1

School of Business and Economics

Department of Accountancy
Downtown Campus

SYLLABUS
Course Details
Course No.

AC 516

Professor:

Janssen Jay P. Tongco

Course Title

Assurance Principles, Professional Ethics

and Good Governance
6
AC 510 Financial Accounting & Reporting Part III
AC508 Accounting Information Systems
2nd Semester, SY 2013-2014

Office :

Department of Accountancy

Contacts:

Email: janssenjay@yahoo.com

Credit Units :
Pre-requisites :
Term
Schedule

:
:

Phone: 253-1000 loc. 210

Course Description
The course provides 3rd year undergraduate Accountancy students with the conceptual knowledge and understanding of the fundamental theory of auditing and assurance
services, and the philosophy underlying audits with emphasis on external auditing as performed by independent Certified Public Accountants and the management of public
accounting practice. The course covers Philippine Standards on Auditing; the Philippine Accountancy Law; internal controls; audit objectives; audit techniques; audit
programs and procedures; and audit reports. Ethical standards affecting the accountancy profession are also taken up.
The course emphasizes the use of relevant knowledge, skills, and professional judgment in analyzing, evaluating, concluding and reporting on the assurance engagement and
other issues in the context of the professional regulatory framework. It is intended to adequately prepare students for analytical activities in subsequent major courses in the
Accountancy curriculum.

Program Level Student Learning Outcomes

Each course has specific Course Level Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) that will be achieved through the curriculum designed for the course. The cumulative achievement
of all Course level SLOs will result in the achievement of Eleven (11) Program Level Student Learning Outcomes as listed below.
Upon completing the BS Accountancy program, graduates will demonstrate the following:
PO1: Business Knowledge: The ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science, mathematics, business and economics and to understand key terms, facts and
processes related to Finance and Accounting.
PO2: Communication/Reporting: The ability to verbalize and articulate business information needed by various stakeholders in making economic decisions.
PO3: Leadership/Teamwork: The ability to influence or work with others towards a common goal.
PO4: Multi-disciplinary Teams: The ability to function in collaboration with other disciplines.
PO5: Witness to the Word: The ability to be professionally competent, noble in character and sensitive to the Gospels mission and adhere to the Code of Professional
Ethics for the accounting profession.
PO6: Life-long Learning: The ability to demonstrate personal and intellectual autonomy and information literacy
PO7: Research: The ability to undertake an in-depth study of accounting, tax, business law and auditing issues.
PO8a: Technical Competency Risk Analysis: The ability to analyze, interpret and manage financial, business and audit risks.
PO8b: Technical Competency Problem Solving: The ability to identify and analyze problems related to accounting, tax, business law and auditing issues as basis for
solutions and recommendations.
PO8c: Technical Competency Decision Making: The ability to render professional judgment on the preparation of external and internal reports based on applicable
standards and practices.
PO9: Broad Business Perspective: The ability to analyze and interpret business information from various business industries or sectors, either local or international.
PO10: System Design: The ability to evaluate and design an accounting information system.
PO11: Contemporary Issues: The ability to present options in resolving emerging and relevant issues related to accounting, tax, business law and auditing.
Course Level Student Learning Outcomes
These SLOs are designed to support the Program Level Student Learning Outcomes.
Upon completion of the course students should be able to:
CO1: Explain the purpose, nature, scope and ethical principles
and rules governing the conduct of auditing and assurance in the
Philippines including the role, duties and responsibilities of an
auditor.

PO1
X

PO2

PO3
X

Targeted Program Level Outcomes (PO)

PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8a PO8b PO8c
X

PO9

PO10

PO11

CO2: Apply audit concepts, skills, tests and techniques in

obtaining audit evidence.
CO3: Develop an audit plan, implement audit procedures and
prepare an appropriate audit report based on the audit evidence
obtained.
CO4: Apply auditing skills in non-assurance services and
assurance on non-financial information.
CO5: Analyze typical and contemporary audit and assurance
situations by applying conceptual framework on auditing
standards, corporate governance, professional ethics and
financial reporting.
CO6: Work productively as part of a team and, in particular,
communicate and present information effectively in written and
electronic formats in a collaborative environment.

X
X

X
X

Course Structure
Topics

Student Learning Outcomes

(Expected Course Competencies)

I. Fundamentals of Auditing and Assurance Services

A. Nature, objective, framework and elements
B. Types of assurance engagements
C. Assurance service vis--vis attestation service and audit service
D. Types of audit and auditors

CO1 and CO5

1. Relate review of current publications and materials from various media with the
general principles of audit and assurance engagements.
2. Argue from a range of contesting theories relating to auditing.
3. Differentiate audit from other types of engagement provided by a CPA.
4. Compare and contrast the different types of audit and auditors.
5. Research on the regulatory environment within which external audits take place.
II. The Professional Practice of Public Accounting
A. Public accounting as a profession
6. Resolve ethical dilemmas faced by accountants in different sectors of the
B. Regulatory government agencies and standard-setting bodies that affect public
accountancy profession.
accounting
C. Regulation of the public accounting practice
D. The CPAs professional responsibilities
III. The Financial Statements Audit Client Acceptance, Audit Planning,
Supervision and Monitoring
A. Overview of the audit process
B. Materiality and audit risk

CO2, CO3 and CO6

1. Illustrate in a diagram the audit process.
2. Analyze the relationship of the components of audit risk with materiality and the
auditors response to each risk.

C. Pre-engagement procedures
D. Scope, purpose and requirements of audit planning
E. Direction, supervision and review
IV. Understanding the Entity and its Environment including its Internal Control
and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement
A. Industry, regulatory and other external factors, including the applicable
financial reporting framework affecting the entity
B. Elements of internal control and consideration of accounting and internal
control systems
C. Assessing the risks of material misstatement
D. Communicating with those charged with governance and management

3. Link individual experience of understanding an entity with the wider structural

elements relevant to understanding the entity and environment of a client.
4. Apply the steps in audit planning to real-life situations and explain the rationale
for doing so.
5. Assess the risk of material misstatements in the financial statements through
analytical and critical thinking.
6. Explain in depth how auditors identify deficiencies in internal control systems
and how those deficiencies limit the extent of auditors reliance on those
systems.

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
V. Audit Objectives, Procedures, Evidences and Documentation
A. Nature and significance
B. Audit evidence
C. Audit procedures/techniques including tests of control and substantive
procedures
D. Audit working papers
VI. Audit Sampling
A. Basic audit sampling concepts
B. Factors affecting sample design
C. Factors affecting sample size
D. Sample selection methods
E. Evaluation of sample results
VII. Completing the Audit / Post-Audit Responsibilities
A. Scope, purpose and requirements in completing the audit
B. Post-audit responsibilities of auditors
VIII. Reports on Audited Financial Statements
A. The unmodified auditors report and its elements
B. The different types of modified auditors report

CO2, CO3 and CO6

1. Illustrate the use of assertions in obtaining audit evidence and discuss the
procedures for obtaining audit evidence.
2. Document the evidence gathered to form logical working papers.
3. Design and perform test of control and substantive procedures.
4. Recommend improvements on internal control by preparing a management
letter.
5. Choose and apply the appropriate statistical sampling and other selective testing
procedures.

CO2, CO3 and CO6

1. Apply the steps in the wrap-up process to real-life situations and explain the
rationale for doing so.
2. Enumerate and explain the elements of an audit report.
3. Prepare an appropriate audit report based on the information provided.
4. Compare and contrast an unmodified opinion with the different types of
modified opinion.
5. Evaluate an audit situation that has gone wrong and apply a solution.

IX. Other Assurance and Nonassurance Services

A. Procedures and reports on special purpose audit engagements
B. Procedures and reports on nonaudit engagements
C. Procedures and reports on nonassurance engagements

CO4, CO5 and CO6

1. Differentiate the different types of special purpose report with the standard audit
report.
2. Identify examples of special purpose audit engagements and nonaudit
engagements.
3. Apply the steps in performing nonassurance engagements.
4. Synthesize coherent standards pertaining to related services provided by a CPA.
5. Reflect on the application of auditing to day-to-day activities
FINAL EXAMINATION

Educational Resources

A. Books
Textbook:

Rasalan-Racaza, C. and Datu-Evangelista, R., Auditing Theory for Students & Practice Guide for Auditors, 4th ed., GIC Enterprises & Co., Inc. (2011)

Workbook: Racaza, C., Restificar, N., Tongco, J., and Cortes, M., Compilation of Exercises and Cases in Auditing, 2nd ed., (2012)
References: Boynton, W. and Johnson, R., Modern Auditing Assurance Services and the Integrity of Financial Statements, 8th ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., (2006)

B. Websites
Auditing and Assurance Standards Council: http://aasc.org.ph
Philippine Stock Exchange: http://www.pse.com.ph
Philippine Institute of Certified Public Accountants: http://www.picpa.com.ph
IFAC: http://www.ifac.org

Course Requirements
As a students in this course, you must comply with the following requirements:
1. Attendance and Class Participation
You are expected to attend all classes. Attendance in the lectures is very important because the lectures present new information and provide background for the
assignments. You are responsible for all of the material presented in lectures.
The USC Student Manual (2006 Edition) specifies that a student who incurs absences of more than 20% of the prescribed number of class hours or laboratory periods
during the term should be given NC or 5.0. A 3-unit course has 48 class hours. Students with three absences are required to get a readmission permit from the college
dean.
Class participation is evidenced by individual or group outputs from in-class exercises. These outputs shall be collected at the end of a class meeting. In-class exercises
could include short quizzes, seatworks, and group discussions.
2. Out-of-Class Learning Tasks and Assignments
To ensure learning engagement and constant timely practice, you are required to do out-of-class tasks in the form of small projects and recommended problems relevant to
a particular unit. To this end, you are required to have a notebook intended only for focus notes and exercises. From time to time, your notebook will be checked in order
to assess the timeliness of your learning efforts.
3. Tests and Examinations
A minimum of four (4) exams are given during the semester and are scheduled following the schedules set by the university. The midterm exam and the final exam are
three-hour examinations and require students to present valid examination permits for participation in the examination.
4. Portfolio
A portfolio of the students work will be submitted at the end of the term. Such portfolio will contain the activities that the student had undergone throughout the semester.
The portfolio will contain the students completed concept maps, collected sample audit evidence and audit reports, finished mini-case analyses and reflections thereof.
The student will also write summaries of each activity and a brief reflection of their learning.

Evaluation/Grading System
This course will follow the standard grading system of the university as follows:
For the Midterm Grade:
Tests/Quizzes
1/3
Other Assignments/requirements
1/3
Midterm Exam
1/3
For the Final Grade:
Midterm Grade
1/3
Class Standing after Midterm
1/3
Final Exam
1/3
GPA Scoring
For purposes of transmutation, the Department of Accountancy standard equivalents will be used as follows:
100-95
1.0
82-81
1.7
68-67
2.4
49 & below
5.0
94-93
1.1
80-79
1.8
66-65
2.5
92-91
1.2
78-77
1.9
64-62
2.6
Note: Below 3.0 is equivalent to a failing grade of 5.0
90-89
1.3
76-75
2.0
61-59
2.7
88-87
1.4
74-73
2.1
58-56
2.8
86-85
1.5
72-71
2.2
55-53
2.9
84-83
1.6
70-69
2.3
52-50
3.0

Course Policies
Tardiness
Attendance will be checked 5 minutes after the scheduled start of the class. If you are not around during the roll call, you are automatically marked late. Although occasional
tardiness may be tolerated, habitual tardiness is not. Students who are habitually late may be required to do extra learning tasks.
Special Assignments
Students are encouraged to work together on assignments and when studying. However, the product that you shall turn in must be your own work, not a direct copy of
someone elses work. Cases of copying shall be dealt with following the universitys procedures for disciplinary actions. Note that the university considers dishonesty or any

fraudulent act as a major offense. Thus, make sure that you do your own work and that you protect them from plagiarism by others.
Special assignments that are submitted late may not be accepted.
Missed Tests and Exams
If you miss to take a scheduled examination, you can make a formal written request to take a special examination if missing the examination was due to a serious medical
condition or due to an emergency. "EMERGENCY shall be understood as an unforeseen combination of circumstances which calls for an immediate response to an urgent
need for assistance or relief. Pertinent supporting documents must be attached to your letter of request. The schedule of the special examination shall be set by the teacher.
Classroom Behavior
In class, students are expected to behave in a manner that would not unnecessarily disrupt classroom activities. The instructor reserves the right to expel misbehaving students
from the classroom. For one, use of cell phones during class hours is strictly prohibited; cell phones used in class will be confiscated and surrendered to the Student Affairs
Office. (Students are assumed to have read Section 2.5.4 to 2.5.12 of the USC Student Manual, 2006 edition.)

Classroom Management
1. Attendance is a MUST. Students may incur only ten (10) absences for MWF schedules or seven (7) absences for TTH schedules. Otherwise, they will automatically
be dropped from class and receive a grade of either NC (No Credit) or a failing grade of 5.0 whichever is applicable.
2. Students who incur three (3) absences will be asked by the instructor to see the Department Chair to secure permission to be re-admitted to class. A re-admission slip
should be properly accomplished for this.
3. Tardiness is discouraged. It is a source of irritation and class disruption when students arrive late. Students who arrive 15 minutes after the start of class are
considered tardy. Please note that a total of three (3) tardiness is equivalent to one (1) absence.
4. A permanent seat plan will be made at the start of the semester. Students are advised to keep to their assigned seating arrangement; otherwise, they will be marked
absent for that day.
5. Classes should always start and end with a short prayer. The instructor can opt to lead the prayer or assign students to do this alternately.
6. Students should assist in maintaining the orderliness and cleanliness of the classrooms. Graffiti writing is strictly prohibited. Any student found violating this rule
will be punished with the appropriate sanction. Before leaving the classroom, the instructor with the help of the students, should ensure that no litter/garbage is left
behind and that chairs are in their proper order. Should the class be the last schedule for the day, the instructor should arrange that the lights and air conditioning units
are switched off.
7. Going out of the classroom at any time is strictly discouraged. Students should make it a habit to go to the restroom during their vacant period or before the start of
their classes. If they must visit the restroom, permission should be sought from the instructor.
8. Use of mobile phones inside the classroom is strictly prohibited. They should be switched off or placed in silent mode before entering classes. The instructor has the
right to confiscate mobile phones that ring and/or are used during class hours. The confiscated unit can only be claimed from the Deans Office at the end of the

semester.
9. The teacher reserves the right to ask the student to leave the room if his behavior is disruptive in class.
10. It is the responsibility of the students to properly schedule their classes so that meals and snacks will be taken at the proper time.
11. Students are encouraged to see the instructor during consultation hours for any concerns, questions and assistance with regards to the course.

10

Criteria

Content

Organization

Development

Use of
Language

Weig
ht

25%

25%

25%

25%

Exemplary (10-9 pts)

Answer is appropriate to the question.
Content is factually correct.

Clear sense of order.

Begins with a topic sentence.
Supporting points are presented in a
logical progression.

Develops each point with many specific

details.
Answers question completely.
Uses audit terminology appropriately
and correctly.
No major grammatical or spelling
errors.

Written Exam Essay

Admirable (8-7 pts)

Acceptable (6-4 pts)

Answer is appropriate to the Content relates peripherally

question.
to the question.
Content may have one or
Contains significant factual
two factual errors.
errors.
May lack a topic sentence,
Logic of argument is
but points are presented in a
minimally perceivable.
logical progression.
Points presented in a
seemingly random fashion,
but all support the
argument.
Each point supported with
Sparse details or evidence.
some details and evidence.
Question only partially
All important points
answered.
included.
Accurate word choice.
Ordinary word choice; use
of audit terminology
No more than 2 major
avoided.
errors and a few minor
errors.
Some serious errors (but
they dont impair
communication).

Attempted (3-1 pts)

Content unrelated to question.

Lacks clear organizational plan.

Reader is confused.

Statements are unsupported by

any detail or explanation.
Repetitious, incoherent,
illogical development.
Limited vocabulary.
Errors impair communication.

11

Criteria

Collaboration/
Teamwork

Content/
Organization/
Synthesis

Delivery

Enthusiasm/
Audience
Awareness

Weig
ht

25%

25%

25%

25%

Exemplary (10-9 pts)

Oral Presentation of Synthesized Sharing

Admirable (8-7 pts)
Acceptable (6-4 pts)

Work load is divided and shared

equally.
Everyone was able to contribute and
share.
Demonstrate full knowledge by
answering all class questions with
explanations and elaboration.
Properly synthesize the report in a
simplified, orderly manner and
encapsulate every information shared
in the group.
Provides clear purpose and subject;
pertinent examples, facts and/or
statistics that supports conclusion.

Holds attention of entire audience with

the use of direct eye contact and seldom
looks at notes.
Speaks with fluctuation in volume and
inflection of interest among audience
and emphasize key points.
Demonstrate strong enthusiasm about
topic during presentation.
Significantly increases audience
understanding and knowledge of topic;
convinces an audience to recognize the
validity and importance of the subject

Some members contribute

Is at ease with expected

answers to all questions,
without elaboration.
Properly synthesize the
report in a simplified and
orderly manner but some
information was left out.
Has some clear purpose and
subject; some examples and
facts and/or statistics that
supports conclusion.

Consistent eye contact with

audience but still returns to
the notes.
Speaks with satisfactory
variation in volume and
inflection.
Shows some enthusiastic
felling about the topic.
Raises audience
understanding and
awareness of most points

Few members contribute

Is uncomfortable with
information and is able to
answer only rudimentary
questions.
The report was haphazardly
summarized without
cohesion.
Attempts to define purpose
and subject; provides weak
examples and which do not
adequately support the
subject.
Displays minimal eye
contact with audience,
while reading mostly from
the notes.
Speaks in uneven volume
with little or no inflection.
Shows little or mixed
feelings about the topic
presented.
Raises audience
understanding and
knowledge of some points.

Attempted (3-1 pts)

Only one or two people do the
work

Does not have grasp of

information and cannot answer
questions about subject.
No summary made; the report
was coming from one person
only.
Does not clearly define subject
and purpose; provides weak or
no support of subject; gives
insufficient support for ideas
and conclusion.
Holds no eye contact with
audience, as entire report is read
from notes.
Speaks in low volume and/or
monotonous tone, which causes
audience to disengage.
Fails to increase audience
understanding of knowledge of
topic.
Shows no interest in a topic
presented.

12

Criteria

Weight

Content/
Concept/
Terminology

30%

Organization

Connections
and
Relationships

Originality
and Overall
design

30%

30%

10%

Exemplary (10-9 pts)

Shows an understanding of the topics
concepts and principles and uses
appropriate terminologies
No misconceptions/errors evident.

Well organized
Logical format
Contains main concepts
All key words and concepts necessary
to promote an overview of the unit are
used and well organized to give added
meaning.

All words are accurately connected.

Connections indicate superior
organization/ understanding and
enhance meaning.
Arrows easily connect concepts in an
informative manner.
The design is highly original and
displays mastery of the topic covered

Concept Map
Admirable (8-7 pts)
Makes some mistakes in
terminology or shows a few
misunderstandings of
concepts
Few misconceptions are
evident.
Thoughtfully organized
Easy to follow most of the
time
Contains most of the main
concepts
Most key words and
concepts from the units are
covered in a meaningful
way and are thoughtfully
organized.
Most words are accurately
connected.
Connections are clear and
logical.
Identifies important
concepts but make some
incorrect connections.
The design provides a look
and feel that improves the
overall experience.

Acceptable (6-4 pts)

Makes many mistakes in
terminology and shows a
lack of understanding of
many concepts.
Some misconceptions are
evident.
Somewhat organized
Somewhat incoherent
Contains only few of the
main concepts.
Many key words and
concepts from the unit are
covered and are somewhat
organized.

Some words are accurately

connected.
Connections are somewhat
clear and convey some
meanings.
Makes some incorrect
connections.
The design is very basic but
works for the intended
purpose.

Attempted (3-1 pts)

Shows no understanding of the
topics concepts and principles.
Many misconceptions are
evident.

Choppy and confusing

Contains a limited number of
concepts.
Many key words and concepts
from the units are missing.

Words are inaccurately

connected.
Connections arent clear; they
convey little meaning and do
not promote clarity.
Fails to use any appropriate
concepts or connections.
The document is cluttered and
designed in a way that is
difficult to read.

13

Criteria
Case
Summary

Identification
of Major
Problem

Proper
Analysis

Decision and
Action Plan

Grammar,
Organization
and Citations

Mini-Case Analysis
Weight
Exemplary (10-9 pts)
Admirable (8-7 pts)
Acceptable (6-4 pts)
Provides a thorough, clear and
Provides a clear and concise
Provides a clear but less
10%
concise summary of the case context
summary of the case context
concise summary with
and content.
and content
some insignificant info.
Identifies and thoroughly describes
Identifies and clearly
Provides superficial
multiple problems in the case;
describes most of the major
discussion of the problems
indicates relevant importance among
problems in the case with a
with no discussion of
10%
the issues and explains why.
simplistic discussion of the
relevant importance.
relevant importance of the
issues.
Thorough analysis which includes
Analysis includes only two
Analysis includes only two:
all:
of the following:
1. Problems are
1. Problems are properly identified
1. Problems are identified
simplistically analyzed.
and thoughtfully analyzed.
and analyzed.
2. Method is correct but
30%
2. Proper methods used with
2. Proper methods used
erroneous interpretation
supporting computation, if any.
3. Some of the relevant
3. One relevant legal,
3. Most relevant legal, ethical or
legal, ethical or policy
ethical or policy issues
policy issues are analyzed.
issues are analyzed.
are analyzed
Thorough discussion of the action
Strong discussion of the
Adequate discussion of the
plan to resolve the case problem
action plan to resolve the
action plan to resolve the
case problem.
case problem.
There is direct connection of the
30%
decision making and the analysis of
There is clear connection of
Superficial analysis of the
evidence
the decision making and the
evidence vis--vis with the
analysis of evidence
decision making.
Consistently contains accurate and
Most of the time an accurate
Frequent errors on
proper grammatical conventions,
and proper grammar, spelling
grammar, spelling and
spelling and punctuation.
and punctuations.
punctuations.
20%
Well organized
Well organized
Not well organized.
Proper reference and citation, if any Proper reference and citation Inconsistent citations or
if any
reference.

Attempted (3-1 pts)

Provides unclear and somewhat
rumbling summary of case facts
or no summary at all.
Attempts to discuss issues, but
fails to recognize any of the key
problems of the case.

Analysis only includes one of

the mentioned items.
Incorrect method used
Fails to provide any meaningful
analysis.

Limited or fails to provide

meaningful resolution of the
major problem.
Weak evidence analysis that
guided the decision making.
Numerous errors on grammar,
spelling and punctuations.
Lack logic and distracting.
No citation or reference.

14

Criteria

Weight

Completeness,
Organization
and
Presentation

10%

Evidence of
Understanding

Growth and
Development

Reflections

30%

30%

30%

Exemplary (10-9 pts)

All entries to the portfolio are
completed and organized
correctly.
Key elements demonstrate
creativity and style.
Entries demonstrate high level of
usage and writing skills.
Entries reflect evaluation and
application.
Entries reflect advanced
understanding and transfer.
Entries demonstrate transfer of
social skills to all class work.
Entries demonstrate ability to solve
problems creatively.
Entries demonstrate excellent
growth in both analytical and
personal skills.

Reflections provide evidence of

organized and thoughtful insights
in a societal and holistic view.

Portfolio
Admirable (8-7 pts)
All entries to the portfolio are
completed according to
directions.
Key elements demonstrate
creativity and style.
Entries are error-free.
Entries reflect analysis and
synthesis.
Entries reflect basic to
advanced understanding.
Entries demonstrate active
involvement in group
activities.
Entries demonstrate ability to
brainstorm possible solutions.
Entries demonstrate amenable
growth in both analytical and
personal skills.
Reflections provide insight on
students perception on
various and unconnected
subjects.

Acceptable (6-4 pts)

All entries to the portfolio
are completed according to
directions.
Key elements demonstrate
originality.
Entries are error-free.
Entries reflect
comprehension and recall.
Entries reflect basic
understanding.
Entries demonstrate teamwork in an acceptable scale.
Entries demonstrate ability
to brainstorm possible
solutions.
Entries demonstrate
superficial growth in both
analytical and personal
skills.
Reflections provide insight
on personal feelings.

Attempted (3-1 pts)

Some entries are missing or
incomplete.
Key elements are missing or
element meets minimum
standards.
Entries contain several written
or proofreading errors.
Entries reflect recall.
Entries reflect no basic
understanding.
Entries demonstrate minimum
use of listening and sharing.
Entries demonstrate ability to
identify problems.
Entries demonstrate no growth
in both analytical and personal
skills.

Reflections are absent or

minimally done.