Electronic Communication Lab Manual

ExperimentsinCommunicationEngineering:SemesterV
EXPERIMENT:01
AIM:
TO STUDY AND PERFORM AMPLITUDE MODULATION PROCESS AND OBSERVE THE
DSB-SC WAVE
.
APPARATUS:
CRO,CROprobes,TrainerKit2201,Patchcords.
Introduction:
Amplitude Modulation
(AM) isprocessin whichtheamplitudeofcarriersignalisvarying
accordingtotheinformation(modulating)signal.
Carrier & information signals are passed through amplitude modulator, itproduceanAM
wave.
TheFrequencySpectrum:
Assume a carrier frequency(fc)of1MHzandamplitudeof,say5volts peaktopeak.The

carriercouldbeshownas,
lectronics & Communication

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If we also havea1KHzinformationsignal,ormodulatingfrequency(fm),withamplitude
of2Vpeaktopeakitwouldlooklikethis,
The resultant AM signal has carrier signal and two new components, original signal is
disappear.Twonewcomponentsare,
i)
ii)
Addition of carrier signal and information signal. It is called upper side

frequency.(fc+fm)
Subtraction of carrier signal and information signal. It is called lower side
frequency.(fcfm)
The resulting signal in this example has a maximum frequency of 1001 KHz and a
minimum frequency of 999 KHz and so it occupies a range of 2 KHz. This is called the
bandwidthofthesignal.
DepthofModulation:

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The amount by which the amplitude of the carrier wave increases and decreases depends
on the amplitude of the information signal and is called the 'depth of modulation'.
The
depthofmodulationcanbequotedasafractionorasapercentage.
BlockDiagram:
PROCEDURE:

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(1)Ensurethatthefollowinginitialconditionsexistontheboard.
AUDIOINPUTSELECTswitchinINTposition.
MODEswitchinDSBposition.
Outputamplifiersgainpresetinfullyclockwiseposition.
SPEAKERSswitchinOFFposition.
Turn the BALANCE MODULATOR&BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1
blocktoitsfullyclockwiseposition.
(2)TurnonpowertotheST2201board.
(3)Turn the AUDIO OSCILLATIOR blocks AMPLITUDE preset to its fully clockwise (MAX)
position and examine blocks output on t.p.14.This is the audio frequency sine wave
which will be our Modulating signal
(4)Monitor the carrier signal on t.p.9 and measure its frequency and amplitude.
(5)Examine the output of the BALANCE MODULATOR&BANDPASS FILTER
CIRCUIT 1 block at t.p.3.This is the amplitude modulated waveform (DSBFC).
(6)Amplified modulated waveform will be available to you at the output of
AMPLIFIER at t.p.13.
AUDIO
OBSERVATION:
Vary the Frequency & Amplitude of Modulating signal & observe the output &
findoutModulationIndexm.
Vary the Balance Modulator Knob and observe the effect on output & as well as
onModulationIndexm.
A doublesideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) AM waveform, and it has been

obtained by amplitudemodulating the carrier sinewave at TP6 of frequency fc with
the audiofrequency modulating signal at TP15 of frequency fm, and then removing
thecarriercomponentfromtheresultingAMsignal,byadjustingthebalancepot.

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Note that it may be necessary to adjust the balanced modulator block's balance pot, in
order to ensure that the peaks of TP17's waveform envelope (labeled A, B, C etc. in the
abovediagram)allhaveequalamplitude
.
ThefrequencyspectrumofthisDSBSCwaveformisshownbelow:
Sr.
No
.
1
2
3
4
V
max
V
min
CONCLUSION:

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mModulationIndex
Marks:
Date:
FacultySign:
EXPERIMENT:2
AIM
:
TocalculatemodulationindexofDSBwavebytrapezoidalpattern.

.
Apparatus:
CRO,CROprobes,TrainerKit2201,Patchcords.
THEORY:
Viewing the modulated waveform directly on an oscilloscope is difficult when the

modulating waveform is other than periodic because of the problem of synchronizing the
sweep to obtain a stationary pattern. The problem can be overcome using the trapezoidal
methodofmonitoringthemodulation.
When the modulated wave is applied to the vertical plates, the spot isdeflectedvertically
bythecarriervoltage.Forexample,atAinFig.,wherethemodulatingvoltageiszero, the
spot traces out a vertical line centered on the screen, proportional to the peaktopeak
carriervoltage.
As the modulating voltage goes positive, as at B, the peaktopeak voltage of the

modulated wave increases while the spot is deflected to the right. The trace is therefore
trapezoidal, rather than just a single diagonalline.Likewise,whenthemodulatingvoltage

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goes negative as at C, the peaktopeak voltagedecreases,while thehorizontaldeflection
istotheleft,resultinginthetrapezoidalpatterncontinuingtotheleft.
BlockDiagram:
CARRIER WAVE
INFORMATION
SIGNAL
AMPLIFIED O\P SIGNAL
AM
WAVE FORM
PROCEDURE:
1) GeneratetheAMwave.
2) Now apply the modulated waveform to the Y input of the Oscilloscope and the
modulatingsignaltotheXinput.
3) PresstheXYswitch,youwillobservethewaveformsimilartotheonegivenbelow:
4) Calculatethemodulationindexbysubstitutingintheformula

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OBSERVATION:
Somecommontrapezoidalpatternsfordifferentmodulationindicesare:
Sr.
No
.
1
2
3
4
V
max
V
min

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mModulationIndex
Conclusion:
Marks:
Date:
EXPERIMENT:3
FacultySign:
AIM:
:
To Study And Perform Single Sideband Amplitude Modulation Process

.
APPARATUS:
CRO,CROprobes,TrainerKitST2201,Patchcords.
THEORY:
Both sidebands carry the same information, there is nopointintransmittingbothofthem.

If makes no differencewhichsidebandisremovedbutinmostsystemsthelowersideband
isnormallyeliminated.
We can simply transmit a single sideband, we can se a considerable power saving. The
bandwidth of an SSB is equal to the range of frequencies present in the information
waveform where as a DSB has a bandwidth twice as wide as the highest frequency. This
meansagreatlyreducedbandwidthforthesystem.

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In the SSB modulator, we are using low frequency crystaloscillator,balancedmodulator,
sidebandpassfilter,balancedmixer,linearpoweramplifierandmatchingnetwork.
The AM powerequationstatesthattheratioofthetotalpowertocarrierpowerisgivenby
2 )
(1+ m
/2
:1. If the carrier is suppressed, only the sideband power remains. As this isonly
2
Pc (m
/2), a twothirds saving I effected at 100 percent modulation, and even more is
savedasthedepthofmodulationisreduced.Ifoneofthesidebandisnowalsosuppressed,
2
the remaining power is Pc (m
/4), a further saving of 50 percent over carrier suppressed
AM.
BlockDiagram:
InSSBwetransmitonlyonesidebandasshowninbelowfigure:

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FromDSBSCtoSSB:
The DSBSCsignalconsistsofthetwosidebands,oneofwhichcanberemovedbypassing
them through a band pass filter. On the modulator this is achieved as shown in below
figure:
The inputs to the balanced modulator comprise the modulating signal,whichextendfrom

300Hzto3.4KHz,andthecarriersignaloffrequency450KHZ.Aceramicbandpassfilter
(455KHZ) passes only a narrow range of frequencies with a sharp cutoff outside of its
passband.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board.
AUDIO INPUT SELECT switch in INT position.
MODE switch in SSB position.
Output amplifiers gain preset in fully clockwise position.
SPEAKER switches in OFF position.
(2) Turn on power to the ST2201 board.
(3) Turn the AUDIO OSCILLATIOR blocks AMPLITUDE preset to its fully
clockwise(MAX) position and examine blocks output on t.p.14.This is the audio
frequency sine wave which will be our modulating signal whose frequency range is
300Hz-3.4KHz.

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(4) To achieve SSB amplitude Modulation, we will utilize the following three blocks
on the ST 2201 module.
455 KHz Oscillator block.
Balanced Modulator.
Ceramic Band Pass Filter.
Balanced Modulator & Band Pass Filter Circuit 2.
(5) Set the knob of Balanced Modulator such that the peaks of (t.p.17s) waveform
envelop all have equal Amplitude in Positive & Negative direction.
(6) This DSB-SC signal is applied at Ceramic Filter Block to remove the Lower Side
Band. So observe the o/p of ceramic at (t.p 20)
(7) The ST2201/ST2202 Receiver will accept radio frequency signals in the AM
Broadcast band, i.e. signals which fall in the frequency range of 525 KHz. However,
since the SSB o/p from the Ceramic Band pass Filter occupies a narrow band of
frequencies around 455 KHz, it is not suitable for direct transmission to the receiver.
(8) Set the knob of Balance Modulator such that the wave form is a good sine wave of
frequency approximately 0at (t.p 22)
(9) Observe the o/p of Output Amplifier Block at (t.p 13)
OBSERVATION:
Monitor the output of the ceramic band passfilterblock(atTP20)togetherwiththeaudio
modulating signal (at TP15) using thelatersignaltotriggertheoscilloscope.Notethatthe
envelope of the signal at TP20 now has fairly constant amplitude, as shown in below
Figure:

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CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:
FacultySign:
EXPERIMENT:4
AIM:
ToStudyAndPerformAmplitudeDemodulationProcess.

.
APPARATUS:
CRO,CROprobes,TrainerKitST2201&2202,patchcords.
Theory:
Modulation is done at the transmitter side and then it is transmitted through antenna. At
the receiver,receivingantennareceive thesignal.Receivedsignalismodulatedsignal.For
gettingoriginalsignal,wehavetododemodulation.
DEFINATION
:
Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. In this, we are separate the

informationsignalfromthemodulatingsignal.
Demodulationisdonebydemodulator.Weareusingdiodedetectorfordemodulation.
Output
Input
Diode Detector
The function of the diode detector is to extract the audio signal at the output of the IF
amplifiers. It performs this task in a very similarly way toahalfwaverectifierconvening
anACinputtoDcoutput.

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In above fig. shows a simple circuit diagram of the diode detector. The diode conducts
every time the inputsignalappliedtoitsanode ismorepositivethanthevoltageonthetop
plateofthecapacitor.
When the voltage falls below the capacitor voltage, the diode ceases to conduct and the
voltage across the capacitor leaks away until the next time the input signal is able to
switchitonagain.Itisshowninbelowfig.
BlockDiagram:
Procedure:

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(1)Ensurethatthefollowinginitialconditionsexistontheboard.
AUDIOINPUTSELECTswitchinINTposition.
MODEswitchinDSBposition.
Outputamplifiersgainpresetinfullyclockwiseposition.
SPEAKERSswitchinONposition.
Turn the BALANCE MODULATOR&BANDPASS FILTER
CIRCUIT1blocktoitsfullyclockwiseposition.
TX OUTPUT SELECT switchinANTpositionandantennainvertical
position, and fully extended. (we can also use wiredlinkto connectthe
Transmitter & Receiver by providingwiredlink&alteringtheswitch
position).
(2)EnsurethatthefollowinginitialconditionsexistontheST2202board.
RX INPUT SELECT switch in ANT. Position. .( wecanalso usewired
link to connect the Transmitter & Receiverbyprovidingwiredlink &

alteringtheswitchposition).
RFAmplifiersTunedCkt.SelectswitchinINTposition.
RFAmplifiersgainpresetinfullyclockwiseposition.
AGCswitchinINposition.
DetectorswitchinDIODEposition.
AudioAmplifiersvolumepresetinfullyclockwiseposition.
SpeakerswitchesinONposition.
BeatFrequencyOscillatorswitchinOFFposition.
Antennainverticalposition,andfullyextended.
(3)TurnONthepowerofboththeKits.
(4) Now alter the tuning of Local Oscillator by tuning dial such that the o/p at
AudioAmplifieristheexactreplicaofthei/pmodulatingsignal.
(5)ObservethewaveformsattheoutputsoffollowingReceiverBlocks:
R.F.Amplifier(t.p.12)
Mixer(t.p.20)
I.F.Amplifier1(t.p.24)
I.F.Amplifier2(t.p.28)
DIODEDetector(t.p.31)
AudioAmplifier(t.p.39)
(6) The waveform available at the output of Diode DetectororAudioAmplifieris

informationormodulatingsignal.

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(7) Same way we can transmit the voice by making audio input select switch in
EXTposition&usingMIC.
OBSERVATION:
Change the distance between two Kits & observe the effect on o/p
whenweareemployingAntennaLink.
Change the Height of Antenna & observe the effect on o/p when we are
employingAntennaLink.
Perform the same steps 1 & 2 for different Modulating signal Amplitude
&Frequency&fordifferentvalueofm.
AmplitudeofModulatingsignal=_______V
Frequency=_______Hz
Vmax=
________
V
Vmin=
________
V
m=
_________.
V
CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:
FacultySign:
EXPERIMENT:5
AIM:
ToStudyAndPerformSingleSidebandAmplitudeDemodulationProcess.
.

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APPARATUS:
DCpowersupplies+12Vand12Vfromexternalsource
Oscilloscope
Functiongenerator
2mmpatchcords
.
Circuitusedtoinvestigatedemodulationofthesinglesidebandamplitudemodulated
waveformisshowninbelowFig:

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Procedure:
Connect+12Vand12Vdcpowersuppliesattheirindicatedpositionfrom
externalsourceor
ST2612AnalogLab
.
1.
ExaminetheModulatoroutputsignalatTP4,isaSSBwaveform,bychecking
thatthesignalisareasonablygoodsinewave.
2.
Applycarriersignaltotheproductdetectorblockbyconnecting2mmpatch
betweencarriersignalofmodulatoranddemodulatorblock.
3.
Connect2mmpatchcordbetweenSSBoutputandSSBInputsocket.
4.
Monitor,inturnthetwoinputsofproductdetectorblock,attp5andtp6.
5.
Set3.4KHZmodulatingfrequencybyfunctiongenerator.
6.
Next,examinetheoutputofproductdetectorblock,atSSBdemodulatedoutput
socket.
7.
VarytheamplitudeofoutputwavebyvaryingpotentiometerP2andP3.
PotentiometerP2isusedtosetmagnitudeofcarrierwaveandpotentiometerP3
isusedtosetmagnitudeofSSBwave.]
Now, vary the amplitude (0V to 2.4V) and frequency (300HZ to 3.4KHZ) of modulating
signal throughout its range, and observe the output at tp7. Note that the frequency of the
modulatingsignalchanges,theoutputfromtheproductdetectorshouldfollowit.
CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:
FacultySign:
EXPERIMENT:6
AIM:
StudyofFrequencyModulationUsingReactanceModulator.
.
APPARATUS:
Analogboard
AB106.
DCpowersupplies+12Vand12Vfromexternalsource
.
Oscilloscope
Functiongenerator
ST4063
2mmpatchcords
Theory:
Frequency modulation is a system in which the information signal is used to control the
frequency of the carrier wave. In frequency modulation the amplitude of the modulated
carrieriskeptconstant,whileitsfrequencyisvariedbythemodulatingsignal.
The frequency of the carrier is made to increase as the voltage in the information signal
increases and to decrease in frequency as it reduces. The larger the amplitude of the
informationsignal,thefurtherthefrequencyofthecarriersignalisshiftedfrom itsstarting
point.
The frequency of the information signal determines howmanytimesasecondthischange

in frequency occurs. Notice in figure 1 that the modulation process does not affect the
amplitude.

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By the definition of frequency modulation, the amount by which the carrier frequency is
varied from its unmodulated value, called the deviation, is made proportional to the
instantaneousvalueofthemodulatingvoltage.
The rate at which this frequency variation or oscillation takes place is naturally equal to
themodulatingfrequency.
Electricalnoisealterstheamplitudebutnotthesignalfrequency.
The information signal controlled the frequency of the carrier but had no effect on its
amplitude. Now, when any transmission is affected by electrical noise, the noisesignalis
superimposedonthetransmittedsignalasshowninabovefigure.
The bandwidth of theFMsignalisverywidecomparedwithanAMtransmission.Typical

broadcast bandwidths are in the order of 250 KHz. This allows a much better sound
quality, so signals like music sound significantly better if frequency modulation is being
used.
Procedure:
Connect+12Vand12Vdcpowersuppliesattheirindicatedpositionfrom
externalsourceor
ST2612AnalogLab
.
1.
ExaminetheModulatoroutputsignalatTP4,isaSSBwaveform,bychecking
thatthesignalisareasonablygoodsinewave.
2.
Applycarriersignaltotheproductdetectorblockbyconnecting2mmpatch
betweencarriersignalofmodulatoranddemodulatorblock.
3.
Connect2mmpatchcordbetweenSSBoutputandSSBInputsocket.
4.
Monitor,inturnthetwoinputsofproductdetectorblock,attp5andtp6.

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5.
Set3.4KHZmodulatingfrequencybyfunctiongenerator.
6.
Next,examinetheoutputofproductdetectorblock,atSSBdemodulatedoutput
socket.
7.
VarytheamplitudeofoutputwavebyvaryingpotentiometerP2andP3.
PotentiometerP2isusedtosetmagnitudeofcarrierwaveandpotentiometerP3
isusedtosetmagnitudeofSSBwave.]
Now, vary the amplitude (0V to 2.4V) and frequency (300HZ to 3.4KHZ) of modulating
signal throughout its range, and observe the output at tp7. Note that the frequency of the
modulatingsignalchanges,theoutputfromtheproductdetectorshouldfollowit.
CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:
EXPERIMENT:7
FacultySign:
AIM
ToStudyAndPerformFrequencyDemodulationProcess.
Apparatus:
CRO,
CRO probes,
FM kit-ST-2203,
patch cords
Theory:
In an AM system the demodulator is designed to reposed to changes in amplitude of the

received signal but in FM receiver the demodulator is only watching for the changes in
frequencyandthereforeignoresanychangesinamplitude.
When an FM demodulator is receiving an FM signal,itfollowsthevariationinfrequency
of the incoming signal and is saidtolockonto thereceivedsametime.Thereceiverlock
on to the stronger of the two signals and ignored the other. This is called the capture
effectand itmeansthatwecanlistentoanFMstationonaradiowithoutinterferencefrom
thestation.
The most significant change is that the demodulator must now extract the information
signalfromafrequencyratherthanamplitudemodulatedwave.
The basic requirement of any FM demodulator is therefore to convert frequency changes
intochangesinvoltage,withtheminimumamountofdistortion.
Ademodulatorcanalsobecalleda
discriminator
ora
detector.

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Procedure:
(1) Ensure that the following initial condition exist on board.

(A) All switched faults off.
(B) Amplitude preset (in mixer amplifier block) in fully clockwise position.
(C) VCO switch (in phase locked loop detector block) in OFF position.
(2) Make the connection as shown in Diagram .
(3) Switch ON the power.
(4) Connect the output signal from FM Modulator (t.p.34) to Detectors input
(t.p.35) and the output of Detector (t.p.40) to Low Pass Filter are input(t.p.69).
(5) Monitor the waveforms at the output of following stages:
FM Modulator (t.p.34) frequency modulation signal.
Detector (t.p. 40) frequency demodulated signal.
Low Pass Filter (t.p.73) information signal.

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OBSERVATION:
Changethefrequencyofmodulatingsignal&observetheo/pofDemodulator.
ChangetheFMModulatorpreset&observetheeffectofthatatDemodulator.
Observetheo/pofvariousDemodulatorsandcomparethem.
Findthefrequencydeviationconstantk.
CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:
EXPERIMENT:8
FacultySign:
1.AIM:
ToStudyPulseAmplitudeModulation&Demodulationwith
Sample,
Sample&Hold&FlatTopsampling.
Apparatus:
ST2110WithPowerSupplyCord
CRO Probes,
Digital Storage Oscilloscope- DSO
Patch Cords
Theory:
Therearethreetypesofsamplingtechniquesasunder:
1.IdealsamplingorInstantaneoussamplingorImpulsesampling
2.Naturalsampling
3.Flattopsampling
IdealSamplingProcess
Naturalsampling:
In the analoguetodigital conversion process an analogue waveform is sampled toforma

series of pulses whoseamplitudeistheamplitudeofthesampledwaveformatthetimethe
sample was taken. In naturalsamplingthepulseamplitudetakestheshapeoftheanalogue
waveformfortheperiodofthesamplingpulseasshowninbelowfigure.

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FlatTopsampling:
After an analogue waveform is sampled in theanaloguetodigitalconversionprocess,the

continuous analogue waveform is converted into a series of pulses whose amplitude is
equal totheamplitudeofthe analoguesignalatthestartofthesamplingprocess.Sincethe
sampled pulses have uniform amplitude, the process is called flat top sampling as shown
inbelowfigure.
PulseAmplitudeModulation:
Pulse Amplitude Modulation is analog in nature but it forms the basis of most digital
communication and modulation systems. The pulse modulation systems require analog
information to be sampled at predetermined intervals of time. Sampling is a process of
takingtheinstantaneousvalueoftheanaloginformationatapredeterminedtimeinterval.

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A sampled signal consists of a train of pulses, where each pulse corresponds to the
amplitude of the signal at the corresponding sampling time. The signal sent to line is
modulatedinamplitudeandhencethename
PulseAmplitudeModulation
(PAM)
PulseModulationSystem

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ConnectionBlockDiagram:

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Procedure:
1.ConnectthecircuitasshowninFigure3.1.
a.OutputofsinewavetomodulationsignalINinPAMblockkeepingthe
switchin1KHzposition.
b.8KHzpulseoutputtopulseinput.
c.Connectthesampleoutputtolowpassfilterinput.
d.OutputoflowpassfiltertoinputofACamplifier.Keepthegainpotin
ACamplifierblockinanticlockwiseposition.
2.SwitchOnthepowersupply&oscilloscope.
3.ObservetheoutputsatTP(3&5)thesearenatural&flattopoutputsrespectively.
4.Observethedifferencebetweenthetwooutputs.
5.Varytheamplitudepotentiometerandfrequencychangeoverswitch&observe
theeffectonthetwooutputs.
6.Varythefrequencyofpulse,byconnectingthepulseinputtothe4frequencies
availablei.e.8,16,32,64kHzinPulseoutputblock.
7.SwitchOnfaultNo.1,2,3,4onebyone&observetheireffectonPulse
AmplitudeModulationoutputandtrytolocatethem.
8.MonitortheoutputofACamplifier.Itshouldbeapuresinewavesimilartoinput.

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9.Varytheamplitudeofinput,theamplitudeofoutputwillvary.
10.Similarlyconnectthesample&hold&flattopoutputstolowpassfilterandsee
thedemodulatedwaveformattheoutputofACamplifier.
11.SwitchOntheswitchedfaultsNo.1,2,3,4,5&8onebyoneandseetheir
effectsonoutput.
12.SwitchOffthepowersupply.
CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:
EXPERIMENT:9
FacultySign:
AIM:
ToStudyofPulsePositionModulation&Demodulation.
Apparatus:
CRO Probes,
Patch Cords
Theory:
In PPM System, the

position of the pulse relative to the zero reference level is varied in
accordancewiththeinstantaneouslevelofthemodulatingsignal.
The Amplitude and width of the pulses is kept constant in this system, while theposition
of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse is varied by each
instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. As mentioned in connection with
pulse width modulation, pulseposition modulations has the advantage of requiring
constant transmitter power output, but the disadvantages of depending on transmitter
receiverissynchronization.

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PulseModulationTechniques

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Procedure:
Modulation
1. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFigure.
2. SwitchOnthepowersupply&oscilloscope.
3. Observethepulsepositionmodulatedwaveformatthepulsepositionmodulationblock
output.
4. Varytheamplitudeofsinewaveandobservethepulsepositionmodulationkeepthe
amplitudepresetincenter.Hereyoucanbestobservethepulsemodulation.
Demodulation
1.ConnectthecircuitasshowninFigureandalsodescribedbelowforclarity.
a.
Sinewaveof1KHztoinputofPPMblock.
b.
OutputPPMblocktoinputoflowpassfilter.
c.
OutputoflowpassfiltertoinputofACamplifier.
d.
Keepthegainpotentiometerinamplifierblockatmaximumposition.
3.ObservethewaveformattheTP12outputoflowpassfilterblock.
4.ThenobservethedemodulatedoutputatTP14outputofACamplifier.
CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:
EXPERIMENT:10
FacultySign:
1.AIM:
:
ToStudyofPulseWidthModulation&Demodulation.
Apparatus:
CRO Probes,
Patch Cords
Theory:
InPWMsystemthewidthofthepulseisvariedinaccordancewiththeinstantaneouslevel
ofthemodulatingsignal.
In pulse width modulation of pulse amplitude modulation isalsooftencalledPDM(pulse

duration modulation) and less often, PLM (pulse length modulation). In this system, as
showninFigure17,wehavefixedamplitudeandstartingtimeofeachpulse,butthewidth
ofeachpulseismadeproportionaltotheamplitudeofthesignalatthatinstant.

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PulseModulationTechniques

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Procedure:
Modulation
1.ConnectthecircuitasshowninFigure7.1andalsodescribedbelowforclarity.
a.
1KHzsinewaveoutputoffunctiongeneratorblocktomodulationinputofPWM
block.
b.
64KHzsquarewaveoutputtopulseinputofPWMblock.
3.ObservetheoutputofPWMblock.
4.Varytheamplitudeofsinewaveandseeitseffectonpulseoutput.
5.Varythesinewavefrequencybyswitchingthefrequencyselectorswitchto2KHz.
6. Also, change the frequency of the pulse by connecting the pulseinputto different pulse
frequenciesviz.8KHz,16KHz,32KHzandseethevariationsinthePWMoutput.

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Demodulation
1.ConnectthecircuitasshowninFigure8.1andalsodescribedbelowforclarity.
a.1KHzsinewaveoutputoffunctiongeneratorblocktomodulationinputofPWM
block.
b.64KHzsquarewaveoutputtopulseinput.
c.OutputofPWMtoinputoflowpassfilter.
d.OutputoflowpassfiltertoinputofACAmplifier.
3. Observe the output of low pass filter and AC amplifier respectively to understand the
demodulationofpulsewidthdemodulationwaveformindetail.
4. Vary theamplitudeandfrequencyof sinewave and observeitseffect onthedemodulated

waveform.
5. Now, connect the pulse input in the pulse width modulation block to the different
frequenciesavailableonboardviz.8,16,32KHzandobservetheirdemodulatedwaveforms.
6. Tryvaryingtheamplitudeofsinewavesignalyouwillobservethattheoutput signalvaries
similarly.
CONCLUSION:

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Marks:
Date:

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FacultySign:

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ExperimentsinCommunicationEngineering:SemesterV

Assume a carrier frequency(fc)of1MHzandamplitudeof,say5volts peaktopeak.The

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Addition of carrier signal and information signal. It is called upper side

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A doublesideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) AM waveform, and it has been

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Viewing the modulated waveform directly on an oscilloscope is difficult when the

As the modulating voltage goes positive, as at B, the peaktopeak voltage of the

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AMPLIFIED O\P SIGNAL

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To Study And Perform Single Sideband Amplitude Modulation Process

Both sidebands carry the same information, there is nopointintransmittingbothofthem.

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The inputs to the balanced modulator comprise the modulating signal,whichextendfrom

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Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. In this, we are separate the

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link to connect the Transmitter & Receiverbyprovidingwiredlink &

(6) The waveform available at the output of Diode DetectororAudioAmplifieris

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The frequency of the information signal determines howmanytimesasecondthischange

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The bandwidth of theFMsignalisverywidecomparedwithanAMtransmission.Typical

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In an AM system the demodulator is designed to reposed to changes in amplitude of the

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(1) Ensure that the following initial condition exist on board.

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In the analoguetodigital conversion process an analogue waveform is sampled toforma

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After an analogue waveform is sampled in theanaloguetodigitalconversionprocess,the

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In PPM System, the

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In pulse width modulation of pulse amplitude modulation isalsooftencalledPDM(pulse

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4. Vary theamplitudeandfrequencyof sinewave and observeitseffect onthedemodulated

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