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B Specific Lines
r
A line is parallel to the x-axis if u = (u x ,0,0), u x 0 .
In this case, the line is also perpendicular to the
yz-plane.
r
c) passes through P (3,0,0) and is perpendicular to the x-axis
A line with u = (0, u y , u z ), u y 0, u z 0 is parallel to r
r = (3,0,0) + t (0, a, b), t R . At least one of a or b is not 0 .
the yz-plane.
C Parametric Equations
Let rewrite the vector equation of a line:
r r
r
r = r0 + tu , t R
as:
( x, y, z ) = ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) + t (u x , u y , u z ), t R
The parametric equations of a line in R3 are:
x = x0 + tu x
y = y0 + tu y , t R
z = z 0 + tu z
L y = 1
, tR
z = 2 + t
D Symmetric Equations
The parametric equations of a line may be written
as:
x x0 = tu x
y y 0 = tu y , t R
z z 0 = tu z
From here, the symmetric equations of the line
are:
x x0 y y 0 z z 0
=
=
ux
uy
uz
u x 0, u y 0, u z 0
=
= = t y + 1 = 2t
2 4
3
z = 4t
x = 2 + 3t
y = 1 2t , t R
z = 4t
r
r = (2,1,0) + t (3,2,4), t R
y = 1 + 2t , t R
z = 3
x
y 1 z + 3
=
=
1
2
0
x
y 1
=
, z = 3
1
2
Ex 7. For each case, find if the given point lies on the given
line.
r
a) L : r = (1,2,3) + t (0,1,2); P(1,4,7)
(1,4,7) = (1,2,3) + t (0,1,2)
(1,4,7) (1,2,3) = t (0,1,2)
(0,2,4) = t (0,1,2) t = 2 P L
x = 2 + 3t
b) L : y = t
; P (0,1,5)
z = 5
0 = 2 + 3t t = 2 / 3
P L
1 = t t = 1
5 = 5 true
x +1 y 2
z
=
=
; P(3,3,3)
2
1
3
3 + 1 3 2 3
=
=
1
3
2
1=1=1 P L
r
Ex 7. Consider the line L : r = (3,2,3) + t (1,2,3), t R . Find
the intersection points between this line and the coordinates
axes and planes.
c) L :
E Intersections
A line intersects the x-axis when y = z = 0 .
x = 3 t
L : y = 2 + 2t
z = 3 3t
x = 0 t = 3 y = 2 + 2(3) = 4, z = 3 3(3) = 6
yz int = A(0,4,6) = L yz plane
y = 0 t = 1 x = 3 1 = 2, z = 3 3(1) = 0
xz int = B(2,0,0) = L xz plane
z = 0 t = 1 x = 3 1 = 2, y = 2 + 2(1) = 0
xy int = B(2,0,0) = L xy plane
x int = B(2,0,0) = L x axis
Note that y-intercept and z-intercept do not exist.