Science and Technology STD 9th

Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board
of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.
STD. IX
Science
and
Technology
Fifth Edition: April 2015
Salient Features
Written as per the new textbook.
Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus in question answer format.
Covers answers to all textual questions, intext questions and activities.
Includes Questions based on diagrams / flow-charts.
Includes Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS).
Ample Solved and Practice Problems.
Neat and labelled diagrams.
Attractive layout of the content.
Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.
TEID : 881
Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can
get through to you.
Science is the observation, identification, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of
phenomenon. It is the study of physical, chemical and biological aspects of natural phenomenon. It deals
with inherent properties of space, matter, energy and their interactions.
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for the benefit of mankind. It includes the use of
materials, tools, techniques and knowledge to make life more pleasant and work more productive. Whereas
science is concerned with how things happen, technology focuses on making things happen.
The study of Science and technology requires a deep and intrinsic understanding of concepts. Hence to ease
this task we bring to you Std. IX: Science and Technology a complete and thorough guide extensively
drafted to boost the students confidence. The topicwise question and answer format of this book helps the
student to understand each and every concept thoroughly. It includes all the important definitions, laws and
formulae. Neat and labelled diagrams are provided wherever necessary. Numerical problems at the end of
related topics help the students to understand the technique of solving numerous problems efficiently.
Lastly, I would like to thank all those who have helped me in preparing this book. There is always room for
improvement and hence we welcome all suggestions and regret any errors that may have occurred in the
making of this book.
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From
Publisher
Contents
No.
Chapter Name
Page No.
Quality Food, Quality Life
142
World of Matter
10
Moving Objects
166
Understanding Matter
14
11
The Laws of Motion
183
Inside the Atom
26
12
The Pull of the Earth
198
Counting Matter
38
13
Why Bodies Float
212
Cell: The unit of Life
50
14
Energy : The Driving Force
225
Life: Simple and Complex
70
15
The Music of Sound
243
Life Around You
94
16
Bonding with Ecosystems
260
Highway to Health
117
17
Solid Waste Ecofriendly

Management
273
Note: Textual Questions are represented by * mark.

Intext Questions are represented by # mark.
Section A : Chapter No. 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Section B : Chapter No. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17
Tar
get Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Chapter 01: World of Matter
01 WorldofMatter
Rewritethefollowingstatements
byselectingthecorrectoption
1.1
Properties of matter
1.
______ is a physical quantity which expresses

the amount of matter in a body.
(A) Mass
(B) Density
(C) Volume
(D) Temperature
2.
The space inside a container that occupies

matter is its ______.
(A) density
(B) mass
(C) volume
(D) shape
3.
______ is the ratio of mass to its volume.

(A) Incompressibility (B) Fluidity
(C) Density
(D) Elasticity
1.2
States of matter
4.
Solids are usually ______ since their particles

are packed together.
(A) soft
(B) spongy
(C) compressible
(D) hard
5.
6.
A rubber band is a good example of solids

being ______
(A) elastic
(B) rigid
(C) hard
(D) strong
Liquids do not have a definite ______
(A) volume
(B) shape
(C) density
(D) mass
1.3
Change of state
7.
The phase or state of matter can change when

the ______ changes.
(A) temperature
(B) mass
(C) volume
(D) size
8.
______ is a fifth state of matter.

(A) Liquid
(B) Bose-Einstein condensate
(C) Gas
(D) Plasma
9.
The ______ of a liquid is the temperature at

which the liquid gets converted into solid.
(A) freezing point (B) melting point
(C) boiling point
(D) evaporation
10.
Melting point of glucose is ______.

(B) 218.4 oC
(A) 100 oC
(D) 110 oC
(C) 150 oC
11.
Water freezes at ______.

(B) 32 oF
(A) 101 oF
o
(D) 202 oF
(C) 212 F
1.4
Evaporation,
condensation
12.
______ is the process by which liquid gets

converted into gaseous form at any
temperature below its boiling point.
(A) Melting
(B) Evaporation
(C) Freezing
(D) Condensation
13.
______ is the formation of liquid drops from

vapour.
(A) Evaporation
(B) Condensation
(C) Boiling
(D) Melting
14.
______ is the process which keeps the earths

climate cooler.
(A) Boiling
(B) Freezing
(C) Melting
(D) Condensation
1.5
Sublimation
15.
______ is a process in which solids go directly

into gaseous state without going through the
liquid state.
(A) Evaporation
(B) Sublimation
(C) Boiling
(D) Melting
16.
______ is not a sublimatory substance.

(A) Iodine
(B) Camphor
(C) Ammonium chloride
(D) Sodium chloride
cooling
by
evaporation,

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17.
Std. IX: Science and Technology
______ is a sublimatory substance.

(A) Iodine
(B) Sodium chloride
(C) Potassium permanganate
(D) Calcium oxide
14.
The fourth state of matter is ______.
15.
Our body temperature is measured in a unit

called ______.
16.
The boiling point of water is ______ C.
1.6
Absorption of heat
1.4
18.
The outer side of the container of a solar

cooker is painted ______.
(A) blue
(B) black
(C) white
(D) red
Evaporation,
condensation
17.
All liquids can evaporate at ______

temperature under normal air pressure.
18.
______ is the process which creates clouds.
1.5
Sublimation
19.
20.
Cricketers playing a test match wear ______

clothes.
(A) blue
(B) black
(C) white
(D) red
Traditionally umbrellas are ______ in colour.
(A) yellow
(B) blue
(C) white
(D) black
*19. ______ and

substances.
cooling
______
by
are
evaporation,
sublimatory
20.
Out of sand and iodine, sand is a ______

substance.
1.6
Absorption of heat
FillintheBlanks
21.
______ enters the object and warms it.
1.1
Answers
1.
The ______ of an object gives an indication of

the amount of matter that an object contains.
2.
Matter occupies ______.
3.
______ is made up of very tiny particles.
4.
Matter has ______ and ______.
1.2
States of matter
*5.
We usually find matter in ______, ______ and

______ forms.
6.
The particles in a solid are bound to each other

by a ______.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
10.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
20.
21.
7.
Particles of a solid cannot move much. This is

one of the ______ characteristics of solids.
Answerthefollowingquestions
inonesentenceeach
8.
Less viscous liquids ______ easily.
9.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders are

used at home and ______ cylinders are used in
vehicles.
10.
______ spread out to fill the container.
1.
What is matter?
Ans: Anything that occupies space, has mass and
can be perceived through our senses is called
matter.
11.
______ can be easily compressed.
1.1
1.3
Change of state
2.
What is density?
Ans: Density is the ratio of mass to volume.
Mass (m)
Density (d) =
Volume (v)
*12. On heating, solids get converted to ______

and ______ get converted to gases.
13.
______ describes a physical state of matter.

2
1.0
mass
2.
space
Matter
4.
volume, mass
solid, liquid, gaseous 6.
force
physical
8.
flow
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Gases
Gases
12. liquids, liquids
Phase
14. plasma
Fahrenheit
16. 100
room
18. Condensation
Camphor, naphthalene balls
non-sublimatory
Heat
Introduction
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3.
What happens when kerosene and water

are mixed?
Ans: When kerosene and water are mixed, kerosene
forms the upper layer as it has lower density
than water.
*4. Why does ice float on water?
Ans: Ice floats on water because density of ice is
less than density of water.
1.2. States of matter
5.
What is a solid?
Ans: A substance which has a definite shape and
volume is called a solid.
Eg. Book, wall, rock, etc.
6.
What is crystal lattice?
Ans: The atoms in a crystal are arranged in a
regular repeating pattern called as crystal
lattice.
7.
What is rigidity?
Ans: The property of the solids to maintain their
volume and shape when subjected to external
force is known as rigidity.
8.
What is a liquid?
Ans: A substance which does not have a definite
shape, but has a definite volume is called
a liquid.
Eg. Water, Mercury, etc.
9.
What is a gas?
Ans: A substance which has neither a definite shape
nor a definite volume is called a gas.
1.3
Change of state
10. Give the different states of matter.

Ans: There are five different states of matter: solid,
liquid, gas and plasma, Bose-Einstein
condensate.
*11. How are gases liquefied?
Ans: Gases are liquefied by lowering their
temperature below a particular temperature
and by applying high pressure.
12. What is melting point?
Ans: The temperature at which a solid gets
converted into a liquid is called melting point.
13. What is melting?
Ans: The process by which a solid gets converted
into a liquid at a fixed temperature is called
melting.

14. What is freezing point?
Ans: The temperature at which a liquid gets
converted into a solid is called freezing point.
15.
Give the formula for conversion of

Fahrenheit to Celsius.
Ans: The formula for conversion of Fahrenheit to
5
Celsius is (F 32) = C.
9
1.4
Evaporation,
condensation
cooling
by
evaporation,
16. What is evaporation?

Ans: Evaporation is the process by which a liquid
gets converted into a gas at any temperature
below its boiling point.
17.
State the factors which affect rate of

evaporation of liquid.
Ans: Surface area, temperature, humidity and wind
speed affect the rate of evaporation of liquid.
18. What is condensation?
Ans: Condensation is the formation of liquid drops
from vapour.
19.
Which process creates clouds and is

essential for snow and rain formation?
Ans: Condensation is the process which creates
clouds and is essential for snow and rain
formation.
1.5
Sublimation
20. What is sublimation?

Ans: The process in which a solid gets directly
converted into a gas without changing to
liquid is called sublimation.
Answerthefollowing
questions
1.1
1.
State the characteristics of matter.
Ans: Characteristics of matter:
i.
Matter is made up of very tiny particles.
These particles have space between
them.
ii.
The particles of matter attract each
other.
iii. Matter occupies space.
iv. Matter has volume and mass.

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1.2
ii.
In air, the particles are so far apart that

the resistance offered by them is
negligible.
iii. In water, the particles are closer than in
air and the resistance offered by them is
more than that of air.
Hence, it is easier to walk through air than
through water.
States of matter
2.
State the characteristics of solids.
Ans: Characteristics of solids:
i.
Solids have a definite shape and volume.
ii.
Most of the solids are rigid, while some
are elastic.
iii. Solids are almost incompressible, i.e.,
their volume and shape is not changed
by external force.
iv. The particles in a solid are closely
packed.
*3. Why do solids have definite shape?
Ans: Solids have definite shape because:
i.
The particles of solids are very close to
each other.
ii.
The forces holding these particles are
strong.
4.
What is elasticity of solids?
Ans: Elasticity of solids:
i.
When an external force is applied to a
solid, it undergoes a change in its
volume and shape.
ii.
When this external force is removed, the
solid regains its original shape and
volume.
iii
This property of solids is known as
elasticity.
Eg. Rubber band, spring, etc.
5.
State the characteristics of liquids.
Ans: Characteristics of liquids:
i.
Liquids have a definite volume.
ii.
Liquids flow and have the property of
viscosity.
iii. Liquids cannot be compressed easily.
iv. Liquids do not have a definite shape.
They take the shape of the container in
which they are kept.
6.
State the characteristics of gases.
Ans: Characteristics of gases:
i.
Gases flow.
ii.
Gases are highly compressible.
iii. Gases spread everywhere in the
available space.
iv. Gases do not have definite shape and
volume.
#7.
It is easier to walk through air than

through water. Why is it so?
Ans: i.
Air is in gaseous state and water is in
liquid state.
4
1.3
Change of state
*8.
What is the physical state of water at:

i.
257 C
ii.
100 C
iii. 0 C
At 257 C, water is in gaseous state.
Ans: i.
ii.
At 100 C, water co-exists in liquid and
gaseous state.
iii.
At 0 C, water co-exists in the solid
and liquid state.
9.
Why do temperature of a substance

remains constant while changing from one
state to another?
Ans: i.
When substance changes from one state
to another distance between two
molecules get increased.
ii.
While changing state heat provided to
substance is utilised in increasing
distance between the molecules of
substance.
1.4
Evaporation,
condensation
cooling
by
evaporation,
10.
Why does a desert cooler cools better on a

hot dry day?
Ans: i.
On a hot dry day, the temperature is
higher. Thus, there is more dryness in
the surrounding air (i.e. relative
humidity of the air is low).
ii.
At a high temperature, rate of
evaporation is more. Thus, a desert
cooler produces more cooling which
results in large fall in the temperature of
its surrounding air.
Hence, a desert cooler cools better on a hot
dry day.
#11. We find dew drops, especially in the early
morning on the leaves. Why?
Ans: i.
The temperature of air during the early
morning is generally low.
ii.
As the temperature falls, the capacity of
air to hold water vapour becomes less.
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iii.
1.6
During cold nights, the temperature of

air may fall to dew point or below the
dew point.
iv. Thus, excess of water vapour in air
condenses to form drops which falls on
the leaves at night.
Hence, we find dewdrops, especially in the
early morning on the leaves.
Answerinbrief
Absorption of heat
1.3
Change of state
1.
Describe the change of phase or change of

state of matter when energy is supplied or
taken away from a substance.
#12. Why do we paint the outer side of the

container of a solar cooker with black
paint?
In a solar cooker, the food is cooked due
Ans: i.
to the heat energy obtained from the
sun.
ii.
Black surface absorbs about 98% of the
incident heat radiation that falls on it.
iii. Due to this, the temperature of the solar
cooker increases and the food is cooked
properly.
Hence, we paint the outer side of the container
of a solar cooker with black paint.
#16. In the state of Rajasthan the temperatures

are very high in summer. Which colour for
the roof is preferable in such regions?
Ans: In Rajasthan, where the temperature is very
high in summer, white colour for the roof is
preferable.
Ans: Change of phase:
#13. Why do cricketers playing test match wear

white clothes?
White clothes reflect most of the radiant
Ans: i.
heat falling on them.
ii.
Therefore, cricketers do not feel hot
even though it is hot outside.
Hence, cricketers playing test match wear
white clothes.
#14. Traditionally umbrellas are black in colour.
Why are they better than coloured ones?
A black body is a perfect absorber of
Ans: i.
heat radiation.
ii.
So, the black coloured umbrella absorbs
the heat radiations and does not allow
heat radiations to pass through.
Hence, black umbrellas are better than
coloured ones.
#15. When you go for trekking, which coloured
cap do you prefer to use?
Ans: When I go for trekking, I prefer to use white
coloured cap.
i.
The phase or state of matter can change

when the temperature changes.
ii.
When the temperature is increased, solid

gets converted into liquid and liquid gets
converted into gas.
iii.
As the temperature rises, matter moves

to a more active state.
iv.
Phase describes a physical state of

matter. Things only move from one
phase to another by physical means.
Each addition of
energy creates a
change in state
+E
Solid
v.
*2.
+E
Liquid
+E
Plasma
Gas
If energy is supplied (like increasing

the temperature or decreasing the
pressure) or if energy is taken away
(like freezing something or increasing
the pressure), a physical change is
created.
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you

several meters away, but to get the smell
from cold food, we have to go close. Why?
Ans: i.
Gases from the hot sizzling food mix

with air easily in the form of vapour.
ii.
The molecules of vapour have a lot of

energy. So, these molecules spread
around in all the directions.

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iii.
But molecules of gases from cold food

cannot mix easily with air as molecules
have low energy due to its low
temperature.
Hence, we have to go close to get the smell
from cold food.
1.4
Evaporation,
condensation
cooling
by
evaporation,
3.
How
does
the
condensation
and
evaporation process keep the earths
climate balanced?
Ans: i.
Condensation is the formation of liquid
drops from vapour.
ii.
It usually occurs when a parcel of rising
air expands and cools.
iii. If it cools enough, some of the water
vapour molecules clump together at a
faster rate.
iv. This process creates clouds which
results in rain and snow, causing the
earths climate to become cooler.
v.
When cloud form heat removed from
the earths surface through evaporation
is released again in atmosphere.
1.5
Sublimation
#4.
How would you separate the mixture of

sand and iodine crystals?
Ans: i.
In the mixture of sand and iodine
crystals, iodine is a sublimatory and
sand is a non-sublimatory substance.
ii.
By using sublimation method, we can
separate the constituents of this mixture.
iii. Take this mixture in a china dish.
Inverted funnel
Cotton plug
Iodine
China dish
Burner
iv.
v.
Put an inverted gas funnel over it. Place

a cotton plug in its stem.
Heat the china dish. Iodine sublimates
and its vapours get condensed on the
inner side of the funnel and cotton plug.
Sand remain in the china dish.
Writeshortnoteson
1.4
Evaporation,
condensation
cooling
by
evaporation,
1.
Evaporation
Ans: i.
Evaporation is the process by which a
liquid gets converted into gaseous form
at any temperature below its boiling
point.
ii.
All liquids evaporate at room
temperature and normal air pressure.
iii. In this process, atoms or molecules
escape from the liquid and turn into
vapour.
iv. There are always a few atoms or
molecules with a lot of energy and some
with very low energy.
v.
The atoms or molecules with lot of
energy are able to build up enough
energy to get converted into gaseous
state.
vi. Once they reach that energy level, they
leave the liquid state. When the atoms or
molecules leave the liquid, we say it has
evaporated.
vii. The rate of evaporation depends upon
the surface area, temperature, humidity,
wind speed, etc.
Givescientificreasons
1.2
States of matter
1.
Solids are rigid.
Ans: i.
In solids, the particles are closely
packed together and the forces holding
these particles are strong.
ii
Solids are almost incompressible.
iii. Their volume is not changed by any
outside force.
iv. Their shape remains unchanged even if
an external force is applied.
Hence, solids are rigid.
2.
Gases are more compressible than liquids.
Ans: i.
In liquids, the distance between the
neighbouring particles is less than those
in the gases.
ii.
In gases, the particles spread out to fill
the container.
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ii.
iii.
Cotton clothes absorb sweat.

Heat is taken from the body for
evaporation of sweat.
iv. Thus, due to evaporation of sweat body
temperature remains constant.
Hence, we use cotton and light coloured
clothes in summer.
iii.
The forces of attraction between the

particles are extremely weak in gases,
there are no forces to stop them from
going apart but not so weak in liquids.
Hence, gases are more compressible than
liquids.
3.
Some liquids like honey flow slowly, while

other liquids such as kerosene flow rapidly.
Ans: i.
The differences in flow rate is due to the
property of viscosity.
ii.
The viscosity of honey is greater than
that of kerosene.
iii. More viscous a liquid, less is its rate of
flow.
Hence, some liquids like honey flow slowly,
while other liquids such as kerosene flow
rapidly.
*4.
A gas exerts pressure on the walls of a

closed container.
Ans: i.
In the gaseous state, the particles of a
gas move with a very high speed in all
directions.
ii.
As the forces of attraction between the
particles of a gas are very weak, they
move fast and collide with the walls of
the container, where a pressure is
created.
Hence, a gas exerts pressure on the walls of a
closed container.
*5.
In LPG cylinder, the gas filled is in the

liquefied state.
Ans: i.
Gases are highly compressible. They
can be compressed into very small
volumes by applying large pressure.
ii.
Gases are liquefied by lowering their
temperature and applying high pressure
where they get compressed. This
process converts the gas into a liquid.
iii. As a result, small LPG cylinders can
contain more gas if it is in liquid form.
Such cylinders
can be
easily
transported from one place to another.
Hence, in LPG cylinder, the gas filled is in the
liquefied state.
1.4
Evaporation,
condensation
cooling
by
evaporation,
#6. In summer, we wear cotton clothes.

The temperature of the surroundings
Ans: i.
becomes very high in summer due to
which we feel hot.
7.
The tea in a saucer gets cooled faster than

in a cup.
When we pour very hot tea in a saucer,
Ans: i.
it cools quickly due to the process of
evaporation.
ii.
Evaporation takes place only at the
surface of a liquid. The rate of
evaporation is directly proportional to
the surface area of a liquid.
iii. The exposed surface area of saucer is
greater than the exposed surface area of
a cup.
Hence, tea poured in a saucer gets cooled
faster than in a cup.
1.5
Sublimation
8.
Naphthalene balls disappear over a period

of time, without leaving behind any solid
particles.
Naphthalene balls sublimate at room
Ans: i.
temperature.
ii.
All its molecules go into vapour phase
without changing into liquid.
iii. This process takes place when
naphthalene balls absorb heat energy
from the surrounding, which occurs
slowly but continuously.
Hence, naphthalene balls disappear over a
period of time, without leaving behind any
solid particles.
Namethefollowing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The fifth state of matter.

The unit which is used to measure the body
temperature.
The scientist who discovered the Fahrenheit
scale.
A substance which is used as fuel in vehicles.
A substance which is used as ideal domestic
fuel in our home.

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4.
5.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bose-Einstein condensate
Fahrenheit
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
Statewhetherthefollowing
statementsaretrueorfalse,
Iffalserewritethecorrect
statement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
T
Two objects can occupy the same space at the

same time.
When kerosene and water are mixed together,
water will form the upper layer.
The particles of a solid cannot move much.
Some liquids flow easily as compared to other
liquids.
Liquids do not have a definite volume.
Gases cannot be compressed easily.
It is easier to walk through water than air.
Water freezes at 100C.
The absorption of energy from the surrounding
reduces the temperature of the surrounding.
The rate of evaporation increases with
increase in humidity.
Condensation is the process which creates
clouds.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
False: Two objects cannot occupy the same

space at the same time.
False: When kerosene and water are mixed
together, kerosene will form the upper layer.
True
True
False: Liquids have a definite volume.
False: Gases can be compressed easily.
False: It is easier to walk through air than water.
False: Water freezes at 0C.
True
False: The rate of evaporation decreases with
increase in humidity.
True
Findtheoddmanout
1.
2.
3.
Water, Kerosene, Sugar, Milk

Stone, Common salt, Ice, Oil
Sodium, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
8
Sulphur, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Chlorine

Camphor, Iodine, Ammonia, Ammonium
chloride
Sugar: Others are liquids.
Oil: Others are solids.
Sodium: Others are gases.
Chlorine: Others are solids.
Ammonia: Others are sublimatory substances.
Givetwo examplesof
1.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Solids
2.
Elastic solids
4.
Less viscous liquids
Higher viscous liquids
Gases
Sublimatory substances
Rigid solids
Liquids
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Blackboard, Ice
Stone, Iron
Rubber band, Spring
Milk, Oil
Water, Kerosene
Honey, Lubricants
Hydrogen, Oxygen
Iodine, Camphor
Completetheanalogy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Wooden block: Solid :: Milk: .

Stone: Rigid :: Spring: ..
Dust: Solid :: Carbon dioxide:
Solid: Incompressible :: Gas: ....
Water: Liquid :: Water vapour: ..
The melting point of solid oxygen: 218.4 C
:: Melting point of glucose: ...
Boiling point of water: .......... :: Freezing point
of water: 0 C
Ammonium chloride: Sublimatory substance ::
Sodium chloride: ..
Answers
1.
2.
3.
5.
7.
8.
Liquid
Elastic
Gas
4. Compressible
Gas
6. 150 C
100 C
Non-sublimatory substance
Tar
iii
Liquids flow upto Gases

flow
certain extent.
everywhere in the
available space.
Eg. Water, kerosene
Hydrogen, oxygen
Matchthefollowing
1.
No.
Column I
i. Solids
ii. Liquids
iii. Gases
Column II
a. High compressibility
b. Incompressible
c. Low compressibility
Ans: (i b), (ii c), (iii a)

2.
No.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Column I
Solid converts into liquid
Gas converts into liquid
Liquid converts into gas
Liquid converts into solid
a.
b.
c.
d.
Column II
Evaporation
Freezing
Melting
Condensation
Ans: (i c), (ii d), (iii a), (iv b)

*3.
1.
2.
State of
matter
Gas
Solid
3.
Liquid
No.
a. Soil
b. Kerosene
c. Carbon
monoxide
i.
ii.
iii.
Milk
Oxygen
Peas
Ans: (1 c - ii), (2 a - iii), (3 b - i)
3.
Solids and Gases
Solids
Gases
i. Solids have definite Gases do not have
shape.
definite shape.
ii. Solids have definite Gases do not have
volume.
definite volume.
iii. Solids
are Gases are highly
incompressible.
compressible.
Eg. Table, iron
Nitrogen, chlorine
4.
Evaporation and Boiling
Evaporation
Boiling
i. It takes place at all It takes place only at
temperatures.
the boiling point.
ii. It causes cooling.
It does not cause
cooling.
Drawneat&labelled
diagramsofthefollowing
1.
Sample structure of a solid
Ans:
Distinguishbetweenthe
followingpairs
1.
Solids and Liquids
Solids
Liquids
i. Solids have definite Liquids do not have
shape.
definite shape.
ii. Solids are almost Liquids
are
less
incompressible.
compressible.
iii Solids do not flow.
Liquids flow.
Eg. Sugar, stone
Water, milk
2.
i.
ii.
Liquids and Gases

Liquids
Liquids
have
definite volume.
Liquids have very
low compressibility.
2.
Ans:
Effort needed to compress solid, liquid and

gas
Effort Needed to Compress
More
Solid
Less
Gas
Liquid
Gases
Gases do not have
definite volume.
Gases have high
compressibility.

Tar
3.
Condensation due to the expansion of air
Ans:
Liquid water
droplets
Miscellaneous
#1.
Rising air
parcel
Classify the following into solids, liquids

and gases: Air, bench, kerosene, bag, bottle,
chalk, brass, water vapour, blackboard,
dust, table, soil, chair, water, door, pen,
milk, eraser, petrol, book, windowpanes,
ice, diesel, carbon dioxide, cupboard,
oxygen, mercury.
Ans:
4.
Condensation due to direct cooling of air
Ans:
Ice
Water
QuestionsBasedon
Diagrams
1.
b.
Ans: a.
b.
2.
Ice
Water
Which type of change is observed in
the process?
For this change of state, is energy
released or absorbed?
Changing of water into ice is a physical
change.
In freezing (i.e., in conversion of water
to ice), energy is taken away from water.
So, water releases energy to get
converted into ice.
In the following figure, water changes to

hydrogen peroxide:
H2O
a.
b.
Ans: a.
b.
10
Gases
Air,
water
vapour,
carbon
dioxide,
oxygen
#2.
In the following figure water changes into

ice:
a.
Solids
Liquids
Bench, bag, bottle, Kerosene, water,
chalk,
brass, milk, petrol,
blackboard, dust, diesel, mercury
table, soil, chair,
door, pen, eraser,
book,
windowpanes, ice,
cupboard
H2O2
Which type of change is observed in

the process?
Is this change reversible?
In the process, chemical change is observed.
Changing of water into hydrogen
peroxide is not reversible change.
Suggest one scientific word for all of the

following changes:
i.
Solid wax converts into liquid wax.
ii.
Ice changes into water.
iii. A plastic bowl kept near the flame,
changes its shape.
iv. Frozen butter is kept outside the
refrigerator.
Ans: Melting
Activities
y
Activity II (Textbook page no. 1)
Ans: i.
No, we cannot count the number of
particles present in a piece of chalk.
ii.
The cotton cloth becomes wet due to
absorption of water.
iii. Yes, we can break the stream of water
with our fingers.
iv. No, it is not possible to fill any more
liquid in the bottle as it is already filled
up to the brim. It is air in the space
which was earlier occupied by water.
Activity III (Textbook page no. 2)
Ans: i.
The pebble will sink in water because
the density of pebble is greater than the
density of water, which is not the case in
plastic spoon.
ii.
Dry wood, ice, leaves, kerosene, oil,
etc. are some substances which float on
water.
Tar
Activity IV (Textbook page no. 3 and 4)
Ans: Observation:
i.
The liquids come down in the order of
decreasing speed as follows:
kerosene > water > milk > honey
ii. Among the four liquids, honey is the
most viscous and kerosene is the least
viscous liquid.
iii. Kerosene, water and milk take the
shape of the container faster.
iv. Honey forms layers and these layers
take the shape of the container slowly.
Conclusion:
Rate of flow of liquids depends on their
viscosity.
Activity ... V (Textbook page no. 4)
Ans: i.
ii.
iii.
Inflated balloons become heavier than

uninflated balloons because air inside
the inflated balloons also has some
mass.
a.
Yes, we get the smell of incense
stick in the other corner. When
an incense stick is ignited, its
material starts burning. The
fragrance present in the incense
stick is gaseous and spreads into
the air in the form of smoke. As
gas molecules move faster than
liquid or solid, they reach from
one corner of a room to the other
corner easily and so a person at
the other corner gets its smell.
Perfume is a volatile substance (easily
escapes into air). Thus, the molecules
of the perfume spread everywhere in
the surrounding air. So, Sabiha can
smell the perfume though she is sitting
in a far off corner.
Activity VI (Textbook page no. 5)

Ans: i.
ii.
Small droplets of the water are

observed on the inner surface of the lid
because water vapours from the tea get
condensed.
In winter morning, the temperature of
atmosphere is very low. The coconut
oil freezes at this temperature and
becomes solid. In the summer
morning,
the
temperature
of
atmosphere is higher as compared to

winter. Thus, oil does not freeze and
remains in the liquid state.
Activity VII (Textbook page no. 7)
Ans: i.
The wet handkerchief kept in the
open space would dry up faster.
ii.
The puddle will reduce in size due to
evaporation of water present in it.
iii. We feel cool at the site where spirit
is applied.
iv. We pour very hot tea in saucer to cool
it rapidly. By doing so, the exposed
surface area increases and the rate of
evaporation also increases which
makes the tea cool faster.
v.
a.
The water kept in an earthen pot
becomes cool due to the process
of evaporation.
b.
Large number of pores are
present on the surface of
earthen pot. Water comes out
continuously from these pores
into the outside environment.
c.
As a result, evaporation takes
place and the temperature of
water in the pot decreases.
d.
Hence, the water kept in an
earthen pot (matka) becomes
cool even in summer.
Activity VIII (Textbook page no. 8)
Ans: i.
Camphor is a sublimatory substance.
It sublimates at room temperature and
changes into gaseous state slowly.
Due to this, camphor becomes smaller
in size and finally disappears.
ii.
Naphthalene balls sublimate at room
temperature. They absorb heat energy
from the surrounding and convert into
gaseous form. Naphthalene present in
the gaseous form get mixed with air
due to which bad odour in the toilet
vanishes. So, naphthalene balls are
kept in the toilets.
Activity IX (Textbook page no. 8)
Ans: Ammonium chloride is a sublimatory
substance. When heated, ammonium
chloride changes into gaseous state without
changing into liquid state. Ammonium
chloride, thus, gets deposited inside the
inverted funnel and on the cotton plug.
11

Tar

Formula: i.
HOTS
ii.
1.
Two vessels contain different types of

liquids A and B. If density of A is two times
that of B and volume of both the liquid
remains same, then which liquid has less
mass?
Ans: B liquid has less mass.
2.
X and Y are two substances. They are given

same quantity of heat. X changes its state
from solid to liquid. Y changes its state
from solid to gas.
a.
Can X change its state from liquid to
gas when more heat is given?
b.
What kind of substance is Y?
Ans: a.
If more heat is given, then X can change
its state from liquid to gas.
b.
Y is a sublimatory substance.
3.
Complete the following chart:
Matter
can be converted
into
can be converted
into
Gases
v=lbh
m
d=
v
Solution:
From formula (i)
v = 2 cm 3 cm 1 cm
= 6 cm3
From formula (ii)
4
d=
= 0.67 g/cm3
6
The density of wooden block = 0.67 g/cm3
2.
The mass of an iron block is 150 g and

density is 25 g/cm3. Calculate the volume of
the block.
m = 150 g, d = 25 g/cm3
Ans: Given:
To find: v = ?
m
Formula: d =
v
Solution:
From formula
m
v=
d
150g
=
= 6 cm3
25g/cm3
The volume of iron block = 6 cm3
The density of an object is 30 g/cm3 and its

volume is 8 cm3. Calculate the mass of the
object.
Ans: Given:
v = 8 cm3, d = 30 g/cm3
To find:
m=?
m
Formula: d =
v
Solution:
From formula
m = dv
= 30 g/cm3 8 cm3
= 240 g
Mass of the object = 240 g

3.
Melt into
liquids.
Sublimate into
gases.
Ans: 1.
2.
3.
Evaporate into gases.

Freeze into solids
Solids
Liquids
Condense into liquids.
SolvedExamples
Type I: Problems based on
Mass(m)
Density(d) =
Volume(v)
#1.
What is the density of a wooden block of

mass 4 g and sides 2 cm 3 cm 1 cm?
Ans: Given:
m = 4 g, l = 2 cm,
b = 3 cm, h = 1 cm
To find: d = ?
12
Type II: Problems based on (F 32)
4.
5
=C
9
The temperature of an object is 20 C.

Express this temperature in Fahrenheit.
Celsius temperature (C) = 20 C
Ans: Given:
To find:
Fahrenheit temperature (F) = ?
Formula: (F 32)
5
=C
9
Tar
Solution :
From formula
5F = 9C +160
5F = 9 20 +160
= 180 +160
= 340
340
F =
= 68 F
5
Temperature in Fahrenheit = 68 F
AnswerstoPracticeProblems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2 g/cm3
72 g
9 cm3
i.
113 F
iii. 59 F
i.
40 C
iii. 90 C
ii.
iv.
ii.
iv.
140 F
158 F
50 C
10 C
The temperature of an object is 95 F.

Express this temperature in Celsius.
Ans: Given: Temperature in Fahrenheit (F) = 95 F
To find: Temperature in Celsius (C) = ?
5
Formula: (F 32) = C
9
Solution:
From formula
5
C = (95 32)
9
5
= 63
9
=75
= 35 C
Temperature in Celsius = 35 C
5.
PracticeProblems
Type I
1.
The mass and volume of an object are 50 g

and 25 cm3 respectively. Calculate the density
of that object.
2.
The volume and the density of an object is 18

cm3 and 4 g/cm3 respectively. Calculate the
mass of that object.
3.
Find the volume of an object having mass 27 g

and density 3 g/cm3.
Type II
4.
5.
Express the
Fahrenheit.
i.
45 C
iii. 15 C
following
ii.
iv.
temperature
in
60 C
70 C
Express the following temperature in Celsius.

i
104 F
ii.
122 F
iii. 194 F
iv. 50 F
13

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Science and Technology STD 9th

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Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Fifth Edition: April 2015

Includes Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS).

Ample Solved and Practice Problems.

Neat and labelled diagrams.

Attractive layout of the content.

Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

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Solid Waste Ecofriendly

Note: Textual Questions are represented by * mark.

Chapter 01: World of Matter

______ is a physical quantity which expresses

The space inside a container that occupies

______ is the ratio of mass to its volume.

Solids are usually ______ since their particles

A rubber band is a good example of solids

The phase or state of matter can change when

______ is a fifth state of matter.

The ______ of a liquid is the temperature at

Melting point of glucose is ______.

Water freezes at ______.

______ is the process by which liquid gets

______ is the formation of liquid drops from

______ is the process which keeps the earths

______ is a process in which solids go directly

______ is not a sublimatory substance.

get Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Std. IX: Science and Technology

______ is a sublimatory substance.

The fourth state of matter is ______.

Our body temperature is measured in a unit

The boiling point of water is ______ C.

The outer side of the container of a solar

All liquids can evaporate at ______

______ is the process which creates clouds.

Cricketers playing a test match wear ______

*19. ______ and

Out of sand and iodine, sand is a ______

______ enters the object and warms it.

The ______ of an object gives an indication of

Matter occupies ______.

______ is made up of very tiny particles.

Matter has ______ and ______.

We usually find matter in ______, ______ and

The particles in a solid are bound to each other

Particles of a solid cannot move much. This is

Less viscous liquids ______ easily.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders are

______ spread out to fill the container.

______ can be easily compressed.

*12. On heating, solids get converted to ______

Matter has and .

We usually find matter in , and