General Physics I (22101) : Chapter 5

1)

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Instructor : Dr. Iyad SAADEDDIN

2)

The Laws of Motion

The Concept of Force

Newtons First Law

Mass
Newtons Second Law
Gravitational Force and Weight

The Concept of Force

Eg: Push, pull, throw an object; gravity;

magnetic attraction
Only a force can cause a change in velocity
which results in acceleration
Force is a vector quantity

Newtons Third Law

Friction

3)

4)

Contact and Field Forces

Contact forces
act through physical contact

Measuring Force

Field forces
act through empty space

Force is measured as the elongation of the spring.

The total (net) force is the vector sum of all forces acting
on the spring.
If the net force is zero, the object will be in equilibrium, its
acceleration will be zero and its velocity will be constant.

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5)

6)

Newtons First Law

Inertial Frame of Reference

In the absence of an external force

an object in motion remains in motion with

constant velocity.
an object at rest remains at rest

Mass
It is an inherent property (property of matter),
independent of the environment and
measurement.
It can be thought of as the resistance of an
object to any changes in its velocity (inertia).
Dont confuse mass with weight which is the
gravitational force exerted on an object.

This means net force Fnet= 0

acceleration is zero (a = 0).
The tendency of an object to resist any
change in its velocity is called inertia (
) .

7)

8)

Newtons Second Law

The Inertia of the object is proportional to its

mass large object are difficult to put in
motion as difficult to bring to rest

Units of Force

The acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the net force acting upon it
and inversely proportional to its mass.

F ma

ma x

ma y

The SI unit is 1 Newton (N)

Equal to the force required to accelerate a

1 kg object to 1 m/s2.
1 N = 1 kg.m/s2

ma z

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9)

10)

Ex:

Two hokey players hits a puc k as shown.

What is the acceleration of the puck?

F
F
F

F1x F2 x F1 cos 20 F2 cos 60

4.7 4 8 .7 N

max 8.7 N a x

Gravity and Weight

8.7
29m / s
0 .3

Gravity is the attractive force every object

feels towards Earth.
The magnitude of the gravitational force is
the weight.

Fg mg

Fy F1 y F2 y F1 sin 20 F2 sin 60
Fy 1.71 6.93 5. 22N

0.3 kg

Fy ma y 5.22 N a y

a a x a y 29i 17. 4 j

5.22
17.4 m / s
0 .3

Fg mg

a 29 17.4 33. 8m / s

17.4
tan
31
19
1

11)

Gravitational Force

Weight

Weight can change from planet to planet depending on gravity

Acceleration but mass is constant.

12)

Newtons Third Law

Example:action reaction forces act on

different objects
Mass m at rest on
a table

If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on

object 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in dir ection to
the force F 21 exerted by object 2 on object 1.

Normal force: n = Ftm = -F g

F ma 0 note that we have only forces in y direction

F12 F21

Fnet Fy n mg 0 (a 0 - object at rest)

n mg

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13)

14)

Applications to Newton's laws

Applications to Newton's laws

In the previous example, if we pull the object on table with

tension T, but it still at r est on table (a=0)

If m ass is lifted by the c ord and accelerated (T>mg)

n T mg 0 (a 0 ma 0 - object at rest)

n mg T

T ma mg

Normal force get smaller

For exam ple, if m=12kg

and a=0.2m/s

15)

16)

Applications to Newton's laws

T mg may

T mg ma

T ma mg m( a g) 12( 0.2 9. 8) 120N

Hints for solving problems using

Newtons laws

An elevator moving up and com es to rest

Fnet ma

Fy T Mg Ma y

only forces in y - direction

T Mg Ma T Mg Ma

the tension is less than the weight

Sketch the situation

Categorize the problem (moving or at rest)
Isolate an object and identify the forces acting
upon it (draw free body diagram-FBD).
Establish a convenient coordinate system (x-y)
Apply Newtons second law to each diagram
Solve for desired quantities
Check your answer

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17)

18)

Ex:

Ex:

Box pulled by a forc e F at an angle ?. The box has a

horizontal acceleration a. find
a) The acceleration b) The normal force

Solution:

4- analyse forces in directions of x and y

F x=Fcos?,

Solution:

F y=Fsin?

Fy

5- apply newtons laws

1- dr aw the situation as shown

Fx

m
F
a

2- dr aw free body diagram (FBD)

FBD
For y-direction

For x-di rection

FBD

3- add coordinate s ystem (x-y)

F cos ma a

19)

max

ma y

n F sin mg 0 (a y 0)

F cos
m

n mg F sin

20)

Example ? atwood machine

hanged on Light cord and massless
frictionless pulley, find a) a = ? b)

Example ? atwood machine

For m1

T=?

ma y

T m1 g m1a .......... .........( 1)

For m2

ma y

T m2 g m2 a ...................(2)
From (2)

T m2 g m2 a .....(2')
Sub. (2) i n (1)

Sub. a in (1)

m2 g m2 a m1 g m1 a
FBD

Atwood machine

m2 g m1 g m1 a m2 a
m g m1 g
a 2
m1 m2

2m1m2
g
m1 m2

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21)

22)

Ex: traffic at rest

Ex: traffic at rest

Traffic we ight 122N, find

T1, T 2, and T3

For the traffic light

For the cables joint points

FBD
From (1)

mg=122N

23)

Ex:

Two blocks of masses m 1 and m2 are placed in contact

with each other on a frictionless, horizontal surface, as
shown. A horizontal force F is applied to m1 as shown.
Find the m agnitude of the acceleration of the s ystem.
Solution :
We consider the two masses as a
single mass m 1+m 2

24)

Motion on an incline plane

Assum e object of mass m on an incline plane of incline angle ?. W e

can calculate the acceleration and n ormal force as follows

1) Good to place our axis parallel to the

acceleration
2) The gravity force components are
parallel to the plane=mgsin?
perpendicular to the plane = m gcos?
3) Object will slide with accelerati on along
the plane (x-axis) by the effect of m gsin?

max

mg sin max

ax g sin

n mg cos 0 n mg cos

ma y 0 (a y 0)

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25)

26)

Friction

Friction
The two types of friction are

Friction is due to the

interaction of two
adjacent surfaces at the
atomic or molec ular level.
It is parallel to the surface
of interaction and
opposite the direction of
motion.

f s s n
1) Static Friction
2) Kinetic Friction

27)

Friction is proportional to the normal force.

Friction is independent of area.

s is generally larger than k.

The coefficients do not depend on weight or speed

and generally range between 0.003 and 1.

28)

Ex: Box on rough surface

Ex: Box on rough surface

Sub. Equation (2) in (1)

12 kg Box on su rface with friction. If s=0.5 and k=0.3 find

a) how large should F be to g et box start moving?
b) once its moving, find the acceleration

=0

F cos 25 s mg s F sin 25 0

Fsin25

a) Start moving not moving (a=0),

but, fs is at its maxi mum

fs

Fcos25

ma x

We can find n from y-direction

F
F

F cos f s 0 (a 0)
F cos 25 s n 0 ........(1 )

ma y

n F sin 25 mg 0 (a y 0)
n mg F sin 25........(2)

=0

F (cos 25 s sin 25 ) s mg

Solution: analyze F to its components

f k k n

s is coefficient of static friction and k is coefficient of kinetic friction

f s s n , maximum static friction

s mg
cos 25 s sin 25

0.5(12)( 9.8)
53 N
cos 25 ( 0.5) sin 25

fs

Fsin25
Fcos25

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29)

30)

Ex: Box on rough surface

b) When moving we have acceleration
kinetic friction f k as shown

Ex: Box on rough incline surface

a and

ma x

12 kg Box on incline surface with friction. If s =0.5 and

k =0.3 find
a) At what angle the object start moving

Fsin25

b) once its moving, find the acceleration

F cos f k ma
fk

F cos 25 k n ma

F cos 25 k n
,
a
m
n mg F sin 25 (from y - direction)
F cos 25 k ( mg F sin 25)
m
53 cos 25 (0.3)((12)(9.8 ) 53 sin 25)
a
1.6 m / s
12

max

mg sin f s 0 (a 0) ..........(1)
sin

f s s n

mg mg

may

n mg cos 0 (a y 0)
n mg cos .........( 2) sub for n in (1)

Ex: Box on rough incline surface

Review

12 kg Box on incline surface with friction. If s =0.5 and

k =0.3 find
a) At what angle the object start moving

Only a force can cause acceleration

F = ma
Weight: F = mg
F12 = F21
Static and kinetic friction is proportional to
the normal force.

b) once its moving, find the acceleration

sin

Fcos25

Solution: a)

sn
mg

s mg cos
mg

sin
tan s tan 1 s
cos