Chemistry 5

Chapter-3
Chemical Compounds
Chapter-4
Chemical Reactions

25 September 2002
 Naming Organic and
Inorganic Compounds

Familiarize yourself with rules for

naming inorganic and organic
compounds in sections 3.5-3.7 of text.
 Oxidation States
ƒ What is oxidation state (OS)?
The oxidation state can be simply defined as
the number of electrons an atom loses or
gains in forming a chemical compound.
ƒ Rules (often broken?) for assigning
oxidation states:
• Oxidation state of individual atoms in a free element
is zero.
Fe(s): OS(Fe) = 0 Hg(l): OS(Hg) = 0 Cl2(g): OS(Cl) = 0
• Sum of atom oxidation states must equal net charge
of compound or ion.

NaCl: OS(Na)+ OS(Cl) = 0

• In compounds, group-I metals have +1 and group-II

metals have +2 oxidation states.

NaCl: OS(Na) = +1 MgO: OS(Mg) = +2

• In compounds, the oxidation states of H, halogens &

oxygen are +1, -1 & -2, respectively.
H2O: OS(H) = +1
MgO: OS(O) = -2
NaCl: OS(Cl) = -1
 Oxidation States: Examples

ƒ barium sulfate BaSO4

OS(Ba) = +2

ƒ I2 OS(I) = 0

ƒ sodium fluoride NaF

OS(Na) = +1
OS(F) = -1

ƒ BaTiO3 OS(Ba) = +2
OS(O) = -2
Charge of Ba + O = (+2) + 3(-2) = -4
OS(Ti) = +4

ƒ HgCl2 OS(Cl) = -1
OS(Hg) = +2
 Chemical Reactions (ch4)
ƒ What is a chemical reaction?
A process in which a set of substances– reactants– are
converted into another set of substances– products.

ƒ Chemical equations:
• Unbalanced
A chemical equation is a formula that describes a chemical
reaction with reactants on left, products on right, and arrow
indicating direction of reaction:
Co(H2O)62+ + Cl- Æ CoCl2 + H2O

• Balanced
In a balanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of each
element on both sides of the equation is the same!
Co(H2O)62+ + 2Cl- Æ CoCl2 + 6H2O

• Stoichiometric coefficients
The coefficients required to balance a chemical equations are
called the stochiometric coefficients. These coefficients are
central to quantitative analysis of reactions.
Co(H2O)62+ + 2Cl- Æ CoCl2 + 6H2O
Stoichiometric coefficients: 1 (Co(H2O)62+)
2 (Cl-)
1 (CoCl2)
6 (H2O)
 Chemical Reactions: Examples

ƒ Burning a clean fuel:

Hydrogen and Oxygen
H2 + O2 Æ H2O
2H2 + O2 Æ 2H2O

ƒ Oxygen transport in our bodies:

Hemoglobin (Hb) and Oxygen
Hb + O2 Æ Hb(O2)
Hb + 4O2 Æ Hb(O2)4

ƒ Atmospheric Chemistry:
Chlorine and Ozone
Cl + O3 Æ ClO + ?
Cl + O3 Æ ClO + O2
 Reaction Stoichiometry
ƒ The coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation enable quantitative analysis
e.g, relationships between atomic/formula masses

ƒ Consider reaction of vinegar and baking

soda:
• What is overall reaction?
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 Æ CO2 + CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O
(vinegar) (baking soda)

• Consequences of stoichiometric
coefficients?
For complete reaction, stoichiometric coefficients
define a 1:1 mole mixture of CH3COOH and
NaHCO3.
What happens when we vary the stoichiometry?
 Limiting Reactants
ƒ stoichiometric proportions:
When all reactants are completely consumed in a
chemical reaction, they are in stoichiometric
proportions– the mole ratios defined by coefficients of the
chemical equation.
ƒ Limiting reactants
When one reactant is completely converted into product
using an excess of another reactant, the reactant
completely used up is called the limiting reactant.
• baking soda + vinegar reaction
Reaction carried in three regimes-- Demonstration
• SiCl4 + Mg
SiCl4 + 2Mg Æ Si + 2MgCl2

• cisplatin (anticancer drug)

(NH4)2PtCl4 + 2NH3 Æ 2NH4Cl + Pt(NH3)2Cl2
Cisplatin: Anticancer Drug
 Reactions in Solution
ƒ Solvents & solutes.
Solvents are liquids used to dissolve chemical reactants
and provide a uniform environment for every reactant
molecule.
Solutes are the components dissolved within the solution–
the reactants in a chemical reaction.
ƒ Concentration:
To quantify amounts of reactant/solute in a solution we
define a concentration– molarity, M:
M = moles solute/volume solution (liters)

ƒ Stoichiometry (yet again):

Stoichiometric coefficients of reactants and products in a
chemical equation define mole quantities.
Hence, in solution reactions we use volumes and
molarity; i.e., volume x molarity = moles

Example: AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) Æ AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Is one reactant limiting?
50 ml 0.1 M AgNO3
2 ml 2.5 M NaCl
 Some Complexity in Reactions

ƒ consecutive reactions–
reactions that are carried sequentially to yield a product.
Example: atmospheric chemistry
2Cl + 2O3 Æ 2ClO+ 2O2
2ClO Æ O2 + 2Cl

ƒ simultaneous reactions–
reactions in which two or more substances react
independent of one another in separate reactions
occurring at the same time.

EDTA4- + Ca2+ Æ [CaEDTA]2-

EDTA4- + Pb2+ Æ [PbEDTA]2-

ƒ Belousov-Zhabotinskii Reaction