouteattentivetellementleur concurrence aveclesEtats-Unis lesa obsédé
durantce sommet.lls n'étaientpasprèsà négocierétantdonnéque lesEtats-Unis de leur
côté étaienttrès limitésparle Sénat(queObamane devaitpasfroisserpour pouvoirfaire
passersa loi sur la santé).Lesjournauxaméricains se sontd'ailleursréiouitde l'issuede
ce sommetdanslequelleurprésidentn'a pasprisd'engagement inconsidérés'
Deplus,il est clairavecle reculque ce sommet à finalement était unelutte entrelesdeux
plusgrospayspollueursde la planète,pour savoirlequelseraitle plusfaible.LaChine
véritableforce montantea su imposersesconditionssansêtre contestée,sapositionsur
le climatest totalementindexéesurcelledes Etats-Unis. Ellea fait sentirqu'ellen'était
pasprêteà sacrifiersacroissance économiquepour le climat.Tandisqueles Etats-Unis
ont trouvéplusieursexcuses sur leurincapacitéà négocierétantdonnéleurtrèsfaible
margede manæuvre.
A côté de ça desétatscommelesmembresde I'OPEP ont fait duranttoute la semaineun
blocuscontretout accord,carpour euxaussiilsiouentleuréconomie.
ll sembleraitégalementquele paysorganisateur de ce sommet,le Danemarksoit à la
soldede Washingtonet qu'iln'estrienfait véritablementpourdébloquerlesdiscussions.
Dansce sommet,la Franceet notammentl'UnionEuropéenne qui attendaient
énormémentde cetterencontreont sujouerleur rôle d'arbitreentrela Chineet les Etats-"
Unis,ellesont remarquablement accomplileurmissiongrâceà un travailqu'ellesavaient
déiàfourni en amont. Ellesont su réunirlesétatslorsdesderniersioursafintout de
mêmede déboucher suruntexteou desdécisions. Cependant cesommetà bienmontré
que I'UnionEuropéenne n'a pasencoreune placetrès importantedanslesnégociations,
ellea bienété miseà l'écartdurantce somme.La France, est l'unedesdélégations à avoir
permisqu'untexte soitrédigépour lancerla machine,à l'inversede certainspaysqui
véritablement souhaitaient l'échecde cetteréunion.
Vl- Synt hès€etton cIusjsn
et viedécembre2oo9,n" 1to7
Science
LeMonde,dimanche
6 et lundi7 décembre
zoog
--s.\
Home I Environment I News i Back to article
ADVERTISEMENT
Update at 10.30am, 19 December After a
nigltt of wrangling and behind-the-scenes
arguments, the United Nations conference
agreed to "take note" of the Copenhagen
accord (see "5.3Oam, 19 December", below),
but countries were not forced to endorse it.
Wlth a number of Latin American nations and
Sudan hostile to it, the meeting agreed that
countries choosing to endorse the US-brokered
deal would be listed in the text.
UÂlsources fold New Scientist that this would A stripped-down climate deal is likely to bring about
entitle listed countries to receive funds to cope d a n g e r o u sg l o b a l w a r m i n g
with the impacts of climate change and reduce
their carbon emrssrbns- to the tune of $3A
billion over the nert three years. By 2020, rich nations have promised the fund will contain $100 biltion
a year.
Westem leadersbeganto leave Copenhagenin lhe early hours of Saturdaymoming, claimingto have
secureda global agreementto keep global warming belowtwo degreescelsius. But the deal
provokedimmediateanger for tailingto includeconcretemeasuresto reachthat target, and scientists
at the talks said it would set the world on a path to 3.5 oCof warming by 210O.
The Westem leaders respondedto the accusationsthat the text was strippedof any concrete
measuresby blamingChina and other developingnationsfor the failure of the Copenhagen
conferenceto achieve more
Meanwhile,a team of climatescientistswho have been calculatinghow the pledgesto cut emissions
translateinto temperaturerises over the coming century,and were waiting for the final text to update
their models,were lefi baffied.The accordiails to commitany countriesto new emissionscuts. An
annexesimply lists existingcommitmentsas "information".
Wide-open loopholes
The accordalso fails to offer ways of closing loopholesin existingemissionscontrolsunder the Kyoto
protocol.For instance,it does not addressrising emissionsfrom aircraftand shipping,which are not
coveredby the protocol.Nor does it limil future sales of spare emissionspemits held by many eastem
Europeannations- so.called"hot air''. Expectationhad been high that both loopholeswouH be closed
by agreementsin Copenhagen.
tMth no new commitmentson the table, and loopholesstill wide open, Schaefferand colleaguesfind
that the world is on track to warm by 3.5 oC by 2100, and concentrationsof carbon dioxideare set to
hup://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18309-copenhagen-chaos-sets-world-on-track-...
A4lOl/2010
\Lrcæ-elosnlcp+c rrzorld On tfâCk fOf J.) L - €llVlfOnfn!ru'- lv r-rsutillruvr LvvT
'C -
,ooenhasenchaos setsworld on track for 3.5 environment 19December2QQg-W-
rise to around 70o parts per million- far above the 45Oppm scientistssay constitutethe limit for
keepingglobalwarmingbelow2 oC.
The text is a significantsetbackfrom where talks stood on Friday.Earlierdrafis of the text, circulated
during Friday,had stipulatedthat countriesshould ensure a 50 per cent cut in global greenhousegas
emissions,with 80 per cent cuts by developednations.Scientistshave wamed cuts on this scale are
necessaryto meet the aim of curtailingwarming belowtwo degrees.Both targets disappearedin the
ftnalversion.
Also missingwas a promiseto reviewthe need for a tougher 1.5 oCtarget by 2016. Many small island
states and Africannationsthat are particularlyvulnerableto the effectsof climatechange such as sea
level rise have demandedthis target.
Beforereturningto the US, Obama admittedthat "insteadof taking one step forward,we may have
taken two steps back". But he promisedto resumework'to buildtrusf'so that countrieswould in
future accept legallybindingcommitments.
Developingnationsthat had not taken part in the US-ledtalks respondedto the text with tury, sayiqg
2$nation accordwas an affrontto the consensusprinciplethat govems these UN talks. The head of
the Sudanesedelegation,LumumbaDi-Aping,said:"Grossviolationshavebeen commiftedagainst
participationon equal footingand againstcommon sense. Industrialisednationshave decidedthat
damageto developingcountriesis acceptable."
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04/Ol/2010
Copenhagen:Key
questionson climatedeallEnvironmentI guardian.co-uk page 1 of 2
,-tct-
- s a
guilrdian
Prs Aswiation
gmrdian.co.uk, Saturday r9 Decemlo zoog 18'50 GMT
The CopenhagenAccord, as it was named last night, makes reference to the need to keep
temperature rises to no more than zc and says rich countries will committo cutting
greenhousegasesand developingnations will take stepsto limit the growth oftheir
emissions - but sets no targets.
Under the accord, countries will set out their pledges for the action they plan to take to
tacHe climate chansg in an appendix to the document, and will provide inforrration to
other nations on their progress.
There are promises of short term finance to the tune of $robn a year over three years for
poor countries to help them fight climate change, and a long term funding package
worth groobn a year by zozo.
There are also references to the importance ofreducing deforestation and efforts to give
poor countries accessto technologythat helps them go green.
Is it what we expected?
Originally, the plan was tbr the C.openhagentalks to deliver a comprehensive, legally-
binding international deal to tacHe climate change. But it has been clear for some time
that such an agreementwould not materialise at thesetalks.
We did come out of the talks with a political agreement drawn up by leaders and which
was eventuallyacceptedby the eonferenceof more than r9o countries this morning, but
there are some maior holes in the deal.
So what's missing?
Some key things. Firstly there is no mention of any long term global emissions cut
targets - although the 5o% reduc"tion by zo5o, which was dropped at the last minute, is
what would be needed to meet the zC temperature cap still referrcd to in the deâL lhere
is no target, either, for the long term cuts developedcountries must make.
And a series of other agreements which would have formed part of the deal, such as one
on how to tackle deforestation, have been shelved until the next conference.
læaders had expected to arrive in Copenhagenfor the end ofthe talksto sign an
agreement drawn up try negotiators, but when they arrived - mostly on Thursday -
officials had not managed to agree something they could give them.
As a result heads of state and government from a number ofcountries themselves ended
up thrashing out parts of the text in the early hours of Friday morning, and held talks
http://www.guardian.co.ulc/environmentJz}}g/dec/19/copenhagen-key-questions-clim...
04/Al/2010
,enhagen:Key questionson climat PageZ afà
with one another while offcials and negotiators continued to work out details
throughout the day.
- Eventually the US announced it had secured agreement with China, India, Brazil and
,,/ South Africa for the deaf which got the eventual backing of the EU and - in the end -
the majority of developed and developing countries at the conference.
This was billed as a historic opportunity for the world to tacHe climate change, trut faces
have been glum around the talks in the wake ofthe announcement.
Key players, including prime minister Gordon Brown, US president Barack Obama aad
EU leaders have described it as a "first step' to dealing with global warming.
Nevertheless, there was probably a certain amount of relief that any deal at all was done
- as at moments last night things didn't look good.
But campaigners have reacted furiowly to the accord, which they say does not tackle
climate change, deliver sufficient emissions cuts or help the poor,
And some countries - including Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and Cuba - refirsed to
accept it, forting fIN climate chiefs to forge a compromise at the talks this morning in
which those who do agree will sign up to the declaration directly.
Countries will be expeeted over the next month to submit their pledges for the action
they will take to tackle climate change, for entry into the appendix, and some who
promised a range of figures need to decide if they go for the most amtritious targets.
Climate change secretary Ed Miliband said this morning he wished there had been a
timescale for a legally-bincling deal, and he is among those who have said they would
continue to work for that at upcoming climate summits.
But if this is, as leaders said, the first step, then it is the fust step on what seemslikely to
be a long and difficult road,
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hup://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/lglcopenhagen-key-questions-clim...
04rc1/Z11rA
The EU
Nightrnare avoided - but not embanassment
Europe came to Copenhagen as the bloc that potentially stood to lose the most. The fear
was that the US and other countries would refuse to cut their emissions further, but the
EU would be forced by public pressure, or by the US , to cut from 20% to So%, as it had
promisedto do if there was an ambitious deaL
This would leave it carrying most of the cuts and economically compromised.
The EU need not have worried. No country forced its hand on emission cuts in the
negotiations, and it was itself comprehensively split, with counhies such as poland and
even Germany reportedly blocking moves by Britain and others to put the cuts on the
table.
One European country that played a key role was Denmark, the host, but this turned out
to be an embarrassment-
Connie Hedegaard, the Danish climate minister, started well but was forced at the start
of week two to step down in favour of the Danish prime minister, lars lakke
Rasmussen,officially because it would be inappropriate for a mere climate minister to
meet and greet world leaders. But it was an open secret that she was at odds with her
leader and the rich countries preferred their own man.
Then Lars Iakke Rasmussen proved to be out of his depth at this level of politics. He,
too, was forced to step down, probably by the UK, Australia, Canadaand others.
Denmark also gavethe world the "Danish text", a semi-secretset ofproposals prepared
with the rich countries. to be pushed for at the end ofthe talks. It was leaked to the
Guardian on day two, and f'rom then on the fight between rich and poor countries was
furious.
JohnVidal
Copenhagen:The key players and how they ratedI EnvironmentI The Observer Page1 of5
-',---.r - '-
$Uardian,'.r,rr Tïetfrgenær
European leatlers negotiate with Presirlent Obarna while aides listen in cluring the final
night of the llli tllirnate Change Sumrnit in Copenhagen. Photograph: Getty Images
Barack Obama
The last time Barack Obama took a chance on Copenhagen it ended in abject
humiliation-
The president hopped on a flight to the Danish capital to join a campaign by Oprah
Winfrey and his wife, Michelle, to try to win Chicago the right to host the zo16 Olympie
Games. But the Obamas' reliance on their high-voltage star power fell flat.
The International olympic committee eliminated chicago in the fust round of voting.
When Obama returned to Washington, Republicans accusedhim of diminishing the
office of president, and using up too much American political capital on such a frivolous
matter.
On this return visit, the president did rather better. He flew home into a winter
snowstorm in WashinSon able to claim that - aftertwo years of negotiations had ended
in deadlock - he had persuaded tàe world's biggest producers of greenhouse gasesto act
on global warming.
Environmentalists denounced the deal as a sham; and even Obama described its
achievements as "modest". As he told a press conference on Friday night, holding out for
a better deal might have meant no deal: "There might be such frustration and cynicism
tha! rather than taking one step forward, we ended up taking two steps baclc"
The White House will be able to spin Obama's efforts into a porhait of muscular
diplomacy. His speechto the summit, in which he sourly noted the distance that
remained to a deal, showed the president was prepared to come down hard against
political opponents - a capability that has not been in full view in Washington.
That could help blunt Republican claims that the president - once again - gambled and
lost at copenhagen, and weakened America on the international stage- For Democrats,
http.//www.guardian.co.uVenvironment/2009/dec/20/copenhagen-obama-brown-clim...
04/0112010
,penhagen:The key players and how they rated I Environment I The Observer PageZ of 5
the weaknessof the Copenhagen deal may be something of a relief. Obama did not
commit Ameriea to any nery action, giving them additional wriggle room to frame
climate legislation with a skong chance of being passedin the Senate.
The deal that emerged in Copenhagen allows Obama to claim that he got China to meet
Arnerica's demand that it provide accountability of its actions to cut greenhouse gas
emissions. The issue had treen one ofthe biggest sticking points in negotiationq and
getting some elements of a compromise finm China was crucialto Obama's e.fforts to get
the legislation through the Senate.
Republican and Democratic senators from Midwest manufacturing states have been
adamant that any deal should not give a competitive advantage to Chine.seand Indian
industry.
As they returned home on Air Force One, White House ofEcials gave a detailed briefing
on how Obama worked his way around a Chinese protocol ofEcer who he thought was
getting in the way of his meeting with Wen Jiabao. They also suggestedthe president
had walked uninvited into a meeting of China, India, Brazil, and SouthAfuica.lhe
White House had previously thought the meeting would tte a one-on-one between Wen
and Obama.
'The only surprise we had, in all honesty, was... that in that room wasn't just the
Chinese having a meeting... but in fact all four countries that we had been trying to
"The president'sviewpoint is: I
arrange meetingswith," the White House official said.
wanted to seethem all, and now is our chance."
But the huge shorrhlls, and the grumblings of African countries, are not going to matter
as much in Washington as the fact that Otrama can claim that he went face to faee with
China - and won.
Suzânne Goldenberg
Gordon Brown
Miliband's late-night dash helped avert a
conference crisis
An exhausted Ed Miliband was in his pyjamas and about to get into bed at the Radisson
Blu Hotel in Copenhagen when he made a final check call to an o{fcial at 4am. The
climate chanee secretary could not believe what he heard.
After two weeks of summitry and years of preparation, an accord had finally been agreed
by 3o countuies, including the UK and US. Now it just had to be ratified by the ûrll r9z
nations present to gain formal UN status. It looked like a formality - frr from perfect,
but it was something for leaders across the globe to take home.
However, the official told Miliband that five countries - Bolivia, Veneuela, Niearagua,
Sudan and Saudi Arabia - were cutting up rough and saying they would veto a deaL The
whole summit could end in complete failure.
Miliband tore back to the conference centre and entered the meeting to hear the
Sudaneseofficial Lumumba Stanislas Dia-ping comparing the agteement to the
"a
Holoeaust.The paet, he said, was solution basedon values,the very samevaluesin
"asked Africa
our opinion that funnelled six million people in Eurrcpe into furnaees". It
to sign a suieide pâet, ân ineineration pact, in order to maintain the economic
dominance of a few countries".
Delegatesfrom a number of western countries quickly took to the floor to denounce the
Sudanesedelegate's references as offensive, among them Milibanè who is Jewish- It
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009ldec/20lcopenhagen-obama-brown-clim...04lDll2O10
entlrheobserver Page J or )
,p@
Toby Helm
China
Promise that can't be Proved
play hardball at ttre
Barack Obama was not the orùy world leader prepared to
conference,asChina'sprimeminister,WenJiabao,alsodemonstratedthathecould
withstand pressure from the international community'
AlthoughChina,insigningthedeal,commitsforthefirsttimetocurbingtherateof
country's economic
growth of its emissions, Wen can claim that he safeguarded the
future.
to submit to an international
China fought hard against strong pressure from Àmerica
as promised'
regime that would monitor if it was indeed cutting emissions
WhenObamasaidChina'sstandonaccountabilitywouldeonsignanydealto"empty
wordsonapage",Wenwalked.outoftheconferencecentreandwentbacktohishotel.
HelaterdeliveredanadditionalsnubbysendingaprotoeolofEcertotalktoobama.
Suzanne Goklenberg
a410112010
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/200gldecl}olcopenhagen-obama-brown-clim"'
Copenhagenclimate summit: l,2OAlimos, 140 private planes and caviar wedges - Tel... Page I of 3
Copenhagenclimate 1,200limos,140private
summit:
planesandcaviarwedges
Copenhagenis preparingfor the climatechangesummitthatwill produceas much carbon
dioxideas a townthe size of Middlesbrouqh.
ByAndrewGilligan
Published:10:55PMGMï 05 Dec 2009
Comments361 | Commenton this article
On a normalday, Majken
FrissJorgensen, managing
directorof Copenhagen's
biggestlimousine company,
saysherfirmhastwelve
vehicleson the road.During
the "summitto savethe
world",whichopenshere
tomonow,shewill have200.
"Wethoughttheywerenot
goingto havemanycars,due
to it beinga climate
convention," shesays."Butit
seemsthatsomebodylast
weeklookedat the weather
report." Vrsitorswatch a visualdisplayabout the environmentbeforethe openingof the summitin
C o p e n h a g e nP h o t o R
: ÊUTERS
RelatedArticles
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Ms Jorgensenreckonsthat betweenher and her rivalsthe total number of limos in Copenhagennext week
has alreadybrokenthe 1,200 banier. The French alone rang up on Thursdayand odered another42. "\rVe
haven'tgot enough limos in the countryto fulfilthe demand,"she says. "We're havingto drive them in
hundredsof milesfrom Germanyand Sweden."
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confb/6736517/Copenh... A4/0ll20l0
,openhagenclimate summit: l,200limos, 140 private planesand caviar wedges - Tel... page 2 of 3
'
Danish."
TheDanishgovernment is cunningly
spendinga millionkroner(Ê120,000)
to givethe protestesKlimaForum,
a "parallelconference"
in the magnificentDGI-byensportscentre.Thehope,officialsadmit,is thattheywill
workofftheiryouthtulenergieson the climbingwall,state-of-the-art
swimmingpoolsand bowlingalley,Justin
Gase,however,Denmarkhastakendeliveryof itsfirst-everwater-cannon - one of the newspapers is running
a competitionto suggestnamesfor it - plussweepingnew policepowerc.The authoritieshavebeenproudly
showingus theirnewtemporaryprison,360 cagesin a disusedbrewery,housing4,000detainees.
http:llwww.telegraph.co.uVearth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6736517/Copenh...
04/AUZO\0
rmate summlt
'We
feelthatwe arethe goodguys,the selflesssaviours,andtheyarethe badguys."
@Copyrightof TelegraphMediaGroupLimited2A1O
A4/0112014
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earthL/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6736577{Copenh...
. Copenhagenclimate summit: global warming'caused by sun'sradiation' - Telegraph Page 1 of2
-lô--\
,.*.'i.,
Uetrgrnph
Copenhagen globalwarming'caused
climatesummit:
by sun'sradiation'
Globalwarmingis causedby radiationfrom the sun,accordingto a leadingscientist
speakingout at an alternative"sceptics'conference"in Copenhagen.
ByLouiseGray
Published:5:1OPMGMT 08 Dec 2009
Althoughthe meetingwas
considerably smallerthanthe
officialgatheringof 15,000
peoplemeetingdownthe
road,the organiserc claimedit
couldchangethe courseof
negotiations.
Climatescientistshave criticisedthe theorythat globalwarmingis caused by sunspots. Photo:
REUTERS
RelatedArticles
Behindthe scenesat the sceptics'conference
Do Metfiguresproveglobalwarming?
Howgreenis the summit?
UNwatchdogtells US 'showme the money'
Theissues:money
Sceptics'mayresortto illegalactsto stop climatedeal'
saidsea levelrisehasalsobeen
ProfessorNils-AxelMomer,a geologisttromStockholmUniversity,
exaggeratedby the "climate usingcomputermodels.
alarmists"
O4lOll2A70
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6762640/Copenh...
-openhagenclimate summit: global warming'caused by sun'sradiation' - Telegraph Page} of Z
He saidobservational
datafromlakesediments,
coastlinesandtreesshowsea levelshaveremainedstable.
ProfessorCliffOllier,anothergeologistfromthe University
of WesternAustralia,alsosaidthe environmental
lobbyhavegot it wrongon ice caps.He saidthe meltingof ice sheetsis causedby geothermaladivtty rather
thanglobalsurfacetemperatures.
GrahamCapperof ClimateSensesaidmanmadeglobalwarming
was a mythandscientistswho said
otherwise
werelying.:
"Thereare peoplewho knowtheyare lyinganddo
it simplyfor moneyand otherswhothlnktheyaredoing
good,"he said."Buttheynotgoodscientists."
LordMonckton,
a formeradviserto MargaretThatcher,saidhe was speakingto delegations
fromthe US and
Canadaaboutquestion
marksoverthe science.
@Copyright
of TelegraphMediaGroupLimited2O1O
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earthlcopenhagen-climate-change-confe/67626401Copenh...
04rc1D010
*vl,vls"Dv-- '-,^i*Yt€s&Ti
|
-Udcgirnph.co.urt
By JamesKirkuP,andLouiseGraY
10:00PMGMT20 Dec2009
Published:
RelatedArticles
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o4loll2olo
http:/iwww.telegraph.co.uk/earth,/copenhagen-climate-change'confe/6851246lCopenh--
p to policecountries'emissions- Telegraph Page2 of 3
the climatechangesecretary,
Ed Miliband, of the summitwas "disappointing"
saidon Sundaythe conclusion
andopenlyblamedBeijing.
'legallybinding'or againstthe 2050targetof 50
He said:"lf leadingcountriesholdoutagainstsomethinglike
per cent reductionsin carbonemissions- whichwas heldout againstby countrieslike China- you are not
goingto getthe agreement youwant.'
04/01/2010
o.uHearthlcopenhagen-climate-change-confe/685l246lCopenh...
http://www.telegraph.c
Printer Friendly Page1 of2
TIMES
FromTheTimes
D e c e m b e1r9 . 2 0 0 9
Copenhagendeadlocklwapped up as
emissionsdeal
Ben Webster,Sam Coatesand PhiltppeNaughtonin Copenhagen
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