Hardness A material property measuring

how easily the surface can be scratched

the measure of a materials resistance to
deformation by surface indentation. The
hardness of a material is generally directly
proportional to strength and brittleness, i.e.
the harder the material the lower the
ductility. Hardness also measures a
materials resistance to localized *plastic
(permanent) deformation. It is Increase in
resistance to indentation.

INDENT Tooth-like notches.

INDENTATION 1. Extent of deformation
by the indentor point of any one of a
number of standard hardness testing
instruments;
2. Recess in the surface of a hose.

Toughness A material property indicating

the energy required to fail a material; in
other words how much energy a material
can absorb up to fracture. In general ductile
materials tend to be the toughest. The area
under a stressstrain plot for a material is a
way of measuring toughness. It is Property
of matter that resists fracture by impact or
shock.

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Hardness - "Hardness describes how

much energy it takes to deform (stretch,

compress, bend, etc.) a material."
Hardness is a parameter which measures
how resistant a solid material is to
permanent shape changes when a
compressive force is applied. Hard
materials usually have strong
intermolecular forces. Therefore, they can
withstand external forces without
changing their shape permanently.

Toughness - "Toughness describes

how much total energy has to be used

before a material breaks".In material
science and metallurgy, toughness is
described as the ability of a material to
absorb energy to deform plastically
without fracturing. It is also said to be the
resistance to deforming plastically, before
fracturing when stressed. Sometimes, it is
defined as the energy per unit volume that
a material can absorb without rupturing.

Properties and Examples of

Hardness and Toughness
Hardness: A hard material can scratch a
soft material. Hardness depends on other
material properties such as ductility,
elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain,
strength, toughness and viscosity.

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Diamond is the hardest natural material

on the earth. The other examples of hard
materials are ceramics, concrete, and
some metals.

Toughness: Tough material can absorb

large amounts of energy without
fracturing; therefore tough materials
require a balance of strength and
ductility. Brittle materials have a lower
value for toughness. Manganese, wrought
iron, and mild steel materials are
considered as tough materials.

Resilience is the ability of a material

to absorb energy when it

is deformed elastically, and release that
energy upon unloading.

Proof resilience is defined as the

maximum energy that can be absorbed

within the elastic limit, without creating a
permanent distortion."
Resilience
Stiffness is the rigidity of an object
the extent to which it
resists deformation in response to an
applied force.
"Hardness" in the elastic rangea small
temporary change in shape for a given
forceis known as stiffness in the case

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of a given object, or a high elastic

modulus in the case of a material.

SOUNDNESS 1. Freedom from flaws;

2. Solid, free from cracks, flaws, fissures,
or variations from an accepted standard.

The soundness test determines an

aggregates resistance to disintegration by
weathering and, in particular, freeze-thaw
cycles. Aggregates that are durable
(resistant to weathering) are less likely to
degrade in the field and cause premature
HMA pavement distress and potentially,
failure.

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