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Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical Institute Zakho / Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning Department


Second year
Air Conditioning
Lecture #3
Lecturer: Firas M. Younis
Overall Heat Transfer
In actual practice, many calculations of heat-transfer rates are combinations
of conduction, convection, and radiation. Consider the composite wall shown
below; in addition to the conduction through the wall, convection and radiation
occur at inside and outside surfaces 1 and 4 of the composite wall.

At the inside surface of the composite wall, the rate of heat transfer qi, (W),
consists of convective heat transfer between fluid, the air, and solid surface qc and
the radiant heat transfer qr, as follows:
qi =qC + qr =hC A 1 ( T iT 1 ) +hr A1 ( T iT 1) (1.12)
hi A 1 ( T iT 1 )

where Ti = indoor temperature, (C). From Eq. (1.12), the inside surface heat
transfer coefficient hi at the liquid-to-solid interface, (W/m2.C) is
hi=hC +hr


and the thermal resistance Ri of the inner surface due to convection and

radiation, hi (C/W), is
Ri =

L
(1.13)
hi A 1

Similarly, at the outside surface of the composite wall, the rate of heat-transfer qo,
(W/m2.C), is
q o=h o A 4 ( T 4 T o ) (1.14)

where ho = outside surface heat-transfer coefficient at fluid-to-solid interface,


(W/m2 .C)
A4 = area of surface 4, (m2 )
T4 = temperature of surface 4, (C)
To = outdoor temperature, (C)

The outer thermal resistance Ro , (C/W), is

R o=

1
ho A4

For one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer, the overall heat-transfer rate of the
composite wall q, (W), can be calculated as
q=q i=q k =q o=UA (T iT o )=

T iT o
(1.15)

RT

where U = overall heat-transfer coefficient, often called the U value, (W/m2 .C)
A = surface area perpendicular to heat flow, (m2 )
RT

= overall thermal resistance of composite wall, (C/W)

and
RT =Ri + RA + RB + R C + R o=

1
( 1.16 )
UA

Also, the thermal resistances can be written as


RA =

LA
L
L
R B= B RC = C
kA A
kB A
kC A
2

Therefore, the overall heat transfer coefficient U is given as


1 1 L A LB LC 1
= + + + + (1.17)
U h i k A k B k C ho

Example (1):
A flat composite plate is made of two layers of aluminum and steel of 5 cm and 2
cm thickness respectively. The thermal conductivities of aluminum and steel are
205 W/m.oK and 45 W/m.oK respectively. The hot surface of aluminum side is in
contact with hot liquid at 200oC, the heat transfer co-efficient of liquid film being
14 W/m2.oK. The cold surface of steel side is in contact with liquid at 25 oC, the
heat transfer co-efficient of liquid film being 29 W/m2.oK.
Determine, (1) overall co-efficient of heat transfer, and (2) the heat transfer rate
from hot liquid to cold liquid through surface area of 10 m2.

Example (2):
The exposed roof of a residential building is made of 1.5 cm of gypsum plaster, 10
cm of reinforced concrete and 5 cm of brick tiles. In order to reduce the heat load,
insulation is provided by mud phuska interposed between brick tiles and concrete.
If the heat transfer is reduced by 70%, determine the thickness of the layer of
mud-phuska. The thermal conductivities are: Plaster 0.8 W/m.oK, concrete 1.25
W/m.oK, brick tiles 0.7 W/m.oK and mud-phuska 0.15 W/m.oK.

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