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Types of detergent
Types of detergent
There are three main classes of detergent. These are distinguished by the charge on
the
hydrophilic part of the molecule.
Anionic
The hydrophilic part of the molecule has a negative charge often found as
sodium salts
Common general purpose cleaners
Often alkaline in solution
Non-ionic
Have no charge on the hydrophilic part of the molecule solubility is conferred by
hydrogen bonding
milder cleaning action
rarely used on their own
Cationic and amphoteric
the hydrophilic part of the molecule has a positive charge
Amphoteric surfactants have both negative and positive charged regions
not generally used as cleaning agents
can act as biocides
Environmental effects: Detergents can have poisonous effects in all types of aquatic
life if they are present in sufficient quantities, and this includes the biodegradable
detergents. All detergents destroy the external mucus layers that protect the fish
from bacteria and parasites; plus they can cause severe damage to the gills. Most
fish will die when detergent concentrations approach 15 parts per million. Detergent
concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs. Surfactant detergents are
implicated in decreasing the breeding ability of aquatic organisms.
Detergents also add another problem for aquatic life by lowering the surface tension
of the water. Organic chemicals such as pesticides and phenols are then much more
easily absorbed by the fish. A detergent concentration of only 2 ppm can cause fish
to absorb double the amount of chemicals they would normally absorb, although
that concentration itself is not high enough to affect fish directly.
http://sstweb.tees.ac.uk/external/U0000504/Notes/SciHome/DetergentTypes.pdf
https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?
products_id=11828
http://lets-cleanandsanitize.blogspot.com/2012/07/factors-affectingeffectiveness-of.html
http://www.nuansakimia.com/en/palm-fatty-acid-distillate-pfad.html
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02678806