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Chem 5

Chapter 14

Solutions and Their Physical Properties

Part 2

December 11, 2002


A saturated solution – solvent and solute in dynamic equilibrium

A super-saturated solution – the quantity of solute is greater


than that in a saturated solution. It is unstable and the excess
solute crystallizes upon adding a few crystals of solute.
- This is a nonequilibrium phenomenon.

Instant Hotpack
Adding a few sodium acetate crystals into a super-saturated solution
of sodium acetate causes crystallization.

CH3COO- (aq) + Na+ (aq) → CH3COONa (s) ∆H < 0


An exothermic reaction
Another nonequilibrium phenomenon

Super cooled liquid How to make artificial rain?

Clouds are composed of small water


droplets; in order to condense them into
raindrops, nucleation sites are needed.
Because of supercooling, rain does not
form even at –10°C. In order to
accelerate the formation of the crystal
nucleus, dry ice is dispersed in clouds.
Sublimation of dry ice cools down the
water droplets and creates nucleation sites
that result in rain formation over a small
region.
hydrophobic
Like dissolves like. Soap
hydrophilic
Surfactant - a major
component of detergents

hydrophobic

hydrophilic
Colligative Properties

- four properties of dilute solutions which are dependent only


on the collective effect of the number of solute molecules
rather than on the nature of the particular solute.

• The lowering of the vapor pressure of a solution relative to


pure solvent
• The elevation of the boiling point

• The depression of the freezing point

• The phenomenon of osmotic pressure


∆Tb = Kb m

m: molality
Kb: solvent dependent const.
∆Tf = - Kf m m: molality Kf: solvent dependent const.
A molecular picture
for the depression of the freezing point
Cold Weather Phenomena

De-icing
Solutions of Electrolytes

∆Tb = i Kb m

∆Tf = - i Kf m

For a strong electrolyte such as


NaCl, which produces two moles
of ions in solution per mole of
solute dissolved, we expect i = 2.
Similarly, i = 3 for MgCl2.
Interionic attractions in
aqueous solution: a positive
ion is surrounded by a shell of
negative ions and vice versa.
Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) A founder of physical chemistry

His numerous contributions include the


concept of electrolyte dissociation, the
study of the temperature dependence of
rates of chemical reactions, and the
prediction of the greenhouse effect. He
was instrumental in establishing the
discipline of physical chemistry, and later
on extended physical chemistry methods
to cosmology, meteorology and
biochemistry.
At the time Arrhenius was awarded the Noble Prize in chemistry
(1903), his work was described as follows: “chemists would not
recognize them as chemistry; nor physicists as physics. They
have in fact built a bridge between the two.”
Osmotic Pressure
Why does it happen?
π V = nRT π = nRT/V = MRT

Pure H2O Solution


Plant cells have an osmotic
How to make raisins and pickles?
pressure of 2 atm, which
explains why these trees can Add a lot of sugar to make raisins.
bring water to leaves tens
of meters above the ground. Add a lot of salt and vinegar to make
pickles.
Medical Applications of Osmosis
(a) Red blood cells need to (b) When the solution is (c) When the solution
be in a solution of the correct too dilute, water enters is too concentrated,
solute concentration if they into them and they burst. water flows out of
are to function properly. them and they shrink.

Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic


Physiological saline is isotonic with the red blood cell and is used for intraveneous
injection. It has a NaCl concentration of 0.92% (mass/vol) or 0.16 M. The osmotic
pressure of the red blood cell is π = i MRT= 2x0.16x0.082x298 = 7.8 atm
“D5W”, a 5.5% (mass/vol) or 0.32 M solution of glucose, is isotonic with the red
blood cell and is used for intraveneous injection. A patient can take a maximum of
3L IV a day, which supplies only 160 g glucose, or 640 kcal (640 food Calories),
whereas 10,000 kcal is usually needed for a patient. The solution is to inject into a
large blood vessel. This allows more concentrated glucose which is quickly
diluted by the large volume of blood flow.
Reverse Osmosis – Desalination of Seawater
Summary of Colligative Properties

- four properties of dilute solutions which are dependent only


on the collective effect of the number of solute molecules
rather than on the nature of the particular solute.

• The lowering of the vapor pressure Raoult’s law

• The elevation of the boiling point ∆Tb = i Kb m

• The depression of the freezing point ∆Tf = - i Kf m

• The phenomenon of osmotic pressure π = nRT/V = MRT

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