217

Notation

Notation
10.1 Special Notation

10.2(ii) Standard Solutions

Bessel Function of the First Kind
10.2.2

J (z) = ( 12 z)

(For other notation see pp. xiv and 873.)

m, n
k
x, y
z

(x)
primes

integers. In 10.4710.71 n is nonnegative.

nonnegative integer (except in 10.73).
real variables.
complex variable.
real or complex parameter (the order).
arbitrary small positive constant.
z(d/dz ).
0 (x)/ (x): logarithmic derivative of the
gamma function (5.2(i)).
derivatives with respect to argument, except
where indicated otherwise.

(1)k

k=0

( 14 z 2 )k
.
k! ( + k + 1)

This solution of (10.2.1) is an analytic function of z C,

except for a branch point at z = 0 when is not an integer. The principal branch of J (z) corresponds to the
principal value of ( 12 z) (4.2(iv)) and is analytic in the
z-plane cut along the interval (, 0].
When = n ( Z), J (z) is entire in z.
For fixed z (6= 0) each branch of J (z) is entire in .
Bessel Function of the Second Kind (Webers Function)
10.2.3

Y (z) =

J (z) cos() J (z)

.
sin()

When is an integer the right-hand side is replaced by

its limiting value:


1 J (z) 
(1)n J (z) 
Yn (z) =
+
,
10.2.4
=n

=n
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
Whether or not is an integer Y (z) has a branch point
at z = 0. The principal branch corresponds to the principal branches of J (z) in (10.2.3) and (10.2.4), with
a cut in the z-plane along the interval (, 0].
Except in the case of Jn (z), the principal branches
of J (z) and Y (z) are two-valued and discontinuous on
the cut ph z = ; compare 4.2(i).
Both J (z) and Y (z) are real when is real and
ph z = 0.
For fixed z (6= 0) each branch of Y (z) is entire in .

Bessel and Hankel Functions

10.2 Definitions
10.2(i) Bessels Equation
d2 w
dw
2
2
2 + z dz + (z )w = 0.
dz
This differential equation has a regular singularity at
z = 0 with indices , and an irregular singularity at
z = of rank 1; compare 2.7(i) and 2.7(ii).
10.2.1

z2

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Bessel Functions

10.3 Graphics
10.3(i) Real Order and Variable
See Figures 10.3.110.3.8. For the modulus and phase functions M (x), (x), N (x), and (x) see 10.18.

Figure 10.3.1: J0 (x), Y0 (x), J1 (x), Y1 (x), 0 x 10.

10.4 Connection Formulas

Other solutions of (10.2.1) include J (z), Y (z),
(1)
(2)
H (z), and H (z).
10.4.1

Jn (z) = (1)n Jn (z),

Yn (z) = (1)n Yn (z),

10.6 Recurrence Relations and Derivatives

10.6(i) Recurrence Relations
With C (z) defined as in 10.2(ii),
10.6.1

C1 (z) + C+1 (z) = (2/z) C (z),

C1 (z) C+1 (z) = 2 C0 (z).

10.6.2

C0 (z) = C1 (z) (/z) C (z),

C0 (z) = C+1 (z) + (/z) C (z).
J00 (z) = J1 (z),

Y00 (z) = Y1 (z),

10.6.3

10.6(ii) Derivatives
For k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
k

1 d
(z C (z)) = z k Ck (z),
z dz
10.6.6 
k
1 d
(z C (z)) = (1)k z k C+k (z).
z dz
 
k
1 X
k
(k)
10.6.7 C (z) = k
Ck+2n (z).
(1)n
n
2 n=0

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Bessel Functions

10.22 Integrals
10.22(i) Indefinite Integrals
In this subsection C (z) and D (z) denote cylinder functions(10.2(ii)) of orders and , respectively, not necessarily
distinct.
Z
Z
+1
+1
10.22.1
z
C (z) dz = z
C+1 (z),
z +1 C (z) dz = z +1 C1 (z).
Z


1
10.22.2
6= 12 .
z C (z) dz = 2 21 + 12 z (C (z) H1 (z) C1 (z) H (z)) ,

Orthogonality

If > 1, then
Z
10.22.37
0

t J (j,` t) J (j,m t) dt = 12 `,m (J0 (j,` )) ,

where j,` and j,m are zeros of J (x) (10.21(i)), and `,m is Kroneckers symbol.
Also, if a, b, are real constants with b 6= 0 and > 1, then

 2
Z 1
(J (` ))2
a
2
2
10.22.38
+

,
t J (` t) J (m t) dt = `,m
`
b2
2`2
0
where ` and m are positive zeros of a J (x) + bx J0 (x). (Compare (10.22.55)).