INCORPORATING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION ON LANDSLIDE INTO SPATIAL PLANNING

CASE STUDY: TARAKAN ISLAND
Setiawan B. 1, Fad Z.G. 2

ABSTRACT: In many cases of climate change risk, both of adaptation and disaster risk and reduction (DRR)
have evolved independently. However, Tarakan Island is integrating and introducing these agendas to spatial
planning in order to manage the climate change landslide risk. Assessment of landslide risk induced climate
change is increasing in Tarakan Island. Projection of previous study shows 0.72 km 2 area is categorized as a high
risk, which is predicted on May and December. The high landslide risk area is spreading in the Tarakan Island,
including settlement area, road and public facilities. This study attempted to apply the landslide risk map into
spatial planning of Tarakan Island to validate the landslide risk area by referring to Guidance of Spatial Planning
on Landslide Disaster (Ministry of Public Work Regulation No. 22/PRT/M/2007). The evaluation of result map
is assessing by field and aerial imagery map survey. In order to reduce the losses and damage due to the
landslide, adaptation strategies is proposed by using 4 (four) engineering works by Landslide Risk Assessment
and Mitigation (LARAM-2000) and policy of development planning and landslide management guideline in
local and national level.
Keywords: Climate change, landslide risk, adaptation, disaster and risk reduction, spatial planning

INTRODUCTION
Climate change and disaster risk reduction
(DRR)couldbesynchronizedinordertomanage
climate change risk. Typically, in developing
countries, adaptation and strategy have separate
institutions and budget allocation, especially in
national level. Despite of that, Tarakan City
Governmentinitiatedtheintegrationofadaptation
and DRR, successfully coordinating intersectoral
groupbysharingsimilarchallengesandgoals.
Scientificandengineeranalysishavebeenused
in order to assess climate change risk and
adaptation of landslide in Tarakan Island. Using
thoseofdata,policyhavebeenabletointroduced
landslide risk adaptation and DRR to the spatial
planning.
METHODOLOGY
Climate Change Induced Landslide

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

environmenthasbeenemployedtoobtainlandslide
risk projection map, using thematic layers of
landslide, slope, geology and ground water table
map as climatic driven factor, while the
vulnerabilityconsistsofindicators:populationand
landuseasindicatorsofitsexposurecomponent;
roleofinfrastructureasindicatorofitssensitivity
components,andpopulationwelfareasindicatorof
its adaptive capacity component (Budhi et al.
2011). Figure 2 shows the framework to assess
climatechangeinducedlandslideriskmap.
Inthisstudy,adaptationstrategiesarereferring
to Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation
(LARAM2000), by using 4 (four) engineering
works i.e. modified slope geometry, drainage,
retainingwall,internalreinforcement.
Projectionofriskassessmentaresynchronized
withthepolicyofdevelopmentplanningofTarakan
Island i.e. land use and the spatial planning
guidanceoflandslidedisaster(RegulationofPublic
MinistryNo.22/PRT/M/2007).

Lecturer, Geological Engineering Department, University of Sriwijaya, Email: budhi@wgtt.org, INDONESIA

Research Assistant, Geotechnical Engineering Research Group, University of Sriwijaya, Email: giendhra@gmail.com,
INDONESIA
2

Figure1.Frameworkofassessingclimatechangeinducedlandsliderisk
Adaptation
Integration

and

Disaster

Risk

Reduction

Climate change and disaster risk reduction

AdaptationandDRRhavemuchincommon,both
aimtoreducetheimpactsofshocksbyanticipating
risksandaddressingvulnerabilities(Mitchelletal.
2008).Thesetwoagendashaveconceptualoverlap,
sharing similar goals as seen in figure 2. Main
convergence of adaptation and DRR is the
management of hydrometeorological hazards,
where adaptation build resilience to their impact
andDRRtakeintoaccountthechangingofhazard.
However,bothofthemareevolvingindependently
and struggling to be mainstreamed into regular

Adaptation

Convergence
DisasterRisk
andReduction
developmentplanning(Mitchelletal.2008).
Figure2.Convergenceofadaptationanddisaster
riskreduction
Climatechangeadaptation:Anadjustmentin
naturalorhumansystemsinresponsetoactualor

expected climate stimuli or their effects, which

moderates harm or exploits benefit opportunities
(IPCC,2007). Disasterriskreduction:Thebroad
developmentandapplicationofpolicies,strategies
and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and
disaster risks throughout society, through
prevention,mitigationandpreparedness(TwiggJ.,
2004)
DISCUSSION: INCORRPORATING
ADAPTATION AND DRR TO THE SPATIAL
PLANNING
Landslideriskprojectionanalysisdividetherisk
into4(four) levels,verylow,low,moderateand
highrisk.In2030,highrisklevelprojectedonMay
and December, with area 0,72 km2, spreading in
several district, Tarakan Barat District 0,24 km 2,
TarakanTengahDistrict0,23km2,TarakanTimur
District0,16km2 andTarakanUtaraDistrict0,09
km2.Figure3showslandslideprojectionmapon
May.
Figure 4 shows integration application of
landslideriskandpolicyandstrategiesofTarakan
Island.Darkbluecolorisastrategicdevelopment
areawhichhaverequirementofreducinglandslide
risk.
Those areas including housing, airport, social
and public facility, industrial, military,
governmental, service and commercial,

warehousing,fishery,farmingandtourism.Intotal
3432housesareaffectedtothehighlandsliderisk
asrepresentedbyblackcoloronthemapandthe

red color showhighlandslide risk. Based on the

adaptation and DRR analysis, 40 sites needs
management of landslide risk.

Figure3.LandslideriskmapofTarakanIslandin
2030(BappedaKotaTarakan,2011)

Figure4.Applicationofadaptationanddisasterrisk
reduction(BappedaKotaTarakan,2011)

Analysis of management sites are validated to

the
actual
conditions
afterwards,
before
incorporating to the spatial planning. Validation are
addressed to the ground checking using aerial
photo, surveys of slope stability, current counter
measure, and geological layer. Looking forward to
the spatial planning, high landslide risk area
projected on road facilities 9,53 km2, constructed
area 55,80 km2, refinery 0,08 km2, recreational
facilities 0,10 km2, social facilities 9,71 km2, and
fish ponds 1,85 km2.
Based on the projection, 40 sites are analyzed
by considering damage and loss of physical and
access to social facilities due to landslide. Design of
landslide risk management based on combination of
two or three engineering works that are objected to
moderate slope instability, while for high slope
instability, limitation of activities or relocation.
Limitation activities and relocation are carefully
examined considering it sensitivity to the social
aspect and development planning. Limitation such
as restriction of houses construction are assigned on
5 (five) sites. Meanwhile 9 (nine) sites are assigned

for the relocations, where these policy may require

further complimentary policies such as public
incentives stimulation. As the result consideration
among relocation, incentive and engineering should
be considered the economical aspect.
CONCLUSSION
Both adaptation strategy and DRR can deal with
current climate change variability, but so far there
has been limited integration for both of them. It
cause duplication effort that leads to the
incoherence and ineffective use of resources. These
agenda do not converge due to several reason
ranging from lack of political will, different home
institutions, separated funding and more on the
technical level.
Government of Tarakan City has been
successfully integrated adaptation strategy and
DRR by coordinatingintersectoralgroupbysharing
similarchallengesandgoals.Adaptationstrategies
are referring to Landslide Risk Assessment and
Mitigation (LARAM2000), then the integration
with the DRR has been synchronized with the

policyofdevelopmentplanningofTarakanIsland
i.e.landuseandthespatialplanningguidanceof
landslide disaster (Regulation of Public Ministry
No.22/PRT/M/2007).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was written based on study of
LandslideRiskManagementofTarakanIsland.The
authors acknowledge and greatly appreciate the
BappedaKotaTarakanforgrantingtheopportunity
toinvolveinthisstudy.
REFERENCES
Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Pertanian (2007).
Petunjuk Teknis Teknologi Pengendalian
Longsor, Departemen Kehutanan
Bappeda
Kota
Tarakan
(2011).
Kajian
Penanggulangan Bencana Longor di Kota
Tarakan. Tarakan.
Bonnard Christophe (2007). Landslide and Climate
Change : a World Perspective, But a
Complex Question. LARRAM.
Bonnard Christophe (2007). Landslide Risk

Mitigation and Management. LARRAM.

Direktorat Jenderal Bina Marga, Buku Petunjuk
Teknis Perencanaan dan Penanganan
Longsor, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum
Twigg, J. E.g. (2004). Disaster Risk Reduction.
Mitigation
and
Preparedness
in
development
and
emergency
programming. HPN Good Practice Review
number 9, ODI, London, UK.
Hadi, et al., (2010). Climate Change and Risk
Assessment Using Meso-Level MultiSectoral Approach in The Tarakan
Municipality, East Kalimantan Province.
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007. IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland.
(available
on
http://www.ipcc.ch)
Mitchell Tom, et al., (2008). Convergence of
Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate
Change Adaptation.
Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum No.
22/PRT/M/2007 (2007). Tentang Pedoman
Penataan Ruang Kawasan Bencana
Longsor.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 47 Tahun 1997
(1997). Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang
Wilayah Nasional.
Setiawan, B. (2011). Climate Risk and Adaptation
Assessment on Water Sector in The
Tarakan Municipality, East Kalimantan
Province