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At the inside surface of the composite wall, the rate of heat transfer qi, (W),
consists of convective heat transfer between fluid, the air, and solid surface qc and
the radiant heat transfer qr, as follows:
qi =qC + qr =hC A 1 ( T iT 1 ) +hr A1 ( T iT 1) (1.12)
hi A 1 ( T iT 1 )
where Ti = indoor temperature, (C). From Eq. (1.12), the inside surface heat
transfer coefficient hi at the liquid-to-solid interface, (W/m2.C) is
hi=hC +hr
and the thermal resistance Ri of the inner surface due to convection and
radiation, hi (C/W), is
Ri =
L
(1.13)
hi A 1
Similarly, at the outside surface of the composite wall, the rate of heat-transfer qo,
(W/m2.C), is
q o=h o A 4 ( T 4 T o ) (1.14)
R o=
1
ho A4
For one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer, the overall heat-transfer rate of the
composite wall q, (W), can be calculated as
q=q i=q k =q o=UA (T iT o )=
T iT o
(1.15)
RT
where U = overall heat-transfer coefficient, often called the U value, (W/m2 .C)
A = surface area perpendicular to heat flow, (m2 )
RT
and
RT =Ri + RA + RB + R C + R o=
1
( 1.16 )
UA
LA
L
L
R B= B RC = C
kA A
kB A
kC A
2
Example (1):
A flat composite plate is made of two layers of aluminum and steel of 5 cm and 2
cm thickness respectively. The thermal conductivities of aluminum and steel are
205 W/m.oK and 45 W/m.oK respectively. The hot surface of aluminum side is in
contact with hot liquid at 200oC, the heat transfer co-efficient of liquid film being
14 W/m2.oK. The cold surface of steel side is in contact with liquid at 25 oC, the
heat transfer co-efficient of liquid film being 29 W/m2.oK.
Determine, (1) overall co-efficient of heat transfer, and (2) the heat transfer rate
from hot liquid to cold liquid through surface area of 10 m2.
Example (2):
The exposed roof of a residential building is made of 1.5 cm of gypsum plaster, 10
cm of reinforced concrete and 5 cm of brick tiles. In order to reduce the heat load,
insulation is provided by mud phuska interposed between brick tiles and concrete.
If the heat transfer is reduced by 70%, determine the thickness of the layer of
mud-phuska. The thermal conductivities are: Plaster 0.8 W/m.oK, concrete 1.25
W/m.oK, brick tiles 0.7 W/m.oK and mud-phuska 0.15 W/m.oK.