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J-CLASS WIND CHARACTERISTICS

- A Study on Extreme Wind Speed in Tropical Region Hikaru Matsumiya


Gust Researcher, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
1-2 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8564 JAPAN
E-mail: HIKARUWIND@aol.com, TEL: +81-29-861-7237, FAX: +81-29-861-7275
Kichiji Takada
President, Applied Meteorological Engineering & Consulting Services Co., LTD.
Rokko Bldg. 3-1 Komagome 2-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-0003 JAPAN
E-mail: talata@amecs.co.jp, TEL: +81-3-5394-2831, FAX: +81-3-5394-2835
Daisuke Matsushita
Research Associate, Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kyusyu University
744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 JAPAN
E-mail: matu@mech.kyushu-u.ac.jp, TEL: +81-92-802-3106, FAX: Fax +81-92-802-0001
Hiroshi Imamura
Director and Chief Researcher, Wind Energy Institute of Tokyo Inc.
Ono-cho 75-1, Suite 1-511, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0046, Japan
E-mail: imamura@windenergy.co.jp, TEL: +81-45-508-1347, FAX: +81-45-508-1348
Abstract
IEC standards on wind technology have played an important role in introduction/developments of wind world-wide
turbine markets. However, in Japan, quite a lot of wind turbines have suffered from typhoons and lightning attacks in
the past several years. Therefore, a safety standard which could fit for Japanese meteorological and geographical
features has become a keen issue. The purpose of the present study to study such J-Class wind characteristics that
reflect the Japanese meteorological and geographical features, so that we may develop J-Class Guideline, which will
harmonize with IEC standards and fill new technical database in S-class of Table of Wind turbine classes in IEC
61400-1. Particularly this study focuses on extreme events such as typhoon attacks. With the lights of theoretical
considerations given by JOULE III Reports, measured wind data of 1-year period in high-speed sampling time at
three sites and long term (60 years) data measured by Japan Meteorological Agency were analyzed. The main
conclusions are: (1) No strong relation between shape parameter k of Weibull distribution and turbulence
intensity I was found. This means complex terrain characteristics are not clearly reflected on shape parameter k
from a very few measured wind data. (2) IEC wind turbine classes are well described; however J-Class wind
characteristics have slightly higher values for extreme wind events. (3) Therefore, it is very important for wind farm
developments in such countries that have monsoon weather and complex terrain conditions to J-Class Guideline in
the similar structure with IEC standard.

1. Introduction
Since 1988 when IEC TC88 was settled, international standardization of wind turbine technology has well developed
to establish a stable global market. Particularly classification of wind turbines has played certain important role for
international standardization as it has facilitated developments of common world-wide wind turbine market.
According to wind turbine classification [1], wind turbines are classified into 4 classes; I, II, III and S, as shown in
Table 1.
Table 1 Basic parameters for wind turbine classes

Values specified by the designer

I
50

II
42.5

Vref

(m / s)

I ref ( )

0.16

I ref ( )

0.14

I ref ( )

0.12

III
37.5

S
Values specified by the designer

In Table 1, the parameter values apply at hub height and Vref is the reference wind speed average over 10 min.
A, B and C are categories of turbulence characteristics for high, medium and low respectively, and I ref is the

expected value of turbulence intensity at 15 m/s.


In the standard wind turbine classes, a relation between Vref and average wind speed Vave as follows:

Vref / Vave = 5

(1)

This equation translates Vref to Vref for Vref = 10 m/s, 8.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s for class I, II and III, respectively.
The reference wind speed is not familiar with enough but the annual average wind speed is very easy for most wind
turbine developers to find through weather data or wind measurements, which sometimes brings such a
misunderstanding that the main parameter is annual average wind speed rather than reference wind speed.
The extreme wind speed, Ve 50 , with a recurrence period of 50 years, and the extreme wind speed, Ve1 , with a
recurrence period of 1 year are also given in IEC61400-1 as follows:

Ve 50 ( z ) = 1.4Vref ( z / zhub )0.11

(2)

Ve1 ( z ) = 0.8Ve 50 ( z )

(3)

Where z and zhub are height and hub-height, respectively.


While in the IEC standard the extreme wind conditions were determined and verified mainly through measurements,
a quite different and more theoretical study was performed by using Extreme Value Theory in the EC JOULE III
project [2]. It was concluded that the reference wind speed Vref defined in IEC Standards is acceptable for sites with

k >1.77 , i.e. for most flat terrain sites in Western Europe and in this case, the equation (1) or another form:

Vref / Vave = 5

(4)

is well applied. The k is shape parameter in Weibull distribution. Since the extreme wind speed Ve 50 = 1.4Vref , we
obtain:

Ve 50 / Vave = 7

(5)

For complex terrain ( 1.4 k 1.5 ), the following equation is recommended in the JOULE Report:

Vref / Vave = 6.6

(6)

This suggests us that Japan may have different reference wind speeds as extreme wind speeds because Japanese sites
are usually very complex and therefore requires us to define J-Class wind characteristics.
J-Class wind characteristics are defined as special wind characteristics that reflect Japanese wind characteristics and
complex terrain conditions. And they are needed simply because they exceed the levels classified in IEC wind turbine
classes. Although J-Class wind characteristics aim at developing Japanese Guidelines for wind turbine design at
initial stages, they will be converted into IEC international standard by filling the technical data in S-class wind
turbines in Table 1 for all regions and countries similar with Japanese meteorological and terrain conditions.
Therefore, to harmonize with IEC standards, J-Class wind characteristics shall have the same expressions as IEC
standards in the manner that they are characterized by reference wind speed Vref , turbulence intensity I ref and the
ratio of Vref / Vave .
Need for J-Class wind characteristics had not been widely recognized until all of the seven wind turbines on Miyako
Island were destroyed by an attack of Typhoon on 11 September 2003. An extreme wind speed of 74.1 m/s at Miyako
Meteorological Station was reported and at the Okinawa electric power co. 83.9 m/s was recorded. Table 2 shows the
all the accidents on Miyako Island with wind turbine specifications. Figure 1 shows a couple of shots of the accidents
on Miyako Island due to a typhoon attack in September 2003. One was hit down at the root and another lost all
blades.
As the 10-minutes average wind speed was 38.4 m/s at the station, the ratio of maximum wind speed to average wind
speed, i.e. gust factor G10 min was:

G10 min = Vmax / V10 min ave = 74.1/ 38.4 = 1.93

(7)

Table 2 Situation of the accidents on Miyako Island due to a typhoon attack in September 2003
Site
No Turbine
Karimata #3 M750-400/100
#4 M750-400/100
#5 M750-400/100
#6 E40
Nanamata #1 E40
#2 V42-600kW
Uenomura
V47-660kW

Rated Power
400/100 kW
400/100 kW
400/100 kW
600 kW
500 kW
600 kW
600 kW

Roror Dia.
31 m
31 m
31 m
44 m
40.3 m
42 m
47 m

Hub Height Installation


36 m
Dec-95
36 m
Dec-95
36 m
Dec-95
46 m
Mar-03
44 m
Aug-98
35.3 m
Aug-98
33.7 m
Oct-00

Note
Tower hit down
Nacelle cover lost
Tower hit down
Blade lost
Tower hit down at the base
Blade lost
Blade lost

Figure 1 Shots of the accidents on Miyako Island due to a typhoon attack in September 2003
NEDO database of Wind Atlas over Japan shows the annual average wind speed at the area of Okinawa electric
power co. is between 6.0 and 6.5 m/s at 30 m height. If taking the mean wind speed as 6.25 m/s, the ratio of the
extreme wind speed Ve to the annual average wind Vave is evaluated as:

Ve / Vave = 83.9 / 6.25 = 13.4

(8)

From equation (2) at hub height, we have:

Vref / Vave = 13.4 /1.4 = 9.57

(9)

This value is almost twice the value as given in the formula (5). This requires that J-class extreme wind speed shall be
evaluated by considering both complex terrain effect and tropical climate effect which is excluded in the normal wind
turbine classes in IEC 61400-1. However, it shall be noted that the heights of the measurements at Meteorological
stations in Japan are rather low and most standard height is 15 m above ground.
The purpose of this work is to initiate analyses of J-Class wind characteristics, particularly focusing on how to
evaluate the reference wind speed in Japan which has both complex terrain conditions and tropical climate conditions.
2. Effect of complex terrain condition on Shape parameter k
Suggested by the theoretical analysis of JOULE III Report, an effort to verify the relation between Shape parameter
k in Weibull distribution and topographical complexity of wind farm sites was made.
It is still very complex problem to numerically classify the complexity levels of wind farm sites. Our approach was
by assuming turbulence intensity could reflect well the terrain complexity level, relation between k and TI15 was
investigated. We had three test sites at Izena island, Takashima Island and Ubuyam village near Aso volcanos, where
wind data were collected for one year with 1 second sampling time at 22.5 m, 50 m and 45 m above ground level,
respectively. At every site, measured data were classified into 16 wind sectors from N, NEN, ENE,E,---,NWN as
complexity levels are different between directional sectors , for which wind data were analyzed to estimate Weibull
parameter k and turbulence intensity TI15 at 15 m/s. Figure 2 shows the relation between k and TI15 . However, small
values of k below k = 1.5 are found in the region of 0.15 < TI15 < 0.25 , the theoretical prediction in JOULE III
Report is not verified, in other word, the complexity of the terrain could not be represented by turbulence intensity as
was expected. Figure 3 shows the relation between terrain slope (deg) and TI15 . The linear fitting curve in dashed
line is horizontal, which also suggests no relation between terrain slope and turbulence intensity is found at these
three sites.
The results of above approach conclude that we may not easily apply the theoretical procedure based on Extreme
Value Theory to the determination of Ve / Vave relation from the measured values of k and Vave . To obtain certain

statistically reliable conclusions, much more measurements are needed.


3

2.5

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

TI15

Figure 2 Relation between k and TI15 at three test sites with plotted data averaged over each 16 directional bins.

0.35
0.3

TI15

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Terrain Slope (deg)

Figure 3 Relation between terrain slope (deg) and TI15 at three test sites with plotted data
averaged over each 16 directional bins
3. Extreme wind analysis of measured data by Japan Meteorological Agency
Considering meteorological and geographical conditions over Japan, statistical data were chosen at 50 meteorological
stations out of 160. The data sources are Japan Meteorological Agency Annual reports in the period 10 years from
1995 to 2004. The chosen stations are shown in circles in Figure 4.
As an example,10 years-data at Asozan Station are shown in Table 3, in which Vmax, Vave10-min and Gust factor are
instantaneous maximum wind speed, 10 minutes average wind speed when Vmax was observed and the ration
between the two.
An idea to obtain the J-Class values of Vref / Vave and Ve 50 / Vref , which are 5 and 1.4 for the IEC standard wind
turbine classes, is as follows:
The ration of Vr to Vave is given in the JOULE III Report as:
1/ k

Vr
1

ln(1 1/ Tr )
=
ln 1 exp

Vave (1 + 1/ k )
n

, n = 23037

(10)

Where Vr is yearly extreme 10-min. average wind speed with a return period of Tr years.
For Tr = 10 and Tr = 50 , we have:

V10
12.2951/ k
=
Vave (1 + 1/ k )

(11)

Vref
Vave
Vref
V10

13.9471/ k
(1 + 1/ k )

(12)

=1.13431/ k

(13)

From the 10-years measured data, we find, Ve10 = Max {Vave10 min }, Vave = Average {Vave } , then the value of k is
solved from equation (11). From equations (13) Vref is decided, which will give J-Class value of Vref / Vave .
Hokkaido

Southern Islands

Honshu

Shikoku
Kyushu

Figure 4 Selected Observation Stations of Japan Meteorological Agency

Table 3 A sample of 10-years measured data table at Asozan Station of Japan Meteorological Agency
Station No
821
821
821
821
821
821
821
821
821
821

Site
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan
Asozan

10 Years Statistics
Vave
V10

YY
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004

MM
04
08
05
06
09
03
06
04
06
09

4.65 m/s
23.6 m/s

DD HH Vmax m/s Vave10-min Gust factor Vave m/s


23
5
45.5
18.6
2.45
4.68
14
14
49.9
20.3
2.46
4.83
08
12
44.4
13.6
3.26
4.80
19
13
48.0
18.2
2.64
4.50
24
8
54.0
23.6
2.29
4.99
16
5
40.8
14.0
2.91
4.62
19
24
41.8
10.6
3.94
4.46
16
19
33.6
15.7
2.14
4.55
28
3
39.1
15.7
2.49
4.66
07
14
57.1
16.1
3.55
4.44

Analyzed values of wind data measured by Japan Meteorological Agency in the 10-years period of 1995 - 2004 is
summarized in the Table in Appendix A
If we may assume:

Max {Vmax }
Ve 50 Ve10

= 1.13431/ k
Vref
V10
Vref

(14)

J-Class value of Ve 50 / Vref will be also obtained.


After all the J-Class values were calculated for all stations, the tendencies of J-Class values of Vref / Vave and

Vref/Vave

Ve 50 / Vref vs. Vave are shown in Figures 5 and 6.


15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00

IEC 61400-1

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

Vave (m/s)

Figure 5 Vref / Vave vs. Vave


5
4.5
4

Ve50/Vave

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
IEC 61400-1

1
0.5
0
0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

Vave (m/s)

Figure 6 Ve 50 / Vref vs. Vave


As there are very few data in high wind speed region ( Vave > 5 m / s ), no statistically reliable conclusions are
available. However, these Figures suggest that the values are slightly higher than IEC standard wind classes. The
values can not be given from above approach and further data collections at high speed region are necessary.
In Figure 7, observed values of Gust factor (=Vmax/ Vave10-min) vs. Vave10-min are plotted. Although the matrix
contains 10 years events, in the region of large values of Vave10-min, the tendency of the graph represents as follows
because they are very extreme values:

Vave10 min Vref , Vmax Ve 50 and Gust factor Ve 50 / Vref


It is suggested that:

(15)

Ve 50 / Vref 1.5

for Vref > 40m / s

(16)

Gust Factor = Vmax/Vave10-min

30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

Vave 10-min (m/s)

Figure 7 Gust factor (=Vmax/ Vave10-min) vs. Vave10-min


The influence of typhoon on the extreme wind speed, Ve 50 , with a recurrence period of 50 years, is one of the
important factor of extreme wind characteristics, which is excluded in the IEC standard wind classes, but can not be
excluded from the J-Class wind characteristics.
The maximum wind speeds observed during the events of typhoon are important elements. The historical typhoons
were studied from the database of Japan Meteorological Agency. Table 4 shows the characteristics of historical
typhoon data out of those recorded severe wind speeds since 1945. As the period is 60 years, 10 min. average wind
speed when maximum gust was recorded is considered as Vref and Gust factor as Ve 50 / Vref .
Figure 8 shows the tendency of Gust factor (=Vmax/ Vave10-min) vs. Vave10-min, which suggests as follows:

Ve 50 / Vref

1.9

1.6
=
1.5
1.4

for Vref 30m / s


for Vref 40m / s

(17)

for Vref 50m / s


for Vref 50m / s
Table 4 Statistics of historical typhoon data since 1945

YY/MM/DD
1945/9/17
1945/10/10
1947/9/14
1948/9/16
1949/6/20
1949/8/15
1950/9/3
1950/9/3
1951/10/14
1952/6/24
1953/9/25
1954/9/13
1954/9/26
1958/9/27
1959/8/14
1959/9/15
1959/9/26
1961/9/16
1965/9/10
1965/9/17
1966/9/5
1968/9/23
1976/9/9
1976/9/12
1977/9/9
1979/10/19
1992/8/8

Place
Vmax m/s Vgust m/s Gust fqactor
Makurazaki
40
62.7
1.57
Makurazaki
27.5
51.6
1.88
Aziro
19.3
24.7
1.28
Tateyama
46.7
60.1
1.29
Yakushima
29.9
35
1.17
Yakushima
33
39.4
1.19
Hachijo-jima
33.2
47.6
1.43
Kobe
33.4
47.6
1.43
Tanegasgima
36.4
41.4
1.14
Omaezaki
39.1
43.8
1.12
Sumoto
37
42.3
1.14
Yakushima
32.6
42.7
1.31
Suttsu
42
53.2
1.27
Urakawa
28.1
45.4
1.62
Irouzaki
48.8
64
1.31
Miyakojima
53
64.8
1.22
Murotomisaki
27.7
41.1
1.48
Murotomisaki
66.7
84.5
1.27
Murotomisaki
69.8
77.1
1.10
Omaezaki
30.3
46.4
1.53
Miyakojima
60.8
85.3
1.40
Miyakojima
54.3
79.8
1.47
Okinoerabujima
35.9
48.8
1.36
Ushibuka
31
48
1.55
Okinoerabujima
39.4
60.4
1.53
Murotomisaki
30.6
39.9
1.30
Makurazaki
33
57
1.73

YY/MM/DD
1933/7/29
1994/9/17
1995/9/17
1996/8/14
1996/9/22
1997/6/28
1997/7/26
1997/9/16
1998/10/17
1998/9/15
2000/7/8
2001/8/21
2001/9/11
2001/9/8
2002/7/10
2002/10/1
2003/8/8
2003/9/11
2004/6/21
2004/7/31
2004/8/20
2004/8/30
2004/9/7
2004/9/29
2004/10/3
2004/10/20
Average

Place
Ushibuka
Kumejima
Choshi
Kagoshima
Choshi
Murotomisaki
Murotomisaki
Murotomisaki
Murotomisaki
Murotomisaki
Choshi
Murotomisaki
Irouzaki
Naha
Hachijojima
Irouzaki
Murotomisaki
Miyakojima
Murotomisaki
Murotomisaki
Akita
Murotomisaki
Hiroshima
Kagoshima
Ajiro
Murotomisaki
All

Vmax m/s Vgust m/s Gust fqactor


24.2
37.2
1.54
36.5
53.9
1.48
31.7
46.9
1.48
36.6
58.5
1.60
36.3
51.9
1.43
30.2
41.2
1.36
37.5
52.2
1.39
31.8
40.6
1.28
41.5
59.5
1.43
26.5
35.8
1.35
22.2
33.2
1.50
34.5
51.3
1.49
24.3
37.8
1.56
24.5
41.7
1.70
27.3
46.1
1.69
30.7
53
1.73
49.8
69.2
1.39
38.4
74.1
1.93
43.7
57.1
1.31
47.7
60.9
1.28
23.2
41.1
1.77
46.9
58.3
1.24
33.3
60.2
1.81
31.5
52.7
1.67
39.4
63.3
1.61
44.9
59
1.31
36.9
52.3
1.44

2.00

Tendency of J-Class
Wind Class

Gust factor (=Ve50/Vref)

1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60

IEC Standard
Wind Classes

1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Vave10-min (=Vref) (m/s)

Figure 8 Gust factor (=Vmax/ Vave10-min) vs. Vave10-min


4. Conclusions
In order to find the framework of J-Class wind characteristics, both theoretical and experimental studies were
performed based on JOULE III and observed data in Japan with special highlights on extreme events such as typhoon
attacks. The main conclusions are:
(1) No strong relation between shape parameter k of Weibull distribution and turbulence intensity I was found. This
from a very few measured
means complex terrain characteristics are not clearly reflected on shape parameter k
wind data.
(2) IEC wind turbine classes are well described, however, J-Class wind characteristics have slightly higher values for
extreme wind events.
(3) Therefore, it is very important for wind farm developments in such countries that have monsoon weather and
complex terrain conditions to J-Class Guideline in the similar structure with IEC standard.
Acknowledgement
This study was partly financially supported by the New Energy and Industrial Techn0ology Development
Organization (NEDO) and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).
References
1) IEC61400-1, 3rd Ed., Wind turbines- Part.1 Design requirements, 2005
2) EC, JOULE III, European Wind Turbine Standards II, ECN-C, 99-073

Appendix A
Table of result of analyzed of wind data measured by Japan Meteorological Agency in the 10-years period of 1995 2004
Station
Wakkanai
Kitamiesaki
Hahoro
Takeo
Rumoi
Asahikawa
Abashiri
Otaru
Sapporo
Iwamisawa
Obihiro
Kushiro
Nemuro
Suttsu
Muroran
Tomakomai
Urakawa
Esashi
Hakodate
Gucchan
Monbetsu
Hiroo
Ofunato
Shinjo
Wakamatsu
Fukaura
Aomori
Mutsu
Hachinohe
Akita
Morioka
Miyako
Sakata
Yamagata
Sendai
Ishimaki
Fukushima
Shirakawa
Onahama
Wajima
Aikawa
Niigata
Kanazawa
Fushiki
Toyama
Nagano
Takada
Utsunomiya
Fukui
Takayama
Matsumoto
Suwa
Karuizawa
Maebashi
Kumagaya
Mito
Tsuruga
Gifu
Nagoya
Iida
Kofu
Kawaguchiko
Chichibu
Tateno
Choshi
Ueno
Tsu
Irako
Hamamatsu
Omaezaki
Shizuoka
Mishima
Tokyo

Vave

V10
4.52
2.77
3.87
3.06
4.96
1.83
3.25
2.66
2.99
3.39
2.15
4.16
5.32
3.25
4.56
2.94
4.29
4.57
3.65
2.97
3.26
2.69
2.49
2.67
1.92
2.77
3.71
2.79
4.03
4.3
2.86
2.34
4.32
1.67
3.22
4.1
2.34
3.45
2.72
3.68
4.95
3.59
4.02
2.63
2.88
2.5
2.19
2.9
2.81
1.59
2.35
2.83
1.74
2.89
2.44
2.23
4.11
2.57
2.99
1.86
2.18
1.74
1.43
2.4
5.69
2.5
4.16
4.04
3.42
4.97
2.19
2.07
3.27

k
20.1
13.6
21.5
25.4
21
18
16.1
16.8
16.7
18.7
11.8
25.8
22
15.9
28
15.5
24.8
22.4
19
18
15.3
15.6
21.2
15
10
14.1
19.9
14
19.9
22.5
15.5
15
19.9
10.5
22.8
23.1
14
19.8
18
20.4
25.7
17.4
24.4
15.6
16
14.7
14.7
19.5
16.5
10.6
16.4
15.5
6.2
12.3
13.4
15.1
17.5
21
13.7
13.1
17
18.3
8.4
16
34.5
17
25.9
17.6
13.3
25.2
10.9
15.7
17.7

Vref
1.66
1.7
1.56
1.22
1.9
1.12
1.69
1.44
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.46
1.84
1.7
1.46
1.62
1.52
1.7
1.63
1.47
1.76
1.52
1.21
1.55
1.63
1.66
1.6
1.65
1.69
5.23
1.58
1.42
1.78
1.44
1.34
1.54
1.49
1.53
1.4
1.56
1.63
1.72
1.47
1.49
1.56
1.5
1.36
1.38
1.51
1.39
1.35
1.58
2.18
1.89
1.57
1.38
1.89
1.23
1.79
1.35
1.27
1.08
1.5
1.39
1.47
1.37
1.45
1.85
2.03
1.66
1.68
1.29
1.59

21.7
14.6
23.3
28.2
22.4
20.1
17.3
18.3
18.1
20.3
12.8
28.1
23.6
17.1
30.5
16.8
26.9
24.1
20.5
19.6
16.4
16.9
23.5
16.3
10.8
15.2
21.5
15.1
21.4
24.3
16.8
16.4
21.4
11.5
25
25.1
15.2
21.5
19.7
22.1
27.8
18.7
26.6
17
17.3
16
16.1
21.4
17.9
11.6
18
16.8
6.6
13.1
14.5
16.5
18.7
23.3
14.7
14.4
18.8
20.6
9.1
17.5
37.6
18.6
28.2
18.8
14.1
27.2
11.7
17.3
19.2

Vref/Vave Ve50/Vref Gust Factor


4.79
2.23
2.58
5.29
3.35
2.93
6.02
2.18
2.16
9.21
2.03
2.2
4.52
2.09
1.95
10.99
1.71
3.23
5.34
2.33
2.36
6.9
2.63
3
6.06
3.01
3.8
5.97
2.07
2.27
5.95
2.74
2.54
6.76
1.5
1.94
4.43
1.79
1.84
5.26
2.2
3.42
6.68
1.63
2.37
5.7
2.11
2.52
6.28
1.81
1.9
5.28
1.93
2.05
5.62
2.45
2.36
6.61
2.24
2.23
5.04
2.61
2.58
6.3
2.71
2.86
9.44
2.08
3.69
6.09
2.87
2.88
5.62
2.65
2.61
5.49
2.58
2.03
5.8
1.82
2.08
5.53
2.36
2.54
5.32
2.02
2.03
5.65
1.69
1.96
5.88
2.49
3.43
7.01
2.9
3.48
4.94
2.02
2.67
6.86
2.75
3.65
7.78
1.81
2.47
6.12
1.78
1.97
6.6
2.24
3.29
6.23
2.03
2.46
7.23
2.67
2.5
6.01
2.01
3.47
5.61
1.53
2.06
5.21
2.23
2.39
6.61
1.78
2.16
6.47
2.6
2.7
6.02
2.67
2.33
6.4
1.92
3.57
7.37
2.86
2.87
7.36
2.01
2.83
6.38
2.23
2.99
7.28
3.4
5.46
7.66
2.29
2.99
5.92
1.83
2.78
3.78
4.89
4.62
4.56
2.27
2.67
5.94
2.38
4.92
7.41
2.4
2.99
4.55
2.26
2.67
9.06
2.03
3
4.91
3.11
2.56
7.72
2.18
4.53
8.6
1.87
2.1
11.82
2.08
4.17
6.4
3.15
3.73
7.3
2.23
2.59
6.61
1.51
1.81
7.45
3.32
3.19
6.8
1.85
1.75
4.66
2.31
2.23
4.19
2.5
2.87
5.47
1.96
2.18
5.36
3
3.99
8.36
2.5
2.95
5.85
2.27
2.94

Station
Yokohama
Tateyama
Katsuura
Oshima
Miyakejima
Hachijojima
Chiba
Yokkaichi
Nikko
Saigo
Matsue
Sakai
Yonago
Tottori
Toyooka
Maizuru
Hagi
Hamada
Tsuyama
Kyoto
Hikone
Shimonoseki
Hiroshima
Kure
Fukuyama
Okayama
Himeji
Kobe
Osaka
Sumoto
Wakayama
Shionomisaki
Nara
Yamaguchi
Izuhara
Hirato
Fukuoka
Iizuka
Saseho
Saga
Hita
Oita
Nagasaki
Kumamoto
Asozan
Nobeoka
Akune
Kagoshima
Miyakonojo
Miyazaki
Makurazaki
Aburatsu
Yakushima
Tanegashima
Ushibuka
Fukue
Matsuyama
Tadotsu
Takamatsu
Uwajima
Kochi
Tokushima
Shukumo
Shimizu
Murotomisaki
Nase
Yonakunijima
Ishigakijima
Miyakojima
Kumejima
Naha
Nagoya
Okinoerbujima

Vave

V10
3.57
2.89
3.18
4.99
5.1
5.49
4.18
2.34
3.11
3.39
3.3
2.11
2.77
3.03
1.54
2.27
3.07
3.8
1.5
1.69
2.74
3.19
3.79
2.15
1.59
2.95
2.84
3.18
3.1
2.62
3.87
4.25
1.41
1.7
3
3.45
2.76
2.22
2.57
3.08
1.41
2.57
2.28
2.19
4.65
2
3.2
3.39
1.96
3.02
4.16
4.74
4.12
4.39
2.63
3.25
1.97
2.44
2.5
2.84
1.88
3.07
2.63
3.53
7.65
2.54
6.64
4.64
4.58
3.63
5.25
3.71
5.46

k
17.4
19.2
25.7
22.4
29.7
30.4
23.9
13.3
19.6
22.8
17.5
11.9
16.5
14.7
9.1
17.7
18
23.9
16
9.9
15.4
21.7
32.1
16.8
11.3
20.8
21.3
18.6
14.9
17.2
25.9
22.4
9.1
18.3
25
20
19.4
16.9
22.5
24.1
14.8
17.5
20.4
23.7
23.6
21.3
21.3
35.9
15.1
20.8
26.6
34.4
26.5
24.7
18.1
21.3
12.4
16.9
15.5
20.8
12.5
27
14.7
19
46
18.8
28.1
35.5
29.2
27
29.3
25.7
33.9

Vref
1.71
1.39
1.24
1.81
1.51
1.57
1.53
1.54
1.44
1.36
1.61
1.55
1.49
1.71
1.5
1.27
1.55
1.44
1.07
1.51
1.55
1.37
1.21
1.27
1.33
1.34
1.3
1.52
1.69
1.4
1.39
1.62
1.42
1.07
1.22
1.52
1.35
1.29
1.19
1.27
1.08
1.37
1.18
1.06
1.66
1.07
1.39
1.08
1.28
1.36
1.42
1.32
1.42
1.55
1.36
1.4
1.44
1.36
1.45
1.32
1.39
1.19
1.56
1.59
1.48
1.3
1.9
1.28
1.43
1.3
1.56
1.36
1.45

18.7
21
28.4
24
32.3
32.9
25.9
14.4
21.4
25
18.9
12.9
18
15.8
9.9
19.5
19.5
26.1
18
10.8
16.7
23.8
35.6
18.6
12.4
22.8
23.5
20.2
16.1
18.8
28.4
24.2
9.9
20.6
27.7
21.7
21.3
18.6
25
26.6
16.6
19.2
22.7
26.7
25.5
24
23.2
40.4
16.7
22.8
29.1
37.8
29
26.8
19.9
23.3
13.5
18.5
16.9
22.9
13.7
30
15.9
20.6
50.1
20.7
30
39.2
31.9
29.7
31.8
28.2
37

Vref/Vave Ve50/Vref Gust Factor


5.25
2.49
2.66
7.27
2.32
2.64
8.95
1.96
2.78
4.81
2.3
2.38
6.33
1.66
2.4
6
1.96
2.27
6.2
2
1.88
6.16
3.71
3.33
6.89
2.25
3.58
7.37
2.45
3.28
5.73
2.14
2.31
6.1
2.66
3.04
6.48
2.18
2.59
5.22
2.73
2.48
6.42
3.23
3.89
8.62
2.93
2.85
6.37
2.22
2.71
6.87
1.8
2.14
11.99
3.15
3.35
6.35
3.24
3.92
6.1
2.48
3.09
7.46
1.93
2.76
9.39
1.88
2.25
8.62
2.65
2.9
7.83
2.99
3.35
7.74
1.99
2.95
8.26
2
2.4
6.36
2.24
2.61
5.33
2.81
3.34
7.19
2.95
3.68
7.32
2.08
2.06
5.7
1.88
2.29
7.04
4.13
5.66
12.113
2.76
2.62
9.23
1.95
2.34
6.3
2.12
2.34
7.73
2.02
2.52
8.38
2.37
2.62
9.73
2.19
2.88
8.63
1.63
5.63
11.75
3.39
3.14
7.45
2.53
4.01
9.95
2.05
3.27
12.2
2.07
2.88
5.47
2.42
2.81
12
2.44
2.78
7.3
2.27
3.07
11.91
1.63
2.21
8.52
2.61
2.65
7.55
2.13
2.39
6.99
2.18
2.49
7.98
1.62
1.76
7.03
2.05
2.73
6.1
1.83
2.19
7.54
3.66
2.93
7.16
2.06
2.53
6.86
2.99
3.68
7.6
2.09
2.46
6.77
1.98
2.42
8.05
2.27
2.89
7.27
2.86
3.9
9.79
2
3.57
6.05
2.82
3.34
5.82
2.34
3.31
6.55
1.5
1.78
8.17
2.4
3.19
4.52
2.41
1.8
8.44
1.79
2.57
6.96
2.54
2.27
8.19
1.88
2.24
6.05
2.01
2.09
7.59
2.25
2.21
6.77
1.58
1.64

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