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Sec 2 topics

Use map scales, convert between map and actual length, and area
Identify, verify, and form directly proportional and inversely proportional equations
between 2 variables
Expand and factorise algebraic expressions
Changing the subject of a formula
Finding the value of an unknown quantity in a given formula
Recognising and applying the special products
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 and a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b) in expansion and factorisation
Solve simple algebraic equations, including fractions with quadratic denominators
Graph and sketch quadratic functions
Solve simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns by elimination, substitution, and
the graphical method
Formulating a pair of linear equations in two unknowns to solve problems
Identify and form congruent, and similar plane shapes, and solids by their angles and
dimensions
Calculate the size and volume of congruent, and similar plane figures, and solid shapes
based on scale factor
Use the Pythagoras' theorem to find the lengths of right-angled triangles
Determine whether a triangle is right-angled given its 3 sides using the converse of the
Pythagoras' theorem
Use the sine, cosine, and tangent trigonometric ratios to solve acute angle problems
Find the surface area, and volume of pyramids, cones, and spheres
Interpret and draw dot diagrams and stem-and-leaf diagrams
Calculate mean for grouped data
List the sample space of an experiment/survey
Calculate the probability of single events

Map scales | Peta skala

Map scales can be in ratio or representative fraction format.


Map scales are always given for lengths. To obtain the area scale we need to square
(kuadrat) the map scale.
Tanya: On a map, 4 cm represents 20 km. Give the map scale.
4 cm : 20 km
1 cm : 5 km
1 cm : 500 000 cm
1 : 500 000 or

1
500000

1
, find the
20000
(I) actual distance for 6 cm on the map,
(ii) map length for the actual distance of 45 km,
(iii) actual area for 6 cm2 on the map,
(iv) map area for the actual area of 45 km2.
Tanya: Given the map scale is

(i)

1 : 20 000
1 cm : 20 000 cm
1 cm : 200 m
6 cm : 1 200 m = 1.2 km
1
(iii) 1 cm : 200 m =
km
5
1
1 cm2 :
km2
25
6
6 cm2 :
km2
25

(ii) 200 m : 1 cm
1 km : 5 cm
45 km : 225 cm
(iv) 1 km : 5 cm
1 km2 : 25 cm2
45 km2 : 1 125 cm2

Directly proportional | Berbanding lurus


Two quantities move in the same direction | Dua kuantitas bergerak sama arah
When one increases, the other increases. When one falls, the other decreases.

*
*
*
*

A straight line
Passes through the origin
Rumus y = kx
k is the constant of proportionality

Tanya: y is directly proportional to x


Answer: y = kx
Tanya: j is directly proportional to d3
Answer: j = kd3
Tanya: k2 is directly proportional to p
Answer: k2 = Kp
Please do not use the same k
Tanya: Jika m is directly proportional to t and when t = 2, m = 5. Mencari rumus.
Berapa t kapan m = 1.
m = kt
5=k2

k = 2.5
m = 2.5t
1 = 2.5t
t = 0.4

Tanya: Given that y is directly proportional to x, find the formula connecting x and y
and the value of a.
x
1
2
3
4
y

16

32

Since y = kx
When x = 1, y = 8

OR
When x = 2, y = 16

OR
When x = 4, y = 32

So, when x = 3, y = 8 3 = 24

8 =k1
16 = k 2
32 = k 4

k=8
k=8
k=8

y = 8x
y = 8x
y = 8x

Tanya: Determine if y is directly proportional to x.


x
1
2
3
4
y

4.5

13.5

18

If y is really directly proportional to x, y = kx


When x = 1, y = 4.5

When x = 2, y = 9

When x = 3, y = 12.5

When x = 4, y = 18

Since k is constant, yes, y

k=

y
= a constant
x

k=

y
= a constant
x

4.5
= 4.5
1
9
k=
= 4.5
2
13.5
k=
= 4.5
3
18
k=
= 4.5
4
is directly proportional to x.
k=

Tanya: Determine if y is directly proportional to x.


x
1
2
3
4
y

4.5

12.5

18

If y is really directly proportional to x, y = kx


When x = 1, y = 4.5

k=

When x = 2, y = 9

k=

When x = 3, y = 12.5

k=

When x = 4, y = 18

k=

Since k is not constant, no, y is not

4.5
= 4.5
1
9
= 4.5
2
12.5
25
=
3
6
18
= 4.5
4
directly proportional to x.

Inversely proportional | Berbanding terbalik


Two quantities move in opposite directions | Dua kuantitas bergerak terbalik arah
When x increases (decreases), y decreases (increases)

* The hyperbola never touches the axes


k
* Rumus y =
x
* k is the constant of proportionality
Tanya: i is inversely proportional to p
k
Answer: i =
p
Tanya: j is inversely proportional to d3
k
Answer: j =
3
d
Tanya: k2 is inversely proportional to p
K
Answer: k2 =
p
Please do not use the same k
Tanya: Show that y is inversely proportional to x.
x
1
2
3
4
y

32

16

32
3

If y is really inversely proportional to x, y =

x
= 32
= 32

k = xy = constant

When x = 1, y = 32

k = 1 32
When x = 2, y = 16

k = 2 16
32
32
When x = 3, y =

k=3
= 32
3
3
When x = 4, y = 8

k=48
= 32
Since k is a constant, yes, y is inversely proportional to x.

Tanya:
x

11

100
50
25
10
(I) Is y inversely proportional to x? Why?
(ii) Is y inversely proportional to (x 1)? Why?
(iii) Find the equation connecting (x - 1) and y. Hence, find the value of x when y = 5.
(i) If y is really inversely proportional to x, y =
constant
x

11

100

50

25

10

k
x

k = xy = k = should be a

k = xy
200
150
125
110
Since k is not constant, y is not inversely proportional to x.
(ii) We set up a new table and repeat the steps in (i)
If y is really inversely proportional to (x - 1), y =
should be a constant
(x - 1)
1
2
y

100

50

10

25

10

k
x 1

k = (x - 1)y = k =

k = (x - 1)y 100
100
100
100
Since k is constant, y is inversely proportional to (x 1).
(iii) y =

k
=
x 1

100
x 1

When y = 5, 5 =

100
x 1

5x 5 = 100
5x = 105
x = 21
Tanya: It is given that x and y are in direct proportion. If the difference in the values
of y when x = 25 and when x = 4 is 42, find an equation connecting x and y.
For direct proportion, y
= kx
When x = 25, y = k 25 = 5k
When x = 4, y = k 4 = 2k
5k 2k = 42
3k = 42
k = 14
y = 14x
Tanya: A and B2 are in direct proportion. A = 5 for some value of B. Find E when B is
increased by 100 %, and decrease by 50 %.
A = kB2
Case 1:
Case 2:

5 = kB2 ----------- (1)


B is now 2B

A = k(2B)2
A = 4kB2
Put in (1), A = 4 5 = 20
1
Case 3:
B is now
2
1
A = k(
B)2
2
1
A=
kB2
4
1
Put in (1), A =
5 = 1.25
4

Identities
Always look out for signs, numbers, and algebraic terms to factorise out first every
time
Asli
terms
Asli
terms
Asli
terms
Menggabungkan
- b + c)(a - b - c)

(a b)2

= a2 2ab + b2

(a + b)(a b)

= a2 b2

(a + b)(c + d)

= ac + ad + bc + bd

(a + b)2 c2

= (a + b + c)( a + b - c)

gives 3
gives 2
gives 4
or

(a - b)2 c2 = (a

= a2 + 2ab + b2 - c2
terms
Menggabungkan
+ b - c)(a b + c)

a2 (b + c)2

= (a + b + c)(a b c)

gives 4
or

a2 (b - c)2 = (a

= a2 b2 -2bc - c2
terms
Menggabungkan

(a + b)2 - (c + d)2 = (a + b + c + d)(a + b c - d)


= a2 + 2ab + b2 c2 2cd - d2

gives 4

gives 6

terms
Contoh untuk (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2

4:

(x + 3)2
(2x + 6)2
OR

Or we can (-4):
-4x2 - 24x 36

= x2 + 6x + 9 can be made slightly harder by multiplying by 4 (not 2!)


= 4x2 + 24x + 36 can be
= 4( x2 + 6x + 9)
= [2(x + 3)]2
= 4(x + 3)2
= 4(x2 + 6x + 9)
= 4x2 + 24x + 36
= -4(x2 + 6x + 9)
= -4(x + 3)2

x2-14x+49
Or we can (-4w):
-4wx2 - 24wx 36w = -4w(x2 + 6x + 9)
= -4w(x + 3)2
So remember to always factorise out any sign, number, and algebraic terms first! Sometimes, we need to

rearrange the question to bring it to the correct format.


-450g -2x2g + 60xg = -2g(x2 30x + 225)
= -2g(x 15)2
Contoh untuk (a + b)(a b)
= a2 b2
x2y2 49
= (xy)2 (7)2
= (xy + 7)(xy 7)
Let's again multiply a negative sign, a number, and an algebraic term to confuse the
students. Remember, sometiumes, we need to rearrange the terms.
-2q3: -128q3h40 + 50d24q3 = 50q3d24 -128q3h40
= 2q3(25d24 64h40)
= 2q3[(5d12)2 (8h20)2]
= 2q3[(5d12 + 8h20)(5d12 8h20)]
= 2q3(5d12 + 8h20)(5d12 8h20)
Quadratic equations
y = ax2 + bx + c = a(x2 +

b
x+
a

c
) = a[(x +
a

b
b
)2 - (
)2 +
2a
2a

c
]
a

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/quadratic-equation-graph.html
http://www.virtualnerd.com/algebra-1/quadratic-equations-functions/graphing/graphbasics/vertex-example
Curve changing:
Basic quadratic curve
y = x2

Now modify its width/size and direction


y = ax2, a > 1,
Eg. y = 6x2

notice how the curve becomes narrower and sharper


OR a < -1, y = ax2
Eg. y = -6x2

notice that the curve now goes in the opposite way


OR 0 < a < 1, y = ax2
Eg. y = 0.6x2

notice that the curve is now wider and lower


OR -1 < a < 0, y = ax2
Eg. y = -0.6x2

notice the curve now is sad

Now we modify the centre line of symmetry without changing the shape and size
y = (x + a)2
Eg. a > 0, y = (x + 2)2 shifts the curve horizontally to the negative side without
changing the shape and size

Eg. a < 0, y = (x 2)2 shifts the curve horizontally to the positive side without
changing the shape and size

Now we shift the curve vertically without changing the shape and size
y = x2 + a
Eg. a > 0, y = x2 + 2

Eg. a < 0, y = x2 - 2

We now combine all


Eg. y = -0.6(x 2)2 2

Congruency
* Figures have the same corresponding angles and lengths, and the same area
* Figures can be rotated and flipped. Colours and materials are not important
* No formulae to learn, just compare corresponding angles, lengths, and areas
* Vertices must be named in the correct order. Eg. ABC is congruent to A1C1B1 is
wrong
* There are four tests for congruency. Only one is needed at any one time to prove
congruency

Similarity
* Figures change only in size by a scale factor but the corresponding angles remain
unchanged
* Areas change as the size changes
* Figures can be rotated and flipped. Colours and materials are not important
* Vertices must be named in the correct order. Eg. ABC is congruent to A1C1B1 is
wrong
* There are three tests for similarity. Only one is needed at any one time for proving.

Any 2 corresponding angles are the same


(AA)
CAB = DFE
CBA = FED

By AA property, ABC is

similar to DEF
OR
If two sides of both triangles are in the
same ratio
and the angle between these two sides
are equal
(SAS)

MNO = PQR
(given)
NO
=
QR

MN
=
PQ
5
=
10

2
=
4

1
2
By SAS property,

MNO is similar to PQR


OR
If all three sides of both
triangles
are of the same ratio
(SSS)

AB
10
BC
6
CA
8
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
HJ
5
JK
3
KH
4
1
By SSS property, ABC is similar to HJK
Contoh
ABC = DBE (Common )
BAC = BDE or BCA = BED (Corresponding s, AC // DE)
By AA property, ABC is similar to DBE
Hence,
BD
BE
DE
=
=
BA
BC
AC

Contoh
CBA = DBC (Common )
ACB = CDB = 900
By AA property, ABC is similar to CBD
Hence,
CAB = DCB ( sum in )
AC
AB
BC
=
=
CD
CB
BD
Area factor
Similar to the map scales chapter, area factor of similar shapes is obtained by squaring
the scale factor
Map scale
Similar shapes
Eg.
Length scale = 1 cm :
1.5 km

Area scale

= 12 cm2 : Eg.

1.52 km2
= 1 cm2 :
2.25 km2
= 1 cm2 :
9
4

km2
= 4 cm2 :

9 km

BD
8
DE
6
EB
10
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
JH
12
HI
9
IJ
15
3
Hence length ratio = small 2 : big 3
1
6 8
Area of BED
2
=
Area of JIH
1
9 12
2
68
=
9 12
2
2
9 12
3
= 3
9 12
=
length ratio 9 length ratio 12
9 12
length ratio lengthratio
=
1
= (length ratio)2
2 2
=(
)
3
4
=
9

Area factor = (Scale factor)2

Volume factor
Like the way the area factor was obtained by squaring the scale factor, we cube the
scale factor to get the volume factor
Volume factor = (Scale factor)3

Contoh

8 6 4 2
= = =
4 3 2 1
2 3
8
Volume factor = (
) =
1
1
Scale factor =

Contoh

15 1
=
45 3
1 3
Volume factor = (
) =
3
Scale factor =

1
27

Tanya: Find the volume in the smaller bottle if the bigger bottle contains 1 l.
Jawaban:

1
1=
27

1
l
27

Pythagoras'

* Only for right triangles

Trigonometric ratios

* Only for right triangles

Mensuration

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