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Use map scales, convert between map and actual length, and area
Identify, verify, and form directly proportional and inversely proportional equations
between 2 variables
Expand and factorise algebraic expressions
Changing the subject of a formula
Finding the value of an unknown quantity in a given formula
Recognising and applying the special products
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 and a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b) in expansion and factorisation
Solve simple algebraic equations, including fractions with quadratic denominators
Graph and sketch quadratic functions
Solve simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns by elimination, substitution, and
the graphical method
Formulating a pair of linear equations in two unknowns to solve problems
Identify and form congruent, and similar plane shapes, and solids by their angles and
dimensions
Calculate the size and volume of congruent, and similar plane figures, and solid shapes
based on scale factor
Use the Pythagoras' theorem to find the lengths of right-angled triangles
Determine whether a triangle is right-angled given its 3 sides using the converse of the
Pythagoras' theorem
Use the sine, cosine, and tangent trigonometric ratios to solve acute angle problems
Find the surface area, and volume of pyramids, cones, and spheres
Interpret and draw dot diagrams and stem-and-leaf diagrams
Calculate mean for grouped data
List the sample space of an experiment/survey
Calculate the probability of single events
1
500000
1
, find the
20000
(I) actual distance for 6 cm on the map,
(ii) map length for the actual distance of 45 km,
(iii) actual area for 6 cm2 on the map,
(iv) map area for the actual area of 45 km2.
Tanya: Given the map scale is
(i)
1 : 20 000
1 cm : 20 000 cm
1 cm : 200 m
6 cm : 1 200 m = 1.2 km
1
(iii) 1 cm : 200 m =
km
5
1
1 cm2 :
km2
25
6
6 cm2 :
km2
25
(ii) 200 m : 1 cm
1 km : 5 cm
45 km : 225 cm
(iv) 1 km : 5 cm
1 km2 : 25 cm2
45 km2 : 1 125 cm2
*
*
*
*
A straight line
Passes through the origin
Rumus y = kx
k is the constant of proportionality
k = 2.5
m = 2.5t
1 = 2.5t
t = 0.4
Tanya: Given that y is directly proportional to x, find the formula connecting x and y
and the value of a.
x
1
2
3
4
y
16
32
Since y = kx
When x = 1, y = 8
OR
When x = 2, y = 16
OR
When x = 4, y = 32
So, when x = 3, y = 8 3 = 24
8 =k1
16 = k 2
32 = k 4
k=8
k=8
k=8
y = 8x
y = 8x
y = 8x
4.5
13.5
18
When x = 2, y = 9
When x = 3, y = 12.5
When x = 4, y = 18
k=
y
= a constant
x
k=
y
= a constant
x
4.5
= 4.5
1
9
k=
= 4.5
2
13.5
k=
= 4.5
3
18
k=
= 4.5
4
is directly proportional to x.
k=
4.5
12.5
18
k=
When x = 2, y = 9
k=
When x = 3, y = 12.5
k=
When x = 4, y = 18
k=
4.5
= 4.5
1
9
= 4.5
2
12.5
25
=
3
6
18
= 4.5
4
directly proportional to x.
32
16
32
3
x
= 32
= 32
k = xy = constant
When x = 1, y = 32
k = 1 32
When x = 2, y = 16
k = 2 16
32
32
When x = 3, y =
k=3
= 32
3
3
When x = 4, y = 8
k=48
= 32
Since k is a constant, yes, y is inversely proportional to x.
Tanya:
x
11
100
50
25
10
(I) Is y inversely proportional to x? Why?
(ii) Is y inversely proportional to (x 1)? Why?
(iii) Find the equation connecting (x - 1) and y. Hence, find the value of x when y = 5.
(i) If y is really inversely proportional to x, y =
constant
x
11
100
50
25
10
k
x
k = xy = k = should be a
k = xy
200
150
125
110
Since k is not constant, y is not inversely proportional to x.
(ii) We set up a new table and repeat the steps in (i)
If y is really inversely proportional to (x - 1), y =
should be a constant
(x - 1)
1
2
y
100
50
10
25
10
k
x 1
k = (x - 1)y = k =
k = (x - 1)y 100
100
100
100
Since k is constant, y is inversely proportional to (x 1).
(iii) y =
k
=
x 1
100
x 1
When y = 5, 5 =
100
x 1
5x 5 = 100
5x = 105
x = 21
Tanya: It is given that x and y are in direct proportion. If the difference in the values
of y when x = 25 and when x = 4 is 42, find an equation connecting x and y.
For direct proportion, y
= kx
When x = 25, y = k 25 = 5k
When x = 4, y = k 4 = 2k
5k 2k = 42
3k = 42
k = 14
y = 14x
Tanya: A and B2 are in direct proportion. A = 5 for some value of B. Find E when B is
increased by 100 %, and decrease by 50 %.
A = kB2
Case 1:
Case 2:
A = k(2B)2
A = 4kB2
Put in (1), A = 4 5 = 20
1
Case 3:
B is now
2
1
A = k(
B)2
2
1
A=
kB2
4
1
Put in (1), A =
5 = 1.25
4
Identities
Always look out for signs, numbers, and algebraic terms to factorise out first every
time
Asli
terms
Asli
terms
Asli
terms
Menggabungkan
- b + c)(a - b - c)
(a b)2
= a2 2ab + b2
(a + b)(a b)
= a2 b2
(a + b)(c + d)
= ac + ad + bc + bd
(a + b)2 c2
= (a + b + c)( a + b - c)
gives 3
gives 2
gives 4
or
(a - b)2 c2 = (a
= a2 + 2ab + b2 - c2
terms
Menggabungkan
+ b - c)(a b + c)
a2 (b + c)2
= (a + b + c)(a b c)
gives 4
or
a2 (b - c)2 = (a
= a2 b2 -2bc - c2
terms
Menggabungkan
gives 4
gives 6
terms
Contoh untuk (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
4:
(x + 3)2
(2x + 6)2
OR
Or we can (-4):
-4x2 - 24x 36
x2-14x+49
Or we can (-4w):
-4wx2 - 24wx 36w = -4w(x2 + 6x + 9)
= -4w(x + 3)2
So remember to always factorise out any sign, number, and algebraic terms first! Sometimes, we need to
b
x+
a
c
) = a[(x +
a
b
b
)2 - (
)2 +
2a
2a
c
]
a
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/quadratic-equation-graph.html
http://www.virtualnerd.com/algebra-1/quadratic-equations-functions/graphing/graphbasics/vertex-example
Curve changing:
Basic quadratic curve
y = x2
Now we modify the centre line of symmetry without changing the shape and size
y = (x + a)2
Eg. a > 0, y = (x + 2)2 shifts the curve horizontally to the negative side without
changing the shape and size
Eg. a < 0, y = (x 2)2 shifts the curve horizontally to the positive side without
changing the shape and size
Now we shift the curve vertically without changing the shape and size
y = x2 + a
Eg. a > 0, y = x2 + 2
Eg. a < 0, y = x2 - 2
Congruency
* Figures have the same corresponding angles and lengths, and the same area
* Figures can be rotated and flipped. Colours and materials are not important
* No formulae to learn, just compare corresponding angles, lengths, and areas
* Vertices must be named in the correct order. Eg. ABC is congruent to A1C1B1 is
wrong
* There are four tests for congruency. Only one is needed at any one time to prove
congruency
Similarity
* Figures change only in size by a scale factor but the corresponding angles remain
unchanged
* Areas change as the size changes
* Figures can be rotated and flipped. Colours and materials are not important
* Vertices must be named in the correct order. Eg. ABC is congruent to A1C1B1 is
wrong
* There are three tests for similarity. Only one is needed at any one time for proving.
By AA property, ABC is
similar to DEF
OR
If two sides of both triangles are in the
same ratio
and the angle between these two sides
are equal
(SAS)
MNO = PQR
(given)
NO
=
QR
MN
=
PQ
5
=
10
2
=
4
1
2
By SAS property,
AB
10
BC
6
CA
8
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
HJ
5
JK
3
KH
4
1
By SSS property, ABC is similar to HJK
Contoh
ABC = DBE (Common )
BAC = BDE or BCA = BED (Corresponding s, AC // DE)
By AA property, ABC is similar to DBE
Hence,
BD
BE
DE
=
=
BA
BC
AC
Contoh
CBA = DBC (Common )
ACB = CDB = 900
By AA property, ABC is similar to CBD
Hence,
CAB = DCB ( sum in )
AC
AB
BC
=
=
CD
CB
BD
Area factor
Similar to the map scales chapter, area factor of similar shapes is obtained by squaring
the scale factor
Map scale
Similar shapes
Eg.
Length scale = 1 cm :
1.5 km
Area scale
= 12 cm2 : Eg.
1.52 km2
= 1 cm2 :
2.25 km2
= 1 cm2 :
9
4
km2
= 4 cm2 :
9 km
BD
8
DE
6
EB
10
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
JH
12
HI
9
IJ
15
3
Hence length ratio = small 2 : big 3
1
6 8
Area of BED
2
=
Area of JIH
1
9 12
2
68
=
9 12
2
2
9 12
3
= 3
9 12
=
length ratio 9 length ratio 12
9 12
length ratio lengthratio
=
1
= (length ratio)2
2 2
=(
)
3
4
=
9
Volume factor
Like the way the area factor was obtained by squaring the scale factor, we cube the
scale factor to get the volume factor
Volume factor = (Scale factor)3
Contoh
8 6 4 2
= = =
4 3 2 1
2 3
8
Volume factor = (
) =
1
1
Scale factor =
Contoh
15 1
=
45 3
1 3
Volume factor = (
) =
3
Scale factor =
1
27
Tanya: Find the volume in the smaller bottle if the bigger bottle contains 1 l.
Jawaban:
1
1=
27
1
l
27
Pythagoras'
Trigonometric ratios
Mensuration