(3) Tube wall with the BC of the 1st kind

Heat Equation:

1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr
BCs: (1st kind)

T ( r1 ) = Ts1

T ( r2 ) = Ts 2

Ts1 Ts 2 r
Ts1 Ts 2 r

T (r) =
ln + Ts1 or T ( r ) =
ln + Ts 2
ln (r1 r2 ) r2
ln (r1 r2 ) r1

Heat Equation:

1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr

T ( r1 ) = Ts1
(1st kind) T ( r ) = T
s2
2
BCs:

Solution:
1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr

dT
= constant, C
dr

Using the two BCs, C =

Ts1 Ts 2
ln (r1 r2 )

dT C
=
dr r

D = Ts1

T = C ln r + D

(Ts1 Ts 2 )ln r1
ln (r1 r2 )

Thus,

Ts1 Ts 2 r
Ts1 Ts 2 r

T (r) =
ln + Ts1 or T ( r ) =
ln + Ts 2
ln (r1 r2 ) r2
ln (r1 r2 ) r1

 Heat flux & heat transfer rate:

qr = k

dT
C
k (Ts1 Ts 2 ) 1
= k =
~
dr
r
r ln (r1 r2 )
r

kC

qr = 2 rLqr = 2 rL
~ constant
r
qr =

2Lk (Ts1 Ts 2 )
k
~ (area) T
ln (r2 r1 )

Standard form for qr

2 (r2 r1 )L k
(Ts1 Ts 2 )
qr =
ln (r2 r1 ) (r2 r1 )
r2 r1
area, 2 r L where r =
ln (r2 r1 )
AL

logarithmic mean radius rL

Heat Equation:

1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr
BCs: (1st kind)

T ( r1 ) = Ts1

T ( r2 ) = Ts 2

- What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the
variation of the heat flux qr with r in the wall?
- How does the transfer rate qr vary with r ?
- Is the foregoing conclusion consistent with the energy
conservation requirement?

- What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the
variation of qr with r in the wall?
- How does the heat transfer rate qr vary with r ?
1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr
qr = k

dT kC
~
dr
r

dT
= constant = C
dr

kC
qr = 2 rLqr ~ 2 rL
~ constant
r

Heat flux depends on r,

but the heat flow rate is independent of r.
- Is the foregoing conclusion consistent with the energy
conservation requirement?

* Summary:
Temperature profile:

Ts1 Ts 2 r
T (r) =
ln + Ts1
ln (r1 r2 ) r1
T (r) =

Heat Flux :

Heat Transfer Rate:

where

qr = k

Ts1 Ts 2 r
ln + Ts 2
ln (r1 r2 ) r2

dT
k
(Ts1 Ts 2 )
=
dr r ln (r2 r1 )

qr = 2 rLqr = AL

k
(Ts1 Ts 2 )
(r2 r1 )

AL = 2 rL L and

r=

r2 r1
LMR
ln (r2 r1 )

(4) Tube wall with the BC of the 3rd kind

Heat Equation:

1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr
T1 and T2 are prescribed.
But Ts1 and Ts2 are not
known a priori.

BCs: (3rd kind)

At r = r1; qr = A1h1 (T1 Ts1 )

At x = r2 ; qr = A2h2 (Ts 2 T 2 )
A1=2r1L (inner surface area)
A2=2r2L (outer surface area)

Heat Equation:

1 d dT
r
=0
r dr dr

BCs: (3rd kind)

At r = r1; qr = A1h1 (T1 Ts1 )

At x = r2 ; qr = A2h2 (Ts 2 T 2 )

Solution:
- The temperature profile will be same as the previous case. i.e.,

T (r) =

Ts1 Ts 2 r
ln + Ts1 Ts1 and Ts2 are not known a priori
and to be determined
ln (r1 r2 ) r1

- Recall that the heat transfer rate is constant. i.e.,

qr = A1h1 (T1 Ts1 ) = 2 r1Lh1 (T1 Ts1 )

qr = AL

------------ (1)

k
(Ts1 Ts 2 ) = 2 rL L k (Ts1 Ts 2 ) -------- (2)
(r2 r1 )
(r2 r1 )

qr = A2h2 (Ts 2 T 2 ) = 2 r2 Lh2 (Ts 2 T 2 )

------------ (3)

- Ts1 and Ts2 can be determined from equations (1)~(3) although complicated.
- Temperature profile itself, however, is less interesting than
the heat transfer rate, qr

qr =

T1 T 2
= U A(T1 T 2 ) expression for Rtot, U, A? (A1 or A2?)
Rtot
1

ln (r2 r1 )
1
1
1
+
+
Rtot =
=
=
2 Lk
2 r2 Lh2 U1 A1 U 2 A2
2 r1Lh1
1 r ln (r2 r1 )
1
r
= A1Rtot = + 1
+ 1
U1
k
r2h2
h1
r
1
r ln (r2 r1 ) 1
= A2 Rtot = 2 + 2
+
U2
k
h2
r1h1

Too complicated to remember! Any easier way?

 Recall the slab problem.

qr =

T1 T 2
= U A(T1 T 2 )
Rtot

where Rtot

T1

h1

h2

1
1
L
1
=
=
+
+
AU Ah1 Ak Ah2

T 2

Then, for the present problem in cylindrical geometry

1
(r r ) 1 = 1 = 1
+ 2 1 +
Rtot =
ALk
A2h2 A1U1 A2U 2
A1h1
r2 r1
L
where AL = 2 rL L = 2

ln (r2 r1 )

1
= A1Rtot
U1

1
= A2 Rtot
U2

U1 : Overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface

U2 : Overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer surface

(5) Composite Wall with Negligible Contact Resistance

qr = 2 r1Lh1 (T1 Ts1 )

qr =

2Lk A
(Ts1 T2 )
ln(r2 r1 )

qr =

2Lk B
(T2 T3 )
ln(r3 r2 )

qr =

2LkC
(T3 T4 s )
ln(r4 r3 )

qr = 2 r4 Lh4 (Ts 4 T 4 )

qr =

T1 T 4
= U1 A1 (T1 T 4 ) = U 2 A2 (T1 T 4 )
Rtot

Rtot = Ri + R A + RB + RC + Ro

(
1
r2 r1 ) (r3 r2 ) (r4 r3 )
1
=
+
+
+
+
Ai hi AL, Ak A AL, B k B AL,C kC Ao ho

1
ln (r2 r1 ) ln (r3 r2 ) ln (r4 r3 )
1
=
+
+
+
+
2ri Lhi
2Lk A
2Lk B
2LkC
2ro Lho
=

1
1
=
U i Ai U o Ao

Note that Rtot is a constant that is independent of position r.

But, U is tied to specification of an interface.
Ui : overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface
Uo : overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer surface