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Chapter 11
Chemical Bonding I:
Basic Concepts
Part 1
Na Cl → Na+ Cl
1s22s22p6 1s22s22p63s23p6
Electron
Ionization Affinity of Cl
Energy of Na
Na+(g) + Cl-(g)
Na(g) + Cl(g)
Formation of ionic
crystal
NaCl(s)
Columbic attraction between the positive and
negative ions pull the ions together.
F + F F F F F
or
non-bonding, or
bonding lone pair of
pair of electrons
electrons
IONIC OR COVALENT?
HF
+
H + F H F
Electronegativity increases
F is the highest.
Fr is the
lowest. Same trend as I.E. and E.A.
d
H + F H F
δ+ δ–
direction
Dipole moment, µ = δd µ, more polar
Unit: Debye, 3.34x10-30 coulomb • meter
Polar Molecules in an electric field
Randomly Oriented Oriented
HCN as an example...
Step 1. Count the total number of VALENCE electrons
H C N We have 6 e- left
H C N
H C N
H C N
Still no octet on C Do it again!
H C N
a triple bond…
Also written H C N
Another Example: H2CO Formaldehyde
H H
C O Give C an octet C O
12 used H H
not yet octet on C a double bond...
H
Shapes of Molecules
Valence-Shell Electron-pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
- works well for octets and 2nd and 3rd period elements, but not for transition metal
Hydrogen Cyanide
H C N
µ Linear molecule
CO2
.. ..
O C O
Net µ = 0
Linear molecule
3 electron groups Formaldehyde
H
C O
H
µ
Trigonal-planar
4 electron groups Water
.. ..
O
O H H H
H
µ
N
H
H
µ
H
C Tetrahedral
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Quasi-Tetrahedral
> 109.5° µ nonzero
but small
C
F
Cl
F < 109.5°
Chemically inert, low boiling point
First introduced by General Electric
Used as coolant for refrigerators and cars, much better than ammonia
500 kTon/year production in 1987
Lifetime in atmosphere 122 yr.
Responsible for ozone reduction
BOND LENGTHS AND ENERGRY
Bond Lengths…...
rtriple bond < rdouble bond < rsingle bond
1 145 pm 347kJ/mol
4 .. .. .. ..
6 N=N (g) + 12 O=C=O
.. .. (g)
.. .. ..
+ 10 H-O-H
.. (g) + O=O (g)
.. ..
Nitroglycerin Products have many double
and triple bonds with high
Liquid
bond energies.
Alfred Nobel discovered “dynamite”
- nitroglycerin explosive made more
stable when absorbed by cellulose.