Advanced Thermal Project

POLITECNICO DI TORINO
Energy Department
Master in Mechanical Engineering
Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics (AET)
INTRODUCTION
This assignment is designed to bring students into contact with some of the many
applications of the theory presented in class, without pretending to be as exhaustive as a
real application. For this reason, strong simplifying assumptions will be accepted, even
beyond common design practice. Please refer to specific courses on thermal design for
further details.
HOW TO SELECT YOUR GROUP

There are 5 design topics, labelled by a number from 1 to 5, which will be described below.
Students are divided into 5 groups corresponding to the design topics. The maximum
number of members in a group is determined based on how many students still have to
attend the course. For each topic, the final report should include: (s) Thermodynamic
analysis of the energy system being studied, with particular attention to the preliminary
sizing of the various devices that define the system; (a) Calculation of off-design
conditions; (b) Exergy analysis of the system; (c) Technical details about the performed
calculations. How to split up into groups is left to students. Students have to chose a group
by means of the official educational portal (in particular, by the e-learning section).
In order to chose your group:
Access to the Educational Portal;
Select the course Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics;
Access to the E-learning section;
Select the Groups section;
Join the Group you prefer;
Each Group must select a Group Leader, who will take care of the communications with
the Group Tutor / Coach (assigned to each Group, as reported in the previous table).
TOPICS
In order to guide the student's assumptions, we refer to the documentation provided by the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, namely
ASHRAE (http://www.ashrae.org/). ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is an international
organization of over 50,000 persons. ASHRAE fulfils its mission of advancing heating,
ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration to serve engineering community and promote
a sustainable world through research, standards writing, publishing and continuing
education. The available topics are:
Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems (ASHRAE: S8, FACILITY);
Panel Heating and Cooling (ASHRAE: S6, FACILITY);
Trucks, Trailers and Containers (ASHRAE: R29, COMPONENT);
Industrial Food Freezing Systems (ASHRAE: R15, FACILITY);
Solar Energy Equipment (ASHRAE: S33, FACILITY).
ASSIGNMENT PARTS
Each project report for each topic must (mandatorily) include the following parts:
PART S: Data collection and preliminary screening (IMPORTANT: no more than 30%
of your total efforts; strong simplifications are accepted if properly documented).
This is an open assignment, which means that not all details are provided (as it is
common in practice). Hence some assumptions about the considered test case, namely
the technical background, must be taken by the students. This part of the report must
include the thermodynamic analysis of the energy system being studied, with particular
attention to the preliminary sizing of the various devices that define the system. This
preliminary setup (in the following called Part S for "setup") should not require more than
30% of the total student's efforts: hence, please plan your efforts carefully!
PART A: Off-design. This part must include the calculation of off-design conditions.
Essentially the students should consider a perturbation in the design conditions (due to the
habits of the end-users, seasonal effects, etc.) and repeat the thermodynamic analysis of
the system under perturbed conditions.
PART B: Exergy analysis (by the Second Principle of Thermodynamics). This part
must include the application of the exergy analysis to the system under investigation.
PART C: Technical engineering design. This part must report all technical details about
the performed calculations, with particular emphasis on heat transfer.
MAIN ASSIGNMENT RULE

Even though a student worked only on few parts of the final report, he/she is supposed to
be questioned about all the final report during the final examination.
Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems

(ASHRAE: S8, FACILITY)
Let us consider a house with an inner surface of roughly 120 m2, which extends on one
floor, and that does not include attic space (you can select a real home, or consider a
typical plant which comprises entrance hall, kitchen, living room, bathroom and two
bedrooms).
The purpose of this exercise is to analyze a heating system for the previous house, made
of a heat pump with three loops: (1) Heating water loop; (2) Heat pump loop and (3)
auxiliary loop for the extraction of the thermal power from the ground.
PART S: Obtaining technical data and preliminary sizing
Survey of the geometric characteristics of the building, including the exact number of
rooms, size and features of rooms, their location within the building, estimation of the glass
surface (the numerical values may be indicative, but those of building and rooms should
be compatible with each other).
Estimate of the thermal load in winter (maximum heating power requested to the facility).
This estimate must take into account only the external thermal loads (solar radiation,
convection, air recirculation for indoor air quality, thermal conduction through the ground,
etc.). For simplicity, the internal loads (lighting, people, computers, ...) can be neglected.
To do this, one defines the most severe outdoor temperature and minimum indoor
conditions, which can still provide comfort for the occupants. Define the minimum mass
flow rate of air for recirculation in order to ensure the hygienic conditions of living.
Plan a single radiating element (radiator) for each room. For sake of simplicity, consider
only one type of radiating element in the whole plant. Size the radiating element and the
nominal mass flow rate of hot water.
Size the pipes and grids for hot water distribution, assuming a two-pipe system (supply
and return). For the purpose of sizing, assume a reasonable speed for the water inside
pipes (taking into account the noise due to the water pumping).
Size the components making the heat pump, i.e. the cooling loop which realizes the
reverse vapour compression cycle (based on the R134a working fluid). Plan two
intermediate heat exchangers: (a) The first one between refrigerant and water (condenser)
for the distribution of the thermal power inside the house and (b) the second one between
refrigerant and water with glycol (evaporator) for the extraction of the thermal power from
the ground. The presence of the glycol allows one to avoid the formation of ice in the loop
external to the house. The thermal storage unit can be neglected.
Finally, size the loop for the extraction of the thermal power from the ground and the
corresponding heat exchanger immersed in the foundations of the house. Consider a
solution which includes concentric pipes with vertical arrangement, mounted below the
lowest accessible floor of the house. Estimate the ground temperature far away from the
surface, which can be considered almost independent of seasonal conditions.
Check the overall thermal balance of the system (house + heat pump + all loops) by the
First Principle of Thermodynamics. Evaluate the overall efficiency of the system and
individual components, including those which penalize more the performance. Estimate
the (rough) cost of the overall system.
PART A: Off-design calculations
Repeat the previous calculations about preliminary (nominal) design by considering
underfloor heating instead of radiators. Verify the impact of this choice on all devices, the
new overall efficiency and the operating costs.
PART B: Application of the Second Principle of Thermodynamics and analysis of
the exergetic budget
Conduct the overall exergetic analysis, which allows one to highlight the exergetic losses
for each component.
What is the overall exergetic efficiency of the system?
What are the components which contribute the most to system exergetic losses (minimal
exergetic efficiency)? Are these components the same ones which also contribute to the
greatest energy dissipation (minimal energetic efficiency)?
PART C: Technical engineering design and heat transfer
Size the heat exchanger made of concentric tubes immersed in the ground, for the
extraction of thermal power from the foundation of the house. Consider a single concentric
pipe and evaluate the temperature field induced within the ground (perturbation with
regards to the original constant temperature), due to the extraction of the thermal power.
Assume as negligible the effects of coupling, i.e. the effects due to the remaining tubes
forming the heat exchanger. Consider a simplified calculation in which the inner tube
(where water flows downward in the ground) is completely isolated from the annular
section (where water flows upward). Estimate total transport coefficient (transmittance)
and proceed to the overall sizing by the -NTU method. Evaluate what happens when the
inner tube is not perfectly isolated and it receives thermal power from water running
upward in the annular section. One dimensional analysis by using analytical or numerical
methods is enough.
Solar Energy Equipment

Let us consider a 4-storey building located in Turin. The building has 8 apartments (two
per storey) of 70 m2 each, all of them having the same structure and characteristics. It can
be consider that each apartment has a kitchen, a living room, two bedrooms and a
bathroom. A new solar water heating system is going to be installed to partially cover the
service hot water demand. This new facility will comprise an array of thermal solar
collectors in the roof of the building (which is flat) and a room in the cellar for the hot water
storing system. This room is already used for the existing conventional water heating
system, namely, a central natural gas-fired boiler (this will be called: boiler room).
The objective of this project is to carry out and to analyze the design of the solar water
heating (SWH) system for the building.
PART S: Data collection and preliminary design
Geometric design of the building characteristics. This include: (i) a brief description of
building orientation and main views; (ii) the room distribution of one apartment, room
sizes and features on their location within the building; (iii) the location of apartments
and of the boiler room within the building; (iv) the definition of the existing roof
surface (being compatible with the apartment dimensions) and an estimation of the
available roof surface for mounting solar collectors (considering other possible
facilities placed in the building).
Estimate the hot water demand of the building, considering that there are two people
per apartment in average.
Compute the irradiance arriving to each square meter of panel every month. The
panels are mounted with a slope equal to the latitude and facing south. The
irradiance is computed using horizontal irradiance values from meteorological
databases and taking into account the angle of the panels regarding the horizontal
roof.
Compute the volume of the hot water storage tank considering that it must guarantee
the hot water for one week of operation. Provide for this purpose an appropriate
system of insulation.
Apply the f-Chart method to compute the monthly total load supplied by the solar
water heating system (repeat it for every month). Which is the share of roof used for
solar panels if one wants to supply 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the thermal load by
the solar system?
Compute the overall thermal balance of the installed system, which includes solar
panels with a thermal fluid, heat exchanger between the thermal fluid and the water
system, hot water storage system, conventional gas-fired boiler (for emergency
integration) and one apartment. For this purpose, reasonable values must be
considered for the performance of every single component.
Which is the global performance of the system every month?

Which are the components that are the origin of the inefficiencies of the system?
Which is the global performance of the system during the storing process? Is
there an energy penalty when the system is providing hot water only from the
storage tank?

Perform an exergetic analysis of the system to identify any exergy loss of each of the
components.
Which is the exergy performance of the system?

Which is the origin of the exergy loss in each component?
Which is the equipment with greatest contribution to exergy losses (minimal
exergetic efficiency)? Are these equipments those with greatest energy loss
(minimal energetic efficiency)?
Perform a cost analysis of the solar energy system considering that for the installation
you need 700 /m2 and for maintenance 10 /(m2year). Which is the cost per unit of
exergy lost?

Consider that the interior of each module of the solar panel consists of a tube coil where
the thermal fluid to be heated flows. Compute the heat transfer of the fluid flowing through
the panel, taking into account the incoming radiation by an electrical analogy. Determine
the temperature profile of the thermal fluid along the pipe. One dimensional analysis by
using analytical or numerical methods is enough.
Compute the flow field and/or the temporal evolution of the temperature field within
the hot water storage system. Consider only a two-dimensional section of the
accumulator including the inlet and the outlet. Select one of the following cases:
o Assume that the water is incompressible and that its motion is sufficiently slow
to apply the Darcy law. Therefore, the calculation of the flow field is reduced to
solving a two-dimensional Laplacian within the domain. Suppose that this flow
field will be established inside the accumulator fast enough and that it does not
depend on temperature conditions. In this case, it is enough to calculate this
flow field only once and consider that it is constant during the thermal transient.
o Solve the energy equation (convection - diffusion) with source term (to take into
account the power absorbed by or released from a generic element of the
accumulator) using a predefined flow field (e.g. the one defined in the previous
calculation). Simulate a condition of asymptotic accumulation and cooling.
Estimate the time constant of the accumulator.
Industrial Food Freezing Systems

(ASHRAE: R15, FACILITY)
Let us consider a factory specialized in fish freezing. There are three production lines: The
first one for small fish fillets (20 x 10 x 1 cm, 1 piece every 10 min); the second line for
medium-sized tune slices (30 x 30 x 10 cm, 1 piece every 30 min) and finally the last one
for big pieces of fish for the export market (50 x 50 x 50 cm, 1 piece every 120 min). All the
production of frozen fish must ensure that temperature is maintained below -18 C, as
required by the cold chain for food storage. The fish is frozen by contact, i.e. it is pressed
between two metal plates, which are internally chilled by means of coils in which the
refrigerant flows. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze the previous facility of flash
freezing for food (i.e. rapid freezing).
Estimate the overall demand for (cooling) thermal power required by the three production
lines for food freezing, keeping in mind how many pieces must be produced for each line.
Arrange the three parallel lines on the plant layout in a reasonable way.
Size the three pairs of contact plates necessary to carry out the freezing and the related
distribution pipes of the secondary fluid, which carries the cooling capacity from the
centralized unit to the cooling plates. Use the liquid carbon dioxide as the secondary fluid.
Ensure that vapour fraction of carbon dioxide is always less than 30%, so as to prevent
localized increases of thermal resistance due to the vapour of carbon dioxide.
Size the secondary circuit in order to feed the three production lines of flash freezing
(each requiring a delivery and a return) and the intermediate heat exchanger (evaporator)
between carbon dioxide and refrigerant fluid, i.e. R22, or better R407C or R417A, for the
supply of cooling thermal power. Select the pipe size such that it ensures good flow
conditions (i.e. homogenization of two-phase). Provide suitable insulating coatings

(thickness of the insulating layer equal to the internal diameter of the tube).
Size the refrigerant circuit (R22, or better R407C or R417A) in order to meet the cooling
demand of the refrigeration plant. Provide air-cooled condensers, which use also the latent
heat of vaporization of water (evaporative cooler), equipped with axial fan and mounted
outside the main building where the three production lines are located. Consider a system
with two coupled vapour-compression cycles or with two-stage compression (and
consequently with the intermediate liquid separator).
Size the external heat exchanger to evacuate the thermal power, taking into account the
worst summer conditions of operation. Let us suppose that the axial fan has vertical axis.
Estimate the installation footprint and decide how the heat exchanger must be installed in
order to ensure good conditions for the air flow (due to the prevalence of the axial fan).
Consider the case where the plant must produce the following products: small-sized fish
fillets (20 x 10 x 1 cm, 1 piece every 5 min); medium-sized tuna pieces (30 x 30 x 10 cm, 1
piece every 20 min); big-sized fish for the export market (50 x 50 x 50 cm, 1 piece every
90 min).
Evaluate the (cooling) thermal power required by the three production lines for flash
freezing in order to meet the new productions. Arrange the three lines in parallel.
Size the secondary circuit in order to meet the three production lines and the heat
exchanger between carbon dioxide and refrigerant fluid, which extracts the thermal power.
Compare these new results with the corresponding ones obtained in the previous part and
highlight the differences.
Re-design the vapour-compression refrigeration cycle so as to satisfy the new request for
(cooling) thermal power. Evaluate possible changes to the condenser and the external
heat exchanger such that they can work with the new thermal power. Compare these new
results with the corresponding ones obtained in the previous part and highlight the
differences.
components.
Which is the equipment with greatest contribution to exergy losses (minimal exergetic
efficiency)? Are these equipments those with greatest energy loss (minimal energetic
efficiency)?
Design the external air-based heat exchanger for exhausting the thermal power from the
plant. Size the dry heat exchanger by -NTU method. Consider a cross-flow heat
exchanger design. Find out the optimal refrigerant distribution among the heat exchanger
modules circuitry and the optimal fins (supposed made of copper). Evaluate the effect of
humidification (injection of water within the air-side heat exchanger surface, starting from
the top) and the effect due to the vaporization latent heat.
Trucks, Trailers and Containers

(ASHRAE: R29, COMPONENT)
Consider a truck equipped with a refrigerated trailer with a net internal load volume equal
to 2.60 x 2.60 x 7.38 m. The trailer is equipped with an air conditioner, which is installed
outside of the useful cargo volume, in the vicinity of the space between the truck and the
refrigerated trailer. Inside the trailer, there is an air distribution system (solely occupying
the trailer ceiling), consisting of air distribution pipes without recovery (one-way
distribution). In order to tune more effectively the indoor conditions, there are two points to
bring in the conditioned air: The first one is located at the middle of the trailer and the
second one close to the end of the trailer, where there is the loading gate. The refrigerated
trailer is designed for the transportation of deep-frozen goods at -18 C.
Estimate the thickness of the insulation layer by using an appropriate insulation material
(supposed homogeneous) and chose a compromise between thermal requirements and
overall dimensions, weights and costs.
Estimate the trailer thermal load in the worst summer external conditions (in terms of both
temperature and humidity), a number of trailer openings for loading / unloading equal to 2
per hour and that, during each opening (with partial loading / unloading), 20% of the
internal air volume is substituted with external air.
Size the refrigeration system (based on R22 fluid, or better R407C or R417A) in order to
meet the demand for (cooling) thermal power of the trailer. Provide an air cooled
condenser installed outside of the trailer, with a fan for blowing cooling air during the truck
stops. Consider a system with two coupled vapour-compression cycles or with two-stage
compression (and consequently with the intermediate liquid separator).
Estimate the space requirement of the air conditioning unit and check if it is suitable for
this mobile application (i.e. check if it is possible to install this unit in the space between
the trailer and the truck).
Size the air conditioning supply pipes (assuming a suitable constant mass flow rate), the
air blades close to the loading gate and the indoor air recovery (frontal dimensions).
Specify what measures should be taken to balance the two lines.
Estimate the overall thermal load of the trailer in case of the external spring conditions (in
terms of both temperature and humidity), a number of openings for loading / unloading of
the trailer equal to 3 per hour and that during each opening (with partial loading /
unloading), 30% of the internal air volume is substituted with external air.
In view of the new operating conditions, resize the refrigeration system so as to satisfy the
new requested (cooling) thermal power. Highlight the differences with respect to the
previous nominal design (PART S).
Verify that the new dimensions are compatible with this mobile application as well.
Check the thermal balance of the overall system, consisting of the refrigerated trailer
(including air distribution channels, air blades and indoor air recovery) and air conditioning
unit (including all components making the vapour-compression machine), assuming
reasonable values of efficiency for the individual components.
What is the overall efficiency of the system?
What are the components that affect most of the inefficiencies of the system?
components.
Which is the equipment with greater contribution to exergy losses? Are these equipments
those with greater energy loss?
Design the external air-based heat exchanger for exhausting the thermal power from
trailer. Suppose a reasonable assembly of the components in the available volume of the
trailer, by looking for a compromise between optimizing the flow of refrigerated air inside
the trailer and the need for evacuation of the exhausted thermal power. Keeping in mind
the actual assembly of the components into the air conditioning unit, subdivide (ideally) the
heat exchanger for removing the exhausted thermal power into homogenous portions, for
each of which the -NTU method can be applied. Consider a cross-flow heat exchanger
design and suitable fins. Compare different layouts of the refrigerant circuit. Estimate the
size of other components and assess whether the overall size of the refrigerating unit is
compatible with the available space.
Panel Heating and Cooling

Let us consider a house with an inner surface of roughly 120 m2, which extends on one
floor, and that does not include attic space (you can select a real home, or consider a
typical plant which comprises entrance hall, kitchen, living room, bathroom and two
bedrooms).
The purpose of this assignment is to design an underfloor heating system, made of a
conventional boiler and a circuit for distributing the hot water by coils immersed in the
floors of the various rooms.
Survey of the geometric characteristics of the building, including the exact number of
rooms, size and features of rooms, their location within the building, estimation of the glass
surface (the numerical values may be indicative, but those of building and rooms should
be compatible with each other).
Estimate of the thermal load in winter (maximum heating power requested to the facility).
This estimate must take into account only the external thermal loads (solar radiation,
convection, air recirculation for indoor air quality, thermal conduction through the ground,
etc.). For simplicity, the internal loads (lighting, people, computers, ...) can be neglected.
To do this, one defines the most severe outdoor temperature and minimum indoor
conditions, which can still provide comfort for the occupants. Define the minimum mass
flow rate of air for recirculation in order to ensure the hygienic conditions of living.
Design some coils embedded in the floor for distributing the hot water for each room.
Take into account the locations of the windows (where we expect the greater thermal
dispersion which must be compensated by the underfloor heating system). Suppose the
coil immersed in a coating of cement covered by tiles. In order to size the coils, use some
simplified formulas for estimating the heat transfer and heuristic rules (based on the
supplier experience) for the coils.
Size the pipes and the network for the hot water distribution, assuming a coil made of a
single tube. For the purpose of sizing, assume a certain speed of the flowing water (due to
noise constraints).
Decide a connection map / strategy of the coils in the individual rooms with the
centralized system for hot water production, so as to balance as much as possible the
thermal load of the overall plant.
Size the tube bundle of the boiler core for heating water, assuming that combustion
smoke moves orthogonal to water in the tube bundle and that some suitable fins exist to
enhance the overall heat transfer through the heat exchanger surface.
Provide a preliminary design of the boiler (fed by natural gas) for centralized hot water
production. Estimate the mass flow rate of combustion smoke and size the flue for
conveying exhaust gases of the boiler to the outdoors, in order to ensure a suitable speed
of evacuation (high enough to prevent acid condensation).
Let us suppose that the building undergoes some changes for energy efficiency
improvement (better external insulation, double glazing, etc.). In particular, consider the
following points:
Estimate the new thermal load in winter conditions (maximum heating demand by the
house). This estimate must take into account only the external thermal loads (solar
radiation, convection, air recirculation, heat losses due to the ground conduction, etc.).
Define the minimum mass flow rate of air renewal to ensure the hygienic living conditions.
Quantify the energy savings due to the previous improvements. Estimate (roughly) the
costs of these improvements and check the economical benefit.
Re-size the pipes and network for hot water supply in case of the new thermal load.
Assume a certain reasonable speed for hot water flowing in the underfloor coils.
Re-size the shell and tube boiler for heating water, highlighting the differences with
regards to the previous preliminary design (PART S).
Estimate the new mass flow rate of combustion smoke and size the flue so as to achieve
a suitable speed of evacuation.
components.
Which is the equipment with greater contribution to exergy losses? Are these equipments
those with greater energy loss?
Analyze the heat transfer in a generic embedded coil of the underfloor heating system.
Model the tube by means of a one-dimensional approach, and assume negligible the
effects of coupling among pipes, i.e. the effects on the heat transfer in a tube due to
adjacent tubes. Take into account the effect of the thermal resistances due to cement
coating and that of the covering tiles. Estimate the local heat transfer coefficient
(transmittance) and size the overall coil by -NTU method. Assess the temperature profile
inside the coil. Evaluate alternative design solutions able to reduce the (undesired) cooling
effect of the working fluid.

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Advanced Thermal Project

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Advanced Thermal Project

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POLITECNICO DI TORINO

HOW TO SELECT YOUR GROUP

Select the Groups section;

Join the Group you prefer;

MAIN ASSIGNMENT RULE

Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems

Solar Energy Equipment

PART A: Off-design calculations

Which is the global performance of the system every month?

PART B: Application of the Second Principle of Thermodynamics and analysis of

Which is the exergy performance of the system?

PART C: Technical engineering design and heat transfer

Industrial Food Freezing Systems

conditions (i.e. homogenization of two-phase). Provide suitable insulating coatings

Trucks, Trailers and Containers

Panel Heating and Cooling

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