Professional Documents
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Universities:
Results of the 2013 Audits
May 2014
Victorian Auditor-Generals Report
Telephone 61 3 8601 7000
Facsimile 61 3 8601 7010
www.audit.vic.gov.au
201314:27
Level 24
35 Collins Street
Melbourne Vic. 3000
May 2014
201314:27
VICTORIA
Victorian
Auditor General
Universities: Results of
the 2013 Audits
Ordered to be printed
VICTORIAN
GOVERNMENT PRINTER
May 2014
This report is printed on Monza Recycled paper. Monza Recycled is certified Carbon Neutral by The Carbon
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The Lifecycle Analysis (LCA) for Monza Recycled is cradle to grave including Scopes 1, 2 and 3. It has FSC Mix
Certification combined with 55% recycled content.
Under the provisions of section 16AB of the Audit Act 1994, I transmit my report
Universities: Results of the 2013 Audits.
This report summarises the results of the financial audits of eight universities and the
56 entities they control at 31 December 2013.
It informs Parliament about significant issues identified during our audits and
complements the assurance provided through individual audit opinions included in the
entities' annual reports.
The report highlights continued operating surpluses and low levels of debt, which
shows that the university sector is in a relatively healthy financial position and well
placed to fund service delivery improvements. Active management is required,
however, given that operating surpluses have continued to decline since 2009.
While student revenue and the number of students enrolled in higher education
continue to increase, this masks a significant decline in domestic and international
vocational education and training student numbers at dual-sector universities
during 2013.
Yours faithfully
John Doyle
Auditor-General
28 May 2013
iii
Contents
Auditor-Generals comments ..................................................................... vii
Audit summary .......................................................................................... ix
Conclusions ............................................................................................................. ix
Findings ....................................................................................................................x
Quality of reporting ...............................................................................................x
Financial results and sustainability .......................................................................x
Monash University's South African campus ..........................................................x
Internal controls ................................................................................................... xi
Recommendations ................................................................................................... xi
Submissions and comments received ..................................................................... xi
1. Background .......................................................................................... 1
1.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6
2.2
2.3
3. Financial results................................................................................... 11
3.1
Introduction ................................................................................................... 12
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Introduction ................................................................................................... 22
4.2
4.3
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................... 30
5.2
Procurement .................................................................................................. 30
5.3
Auditor-Generals comments
Victorias universities deliver post-secondary educational services to both domestic
and international students. Operating in an environment where they must compete for
student enrolments, universities are tasked with delivering high-quality education but
also managing their resources in a financially prudent manner.
The university sector has consistently delivered healthy financial results, and 2013 was
no exception. Despite declining government funding to the sector, each of the eight
universities generated an operating surplus in 2013. The total sector surplus of
$381.7 million continued a strong trend for the past few years.
John Doyle
Auditor-General
Audit team
Tim Loughnan
Sector Director
Michael Almond
Team Leader
Matthew Graver
Audit Senior
Ryan Ackland
Auditor
Ellen Holland
Engagement Quality
Control Reviewer
With low debt levels and significant asset bases, universities are well positioned to
cope with changes in the tertiary education sector. They also generate significant
amounts from student fees and other educational activities, which now represent a
larger proportion of their income than government funding.
There are a number of challenges facing the sector, however. Expenditure growth
outstripped revenue growth in 2013, and a number of financial indictors deteriorated.
For example, the self-financing indicator, which is a measure of an entitys ability to
generate cash from its operations to fund asset renewal, declined sharply in 2013.
Capital expenditure also declined, due to a wind-down in activity after significant
capital works across the sector in recent years. These recently completed projects see
universities well placed to cope with student demand, and illustrate a commitment to
improved services and growth in the sector. It is important that capital restitution is
prioritised, and that buildings and major assets continue to be periodically renewed.
I noted that Monash University relinquished control of its operations in South Africa
during 2013, after $101.8 million was contributed to this overseas campus over the
past decade. An overall loss of $60.5 million was incurred in relation to the operation
and disposal of this campus, highlighting one of the risks facing universities with global
aspirations.
As with any government-owned entity, Victorias universities are required to implement
processes to ensure value for money and appropriateness of expenditure. My office
examined procurement practices across each of the universities, as well as reviewing
the policies and procedures in place to regulate key financial activities. These practices
and policies were generally considered to be sound, although improvement can be
made in some areas.
vii
Auditor-Generals comments
Sound financial reporting frameworks are essential to ensuring quality of the final
product. My audits identified gaps in the financial reporting processes at a number of
universities. I am concerned that a number of Recommendations regarding the quality
of financial reporting have been made over the past few years, with little improvement
in the outcomes achieved. Accordingly, in our future reports to Parliament, we intend to
name the universities that do not take appropriate steps to improve their practices.
John Doyle
Auditor-General
May 2014
Audit summary
This report covers the results of the 2013 financial audits of 64 entities, comprising
eight universities and the 56 entities they control.
Historically the results of audits of universities and technical and further education
(TAFE) institutes are found in one report, the Tertiary Education and Other Entities:
Results of Audits report. This year, however, for the first time the results will be
presented in separate reports: Universities: Results of the 2013 Audits and Technical
and Further Education Institutes: Results of the 2013 Audits.
This approach recognises the significant changes over recent years in the higher
education and vocational training sectors. There have been changes to the market
settings in both sectors, changes to legislation for both TAFEs and universities, and
increased competition between public and private sector providers and between higher
education and vocational training providerswith further changes signalled in the
higher education sector. This means that TAFEs and universities are operating in
increasingly disparate environments. The entities in each sector are subject to different
pressures on their operations. By reporting separately, we aim to provide the reader
with greater clarity about the performance of entities in the two sectors.
Clear audit opinions were issued on the financial reports of 59 university entities. The
two qualified opinions relate to the financial reports of Deakin University and The
University of Melbourne, as a result of their accounting treatment of grants received in
2013. The financial reports of three entities are yet to be finalised.
Conclusions
Parliament can have confidence in the adequacy of financial reporting of the entities
that received clear audit opinions. Users of the financial statements of the remaining
two entities should consider the matters leading to the qualifications in interpreting the
results.
Continued operating surpluses and low levels of debt mean the university sector is in a
relatively healthy financial position. Nevertheless, active management is required,
given that operating surpluses have continued to decline since 2009.
ix
Audit summary
Findings
Quality of reporting
Assessments of report preparation processes across the university sector showed that
performance deteriorated in 2013. Results of these assessments have been reported
over a number of years, however some entities have not acted to take-up the range of
elements designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their financial report
preparation. In our future reports to Parliament, we intend to name the universities that
do not take appropriate steps to improve their practices.
Audit summary
Internal controls
Each of the eight universities had policies and procedures relating to procurement that
complied with their enabling legislation and were in line with government policies and
guidelines. Although documented policies and procedures were in place for key
financial activities at universities these could still benefit from a review against the
better practice framework presented in this report.
While post-tender evaluations were generally completed for larger and more complex
procurements, five universities did not set time lines for the completion of these
reviews. As a result, the opportunity to identify areas for improvement in procurement
arrangements was compromised.
Controls over financial delegations were generally sound across the university sector.
However, improvements could be made in relation to governance and oversight.
Recommendations
Number
Recommendation
Page
1.
2.
3.
36
xi
1
1.1
Background
Introduction
Historically the results of audits of universities and technical and further education
(TAFE) institutes were presented in one report, the Tertiary Education and Other
Entities: Results of Audits report. This year however, for the first time the results will be
presented in separate reports: Universities: Results of the 2013 Audits and Technical
and Further Education Institutes: Results of the 2013 Audits.
This approach recognises the significant changes over recent years in the higher
education and vocational training sectors. There have been changes to the market
settings in both sectors, changes to legislation for both TAFEs and universities, and
increased competition between public and private sector providers and between higher
education and vocational training providerswith further changes signalled in the
higher education sector. This means that TAFEs and universities are operating in
increasingly disparate environments. The entities in each sector are subject to different
pressures on their operations. By reporting separately, we aim to provide the reader
with greater clarity about the performance of entities in the two sectors.
Figure 1A
Universities and controlled entities
Entity category
2012
2013
56
56
Total
64
64
(a)
University
(b)
(a) Includes four dual-sector universities. Refer later in this Part for further information.
(b) Entities controlled by universities comprise subsidiary companies and trusts.
Source: Victorian Auditor-General's Office.
Details of the entities covered in this report are set out in Appendix B.
Background
1.2
Figure 1B
Report structure
Report part
Description
Part 2: Financial
reporting
Reports the results of the 2013 financial audits of eight universities and the
56 entities that they control.
Part 3: Financial
results
Part 4: Financial
sustainability
Part 5: Internal
controls
1.3
Background
1.4
1.5
Subsequent events
Financial reporting
At a glance
Background
This Part covers the results from the 2013 audits of the eight universities and the
56 entities they control. It also compares financial reporting practices in 2013 against
better practice, legislated time lines and 2012 performance.
Conclusion
Parliament can have confidence in the financial reports of 59 entities given unqualified
audit opinions for 2013. The financial reports of two entities received qualified audit
opinions due to their accounting treatments of grants. Users of the financial statements
of the two entities should consider the matters leading to the qualifications in
interpreting the results. The financial reports of three entities are yet to be finalised.
Findings
x
x
x
Recommendations
x
x
That universities that do not demonstrate better practice in report preparation act
immediately to improve their financial reporting processes in 2014.
That universities and their controlled entities act to ensure their financial reports
meet legislated reporting time lines.
Financial reporting
2.1
Introduction
This Part covers the results of the 2013 audits of the eight universities and the
56 entities they control.
2.2
2.2.1 Qualifications
A qualified audit opinion means that the financial report is materially different to the
relevant financial reporting framework and is less reliable and useful as an
accountability document.
Two qualified audit opinions were issued for the 2013 financial year (two for 2012). The
details are provided below.
Financial reporting
2.3
Quality of reporting
The quality of an entity's financial reporting can be measured in part by the timeliness
and accuracy of the preparation and finalisation of its financial report, as well as
against better practice criteria.
Appendix B details the legislative and reporting framework for the 64 entities.
2.3.1 Accuracy
The frequency and size of errors in the draft financial reports submitted to audit are
direct measures of the accuracy of those reports. Ideally, there should be no errors or
adjustments required as a result of an audit.
Our expectation is that all entities will adjust any errors identified during an audit, other
than those errors that are clearly trivial or clearly inconsequential to the financial report,
as defined under the auditing standards.
The public is entitled to expect that any financial reports that bear the
Auditor-General's opinion are accurate and of the highest possible quality. Therefore,
all errors identified during an audit should be adjusted, other than those that are clearly
trivial.
Material adjustments
When our staff detect errors in the draft financial reports they are raised with
management. Material quantitative and/or qualitative errors need to be corrected
before an unqualified audit opinion can be issued.
The entity itself may also change its draft financial reports after submitting them to
audit if their quality assurance procedures identify that the draft information is incorrect
or incomplete.
In relation to the 2013 audits, 12 material financial balance adjustments were made
compared to seven in the prior year. The adjustments related mainly to errors
associated with the preparation of accrual financial statements at year end. The
adjustments resulted in changes to the net result and/or the net asset position of
entities.
In addition to the financial balance adjustments, there were two qualitative disclosure
errors that required adjustment in 2013 (six in 2012). These related to the
current/non-current nature of annual leave entitlements and debit amounts included in
trade creditor balances.
All material errors were adjusted prior to the completion of the financial reports.
2.3.2 Timeliness
Timely financial reporting is key to providing accountability to stakeholders and enables
informed decision-making. The later reports are produced and published after year
end, the less useful they are.
Financial reporting
The Financial Management Act 1994 requires an entity to submit its audited annual
report to its Minister within 12 weeks of the end of financial year. Its annual report
should be tabled in Parliament within four months of the end of financial year.
In 2013, 47 entities completed their financial reports within the legislated time frames.
The remaining 17 entities failed to finalise their financial reports within 12 weeks of
their applicable balance date.
Appendix B sets out the dates the 2013 financial reports were finalised.
The average time taken to finalise the university sector's 2013 financial reports was
10.5 weeks.
Figure 2A
Results of assessment of report preparation processes
against better practice elements
Financial statement preparation plan
Materiality assessment
Supporting documentation
5
3
1
2
1
3
1
4
4
Adequacy of security
Number of universities
No existence
Developing
Developed
Better practice
Financial reporting
Security around sensitive information, financial report preparation plans and financial
compliance reviews were found to be strong, with all universities' results assessed as
either developed or better practice. There is, however, opportunity for further
improvement in relation to most better practice elements, particularly:
x
analytical reviews
x
quality assurance
x
materiality assessments.
The results for shell financial statements, competence of staff, monthly financial
reporting, supporting documentation, quality assurance and materiality assessments
deteriorated in 2013. The deterioration was most evident for two universities.
Assessments against better practice elements have been reported over a number of
years. Nevertheless, some entities have not acted to take-up the range of elements
which are designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their financial report
preparation. In our future reports to Parliament, we intend to name the universities that
do not take appropriate steps to improve their practices.
Recommendations
1.
That universities that do not demonstrate better practice in report preparation act
immediately to improve their financial reporting processes in 2014.
2.
That universities and their controlled entities act to ensure their financial reports
meet legislated reporting time lines.
Financial results
At a glance
Background
This Part analyses the financial results of the eight universities for the year ended
31 December 2013.
Conclusion
The eight universities generated a net surplus of $381.7 million in 2013, a decrease of
$73 million or 16 per cent from 2012, due to increased repairs and maintenance, other
operating costs and depreciation due to capital works and revaluations over the past
three years. While student revenue and the number of students enrolled in higher
education continue to increase, this masks a significant decline in domestic and
international vocational education and training student numbers at dual-sector
universities during 2013.
Findings
x
x
x
Revenue increased by $176.3 million or 2.5 per cent in 2013 to $7.1 billion
driven by increases of $294 million in student fee revenue and $59 million in
other revenuedespite a $225 million decrease in government funding.
International student fees represented 46.7 per cent of total student fee revenue
in 2013, compared to 50 per cent in 2012.
Expenses increased by $247.1 million or 3.8 per cent in 2013 to $6.7 billion,
driven by an increase in repairs and maintenance costs, depreciation expenses
and other operating costs.
The sector's level of debt decreased during the year from $788 million to
$710 million (9.9 per cent) as borrowings used to fund construction of fixed
assets were repaid.
Monash University incurred a net loss of $60.5 million from its South African
venture between 2001 and 2013, including foreign exchange movements,
write-offs of debt of $44.7 million, sale of land and buildings of $30 million, and
$10 million in cash consideration.
The January 2014 transfer of its Gippsland campus to Federation University
resulted in a $6.1 million impairment of the associated assets in Monash's
financial report and a $108.9 million asset revaluation reserve adjustment.
11
Financial results
3.1
Introduction
Accrual-based financial statements enable an assessment of whether entities are
generating sufficient surpluses from operations to maintain services, fund asset
maintenance and retire debt. The ability to generate surpluses is subject to the
regulatory environment in which they operate and their ability to minimise costs and
maximise revenue.
3.2
Financial results
Figure 3A
Net surplus/(deficit) by university, 2012 and 2013
Entity
Deakin University
(a)
Federation University
2013
($ mil)
2012
($ mil)
77 746
107 388
4 204
59 643
La Trobe University
43 147
34 297
Monash University
35 029
77 931
50 072
49 605
49 239
26 772
116 606
105 481
5 635
(6 486)
381 678
454 631
Victoria University reported a surplus of $5.6 million, compared with a $6.5 million
deficit in 2012, after a $55.8 million (16.7 per cent) decrease in employee costs
following strategic downsizing in 2012.
Five of the eight universities improved their result in 2013, with Swinburne and Victoria
Universities achieving overall operating cost savings compared to 2012.
12
Financial results
Revenue
Total revenue is represented by government funding, student fee revenue, investment
revenue and various other fees and charges. It excludes the impact of the deferred
government superannuation contribution, which was offset by an equivalent expense.
In 2013, the eight universities generated revenue of $7.1 billion, an increase of
$176.3 million from 2012. The increase was driven by a $294 million increase in
student fee revenue and a $59 million increase in other revenue. The increases were
offset by a $225 million decrease in government funding (7.1 per cent).
The composition of operating revenue for 2013 is presented in Figure 3B.
Figure 3B
Revenue composition, 2013
10%
3%
Government grants
42%
Other fees
Student fees
Investment revenue
Other revenue
42%
3%
During 2013 the composition of revenue changed with a reduction in the proportion
from government grants (45 per cent in 2012) and an increase in the proportion
generated from student fees (42 per cent in 2012).
13
Financial results
Overall student fee revenue grew by $294 million or 10.9 per cent to $3.0 billion in
2013. Significant increases were reported at:
x
La Trobe Universityincrease of $28.6 million (12.2 per cent)
x
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Universityincrease of
$62 million (14.0 per cent)
x
The University of Melbourneincrease of $88.7 million (15.5 per cent)
x
Deakin Universityincrease of $36.5 million (10.9 per cent).
Student fee revenue grew less than 10 per cent in 2013 at the remaining four
universities.
The overall growth was mainly due to increases in course fees and a net 3.2 per cent
increase in the number of students enrolled in higher education, including a
7.2 per cent increase in new students.
Despite the growth in student revenue and the number of higher education students,
total student numbersincluding vocational education and training (VET), higher
education, domestic and international studentsdeclined to around 361 500 in 2013
(from 370 200 in 2012).
Most notably, around 17 per cent of students in 2013 were VET students, compared to
23 per cent in 2012a decline of 18 000 students or 22.2 per cent in 2013, including a
14.7 per cent decrease in new students. Changes to the funding model, where
government subsidies vary depending on the course, have seen universities increase
the cost to students for some VET courses.
International students
International student fees represented 46.7 per cent of total student fee revenue in
2013, compared to 50 per cent in 2012.
In 2013 international student numbers showed:
x
a 3.1 per cent decrease in higher education students, with 63 700 in total
x
an 8.9 per cent decrease in VET student numbers at dual-sector universities to
3 241 in 2013
x
new student commencements were largely consistent with 2012 numbers.
Nevertheless, over the past five years, international student fee revenue has increased
by $365 million (36 per cent) to $1.4 billion, contributing to the sector's generally strong
surpluses. The number of international students studying higher education courses has
remained relatively stable over the past five years. The number of international
students studying VET courses at dual-sector universities has declined, however, by
46.7 per cent since 2009.
Figure 3C presents the number of onshore international student commencements at
universities in 2013 and 2012.
14
Financial results
Figure 3C
Onshore international new student commencements, 2012 and 2013
Number
12 000
9 000
6 000
3 000
India
China
Vietnam
2012
Malaysia
Indonesia Singapore
Other
2013
International students come from more than 100 countries. The six most represented
countries are China, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Singapore. Of the 'other'
the most significant source country is the United States, representing less than
5 per cent of new student commencements.
Domestic students
Domestic student fees grew by $245.5 million or 18.3 per cent in 2013 and
represented 53.3 per cent of total student fee revenue. Trends in domestic student
numbers in 2013 included:
x
an increase in higher education students, with total student numbers up
5.1 per cent to 234 400
x
a 9 300 (10 per cent) increase in higher education student commencements
x
a 22.8 per cent decrease in VET course students at dual-sector universities, with
total student numbers down to 60 200.
Expenses
In 2013, universities incurred expenditure of $6.7 billion, $247.1 million (3.8 per cent)
more than in the prior year. This was driven by a $31.2 million (18.8 per cent) increase
in repairs and maintenance and a $22.7 million (5.3 per cent) increase in depreciation
and amortisation. Other operating costs also increased by $200.7 million in 2013.
The composition of expenditure is presented in Figure 3D.
15
Financial results
Figure 3D
Expenditure composition, 2013
33%
Finance costs
Other operating costs
1%
7%
3%
3.3
Financial position
Universities carried land and buildings representing 69.6 per cent of their total assets
on their balance sheets at 31 December 2013. Their revenue base is not tied to the
value of their assets, however, and most of their assets cannot be readily sold to obtain
funds.
The objective for a university should be to maintain and improve its asset base and
related service provision, while managing its level of debt. Across the sector, there is
evidence that this has been achieved. The significant capital works which were in
progress over the last three years came to fruition in 2013, and the assets delivered
are now in use.
At the same time, the level of debt decreased by 9.9 per cent in 2013 due to two
universities repaying borrowings previously used to fund construction of fixed assets
now in service.
3.3.1 Assets
During 2013, the total assets increased by $100.4 million (0.6 per cent) to $16.3 billion.
This was mainly due to increases of $273 million in property, plant and equipment and
$224 million in financial assets, offset by a $468.7 million decrease in deferred
government superannuation contributions.
16
Financial results
The increase was mainly driven by construction of new buildings ($661 million), offset
by the depreciation expense and independent revaluations at some universities.
Revaluation movements included:
x
Monash University$116.6 million decrease mainly relates to land and
buildings at the Gippsland campus (further analysis is presented later in this Part)
x
Deakin University$71.5 million increase in land and buildings
x
The University of Melbourne$25.4 million increase in artworks.
The increase in financial assets was due to universities investing their operating
surpluses, as well as achieving some holding gains from increases in market values.
The composition of university assets was consistent with that of the prior year, with
property, plant and equipment continuing to represent the majority of total assets.
3.3.2 Liabilities
At 31 December 2013 the total value of liabilities was $3.9 billion, $412.9 million
(9.5 per cent) less than in 2012.
The deferred superannuation liability decreased by 27.8 per cent or $468.7 million
during 2013 and at year end represented 30.9 per cent of total liabilities (39 per cent in
2012). The liability is based on an actuarial assessment and represents amounts
expected to be paid to university employees who qualify for the defined benefits
superannuation program. The decrease was driven by actuarial assumptions, including
adjustments to the applicable discount rate and reducing the rate of contributions tax
from 15 per cent to nil.
The decrease was matched by a decrease in the deferred superannuation receivable
from government, resulting in no impact on net assets or net result.
Interest-bearing liabilities decreased by $77.8 million (9.9 per cent) during 2013. This
was mainly due to a reduction in borrowings for RMIT ($39.6 million) and Monash
($19.0 million) universities. In prior years, borrowings were used to fund the
construction of new and expanded building facilities. These projects are now coming to
completion and the borrowings are being repaid progressively.
3.4
3.4.1 Background
Monash University established an overseas campus in South Africa in 2001. It created
three subsidiary companies, as the legal vehicles:
x
Monash Property South Africa (MPSA)holding the campus infrastructure and
assets of the South Africa campus and operating a rental/landlord arrangement
with Monash South Africa (MSA)
x
MSAa private higher education institution and the operator of the campus,
incorporated in 2004
x
Monash Educational Enterprises (MEE)the original higher education
institution and operator of the campus.
17
Financial results
Between 2001 and 2012, Monash University provided around $101.8 million in loans to
the subsidiaries. The subsidiaries repaid $2.6 million during the same period.
Figure 3E presents the net results of each of the three entities from their inception until
2012.
Figure 3E
Net results for Monash Universitys South African subsidiaries, 200112
$ million
3
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
2002
2004
2006
MPSA
2008
MSA
2010
2012
MEE
Note: Information presented is up to 2012, due to significant developments in 2013, which are
discussed below.
Source: Victorian Auditor-General's Office.
Figure 3E shows that MPSA made small losses until 2010, after which it generated
profits. MSA consistently generated losses since its establishment in 2004. MEE made
significant losses until its operations were scaled down in 2005 and was dormant
from 2006.
The loans provided by Monash University during the period, enabled the subsidiaries
to continue to operate despite their poor operating results.
18
Financial results
Figure 3F
GNUCO Pty Ltd shareholding and directorship
Number of shares
Number of directors
23 Aug 2013
14 Feb 2014
23 Aug 2013
14 Feb 2014
Monash University
75
25
25
75
100
100
Total
19
Financial results
3.4.3 Conclusion
From 2001 to 2013 Monash University provided $101.8 million in loans to the three
companies associated with its South African campus. During that period $2.6 million
was repaid. The companies reported consistent operating deficits, and Monash
University wrote off debt balances of $44.7 million.
Arrangements entered into with the private sector entity during 2013 should enable
Monash University to recoup $17.1 million of loans advanced to MPSA and receive
$10 million as consideration for MSA's operations.
The overall net loss incurred by Monash University in relation to its South African
venture from 2001 to 2013 is $60.5 million, inclusive of foreign exchange differences,
sale of land and buildings of $30 million and cash consideration of $10 million.
3.5
20
Financial sustainability
At a glance
Background
This Part provides an insight into the financial sustainability of the eight universities
based on an analysis of the trends in their key financial indicators over the past five
years.
Conclusion
Self-financing indicators have deteriorated across the sector, with three universities in
the high-risk category and none in the low-risk category in 2013. The capital
replacement indicator decreased during the year as assets were used at a rate greater
than they were being replaced. This was largely as a result of higher capital investment
in prior periods and greater depreciation costs due to consumption of the new assets.
With continued operating surpluses and low levels of debt, the university sector
remains in a relatively healthy financial position. Active management is required,
however, given that operating surpluses have continued to decline since 2009.
Findings
x
x
x
x
21
Financial sustainability
4.1
Introduction
To be financially sustainable entities need to be able to meet their current and future
expenditure as it falls due. They also need to absorb foreseeable changes and
financial risks as they materialise.
In this Part insight is provided into the financial sustainability of universities through
analysis of five financial sustainability indicators over a five-year period. Appendix D
describes the sustainability indicators and risk assessment criteria used in this report.
To form a definitive view of any entity's financial sustainability, a holistic analysis that
moves beyond financial indicators would be required, including an assessment of the
entity's operations and the regulatory environment in which the entity operates. These
additional considerations are not examined in this report.
4.2
Figure 4A
Two-year financial sustainability risk assessment
Entity
2013
2012
Deakin University
Low
Low
Medium
Low
La Trobe University
Low
Low
Monash University
High
High
Low
Low
Swinburne University
Low
Low
Federation University
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Federation University and Victoria University were assessed as medium risk due to
poor self-financing ratios. Monash University was again assessed as high risk due to
low liquidity. Monash University, however, had financial assets of $281.8 million that
were 'available for sale' which could be converted to cash if required.
22
Financial sustainability
23
Financial sustainability
4.3
Figure 4B
Average underlying result
Per cent
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Eight universities generated an operating surplus in 2013 (seven in 2012), with all
universities assessed as low risk, notwithstanding a decline in average underlying
results. All universities generated an operating surplus in each of the past five years,
with the exception of Victoria University in 2012. The rate of decline in underlying
results accelerated between 2012 and 2013.
24
Financial sustainability
4.3.2 Liquidity
Figure 4C shows that the results of risk assessments of liquidity were stable in 2013.
Figure 4C
Liquidity risk assessment
Per cent
100
80
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
13%
74%
74%
74%
74%
2010
2011
2012
2013
60
100%
40
20
0
2009
High risk
Year risk
Medium
Low risk
Six universities have had a low liquidity risk for each of the five years. Monash
University has been assessed as high risk and RMIT was assessed as medium risk in
each of the past four years. Both of these ratings are consistent with their performance
over the past four years. Monash University has financial assets which are accessible
for conversion to cash to meet any unexpected short-term commitments, if required.
4.3.3 Debt-to-equity
All universities were assessed as low risk for the five-year period, indicating that they
can comfortably meet their debt repayment obligations. Average debt for the sector
remained at less than 6 per cent for the period.
4.3.4 Self-financing
Figure 4D shows that the self-financing risk of the majority of universities has been
assessed as medium over the past five years but was relatively stable until 2013, when
it declined significantly.
It is particularly concerning that while the proportion of universities in the medium-risk
category has remained stable over the five years, there was a significant shift from low
risk to high risk during 2013.
25
Financial sustainability
Figure 4D
Self-financing risk assessment
Per cent
100
13%
13%
13%
13%
38%
80
60
74%
62%
62%
62%
40
62%
20
0
13%
2009
25%
25%
25%
2010
2011
2012
High risk
Medium risk
2013
Low risk
No university reported an improved result for this indicator in 2013 compared to 2012,
while the results of three deteriorated. Figure 4E presents the self-financing risk
assessments for each of the universities for the past two years.
Figure 4E
Two-year self-financing risk assessment
Entity
Deakin University
Federation University
La Trobe University
2013
2012
Medium
Low
High
Low
Medium
Medium
High
Medium
RMIT University
Medium
Medium
Swinburne University
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
High
Monash University
Victoria University
Total
Source: Victorian Auditor-General's Office.
Each of the eight universities had a self-financing risk of high or medium in 2013,
indicating that they may be unable to fund asset replacement from cash generated
from their operations. If these trends continue, some universities may place greater
reliance on government funding for asset renewal and replacement.
26
Financial sustainability
Figure 4F
Capital replacement risk assessment
Per cent
100
13%
80
25%
13%
13%
87%
87%
2011
2012
25%
60
40
87%
75%
75%
20
0
2009
2010
High risk
Medium risk
2013
Low risk
Capital spending has generally exceeded the aggregate depreciation expense over the
five-year period. This suggests that asset-related expenditure is generally outstripping
asset consumption throughout the sector. This is mainly the result of substantial
building and redevelopment works that have been undertaken across the sector over
the past three years.
Total expenditure on university capital programs in 2013 decreased by $251.8 million
(23.8 per cent), while depreciation increased by $22.7 million (5.3 per cent). This
resulted in a decline in the 2013 capital replacement indicator. The higher level of
depreciation was in line with the commencement of depreciation on new building
assets completed in late 2012 or early 2013.
Victoria University and RMIT were assessed as medium risk in 2013, mainly flowing
from the capitalisation of substantial new building works in recent years and the
resulting increase in depreciation charges.
27
Internal controls
At a glance
Background
This Part presents the results of our reviews of the procurement practices and financial
policies and delegations in the university sector.
Conclusion
Each of the eight universities had established policies and procedures relating to
procurement that complied with their enabling legislation and were in line with
government policies and guidelines. Documented policies and procedures were in
place for key financial activities at universities, however, these would benefit from a
review against the better practice framework.
Findings
x
While post-tender evaluations were generally completed, five universities did not
set time lines for the completion of these reviews, delaying the opportunity to
identify areas for improvement.
Risks associated with procurement activities at four universities and financial
policies and delegations at three universities had not been identified in the risk
register.
Recommendation
That universities continue to review their financial policies on a timely basis and ensure
that the key elements of the better practice framework are addressed.
29
Internal controls
5.1
Introduction
Comprehensive internal controls help entities to reliably and cost-effectively meet their
objectives. Reliable internal controls are a prerequisite for the delivery of accurate and
timely external and internal financial reports.
In our annual audits we focus on the internal controls relating to financial reporting and
assess whether entities have managed the risk that the financial statements may not
be complete and accurate. Poor internal controls diminish management's ability to
achieve their entity's objectives and comply with relevant legislation. They also
increase the risk of fraud and error.
The governing body of each university is responsible for developing and maintaining
internal controls that enable:
x
preparation of accurate financial reports and other supporting information
x
timely and reliable external and internal reporting
x
appropriate safeguarding of assets
x
prevention and detection of errors and irregularities.
The enabling legislation for each of the eight universities requires management to
implement effective internal control structures.
In this Part we report on aspects of internal controls in the state's eight universities
covering procurement and financial policies and delegations.
5.2
Procurement
Universities are required to implement and maintain an effective internal control
framework for procurement. The internal control framework should ensure that
procurement satisfies an entitys business needs, is suitably authorised, is in line with
policies and procedures, and is consistent with the principles of value for money, open
and fair competition, accountability, risk management, probity and transparency. Poor
procurement practices give rise to the risk of:
x
the procurement process being unfair or not transparent
x
inadequate supplier competition resulting in reduced value for money
x
suppliers and universities facing unnecessary transaction costs
x
universities purchasing inferior goods, services or assets that do not meet their
operating objectives.
Victoria's universities spent $2.0 billion on the procurement of goods and services and
incurred capital expenditure of $844 million in 2013.
30
Internal controls
Figure 5A
Key elements of an effective procurement framework
Key area
Policies
Management
practices
Governance
and oversight
The above elements were considered in our assessment of the procurement function
at each of the eight universities.
31
Internal controls
The procurement frameworks of all universities were generally sound. All had policies
in place, probity plans were developed for high-value, high-risk or complex
procurements and management monitoring practices were comprehensive and
thorough. Improvements can be made by placing more attention on post-tender
evaluations and risk identification.
5.2.2 Policies
Each of the eight universities had policies and procedures relating to procurement that
complied with their enabling legislation and were in line with government policies and
guidelines. The policies and procedures generally included:
x
an objective
x
preferred suppliers
x
arrangements for purchases on corporate cards
x
probity provisions and the requirement to avoid any actual or perceived bias
x
tender requirements
x
arrangements for obtaining quotations.
Procurement policies were current and had been reviewed within the past three years
at all but one university.
32
Internal controls
33
Internal controls
5.3
Figure 5B
Key elements of an effective financial policies and delegations framework
34
Component
Key elements
Policy
Financial policies
Financial policies established for key financial operations, including:
x revenue and debtor management
x expenditure and creditor management
x asset management
x payroll management.
Policies are comprehensive and address core aspects of financial
management procedures.
Relevant legislation, applicable government guidelines and other
government policy requirements addressed.
Policies include requirements for periodic review and approval by the
council.
Financial delegations
Clear financial delegations given to specific positions.
Register of financial delegations established and includes:
x positions holding financial authority for each transaction type
x delegation limits for each transaction or authorisation type
x alternate delegated signatories to cover staff absences
x names of staff holding positions
x specimen signatures for authorised position holders.
Arrangements for updating the register of financial delegations upon
substantial change in duties or position.
Financial delegations approved by the council.
Internal controls
Figure 5B
Key elements of an effective financial policies and delegations framework continued
Component
Key elements
Management
practices
Governance and
oversight
The key elements were considered in our assessment of the financial policies and
delegations of the eight universities.
Overall we found that documented policies existed across the university sector and
financial delegations were clear and established, and monitoring was sound.
Improvements could be made, however, in relation to governance and oversight.
5.3.2 Policies
Most universities had documented policies and procedures for their key financial
processesrevenue and debtor management, expenditure and creditor management,
asset management and payroll activities. Federation University had not established
policies for expenditure and creditor management or payroll activities. There is an
opportunity for this university to strengthen its internal control environment by
implementing these key policies, to reduce the risk that transactions processed may
not be complete, accurate or valid.
Polices generally addressed the key elements of the framework. There was, however,
room for improvement in the following areas that were not addressed at the majority of
universities:
x
arrangements for avoiding duplicate vendor payments
x
maintenance of the creditor masterfile
x
establishing segregation of duties between key payroll functions.
Financial policies were current and had been reviewed within the past three years at all
but one university.
35
Internal controls
Recommendation
3.
36
That universities continue to review their financial policies on a timely basis and
ensure that the key elements of the better practice framework are addressed.
Appendix A.
Description
Auditor-General's
Report on the Annual
Financial Report of
the State of Victoria,
201213
This report provides the result of the audit of the state's annual
financial report. It addresses the quality and timing of financial
reporting, explains significant financial results for the state and
financial implications of significant projects and developments that
occurred during 201213.
Tabled in Parliament in November 2013.
Portfolio Departments
and Associated
Entities: Results of
the 201213 Audits
The report provides the results of the audits of 208 entities. The
report addresses their financial reporting, financial sustainability and
reporting development, the use of contractors and temporary staff,
and management of business continuity and information technology
disaster recovery planning.
Tabled in Parliament in November 2013.
Public Hospitals:
Results of the
201213 Audits
The report provides the results of the audits of 112 entities in the
public hospital sector. It addresses their financial performance,
financial sustainability and management of private patient fees and
risk.
Tabled in Parliament in November 2013.
Local Government:
Results of the
201213 Audits
The report provides the results of the audits of 102 entities in the
local government sector. The report addresses their financial and
performance reporting, financial sustainability, aspects of how they
manage rate revenue and the operation of audit committees.
Tabled in Parliament in December 2013.
Water Entities:
Results of the
201213 Audits
Universities: Results
of the 2013 Audits
This report
37
Appendix B.
39
40
FMA
3
3
3
3
3
3
Monash University
La Trobe University
Federation University
3
3
Unilink Limited
3
(a)
Non-FMA
Deakin University
Reason for qualification: Grant income recognised as
liability rather than as income as required by Australian
Accounting Standard AASB 1004 Contributions.
Entity
Audit type
3
3
Clear
opinion
26-Feb-14
19-Feb-14
27-Feb-14
18-Feb-14
07-May-14
21-Mar-14
04-Apr-14
04-Apr-14
04-Apr-14
13-Mar-14
26-Mar-14
05-Mar-14
05-Mar-14
05-Mar-14
21-Feb-14
25-Feb-14
25-Feb-14
27-Feb-14
17-Feb-14
21-Mar-14
Opinion
date
Financial statements
Up to 12
weeks
12 to 18
weeks
More than 18
weeks
Timeliness of financial
statements completion
FMA
Non-FMA
Swinburne Ltd
3
3
Clear
opinion
3
06-Mar-14
06-Mar-14
06-Mar-14
06-Mar-14
06-Mar-14
06-Mar-14
10-Feb-14
18-Mar-14
05-Mar-14
20-Feb-14
05-Mar-14
17-Feb-14
05-Mar-14
3
3
07-Mar-14
06-Mar-14
12 to 18
weeks
3
More than 18
weeks
Timeliness of financial
statements completion
Up to 12
weeks
21-Mar-14
14-Mar-14
26-Feb-14
26-Feb-14
17-Feb-14
03-Mar-14
07-May-14
Opinion
date
Financial statements
RMIT Foundation
Entity
Audit type
41
42
FMA
3
3
3
3
Victoria University
UM Commercialisation Trust
Clear
opinion
3
3
19-Mar-14
12 to 18
weeks
More than 18
weeks
Timeliness of financial
statements completion
Up to 12
weeks
19-Mar-14
19-Mar-14
19-Mar-14
19-Mar-14
19-Mar-14
04-Apr-14
04-Apr-14
04-Apr-14
04-Apr-14
2-May-14
17-Mar-14
24-Apr-14
24-Apr-14
17-Mar-14
17-Mar-14
17-Mar-14
04-Apr-14
21-Mar-14
Opinion
date
Financial statements
3
3
3
3
Non-FMA
Entity
Audit type
14
2012 Total
2012 Total
2
2013 Total
More than 18
weeks
12
12 to 18
weeks
58
47
Up to 12
weeks
Opinion
date
Clear
opinion
Timeliness of financial
statements completion
62
48
61
47
Non-FMA
Financial statements
14
FMA
2013 Total
Entity
Audit type
43
Appendix C.
Figure C1
Financial audit framework
Planning
Planning is not a discrete phase of a financial audit, rather it continues throughout the engagement.
However, initial audit planning is conducted at two levels:
x At a high or entity level, planning involves obtaining an understanding of the entity and its
environment, including its internal controls. The auditor identifies and assesses: the key risks facing
the entity; the entitys risk mitigation strategies; any significant recent developments; and the entitys
governance and management control framework.
x At a low or financial report line item level, planning involves the identification, documentation
and initial assessment of processes and controls over management, accounting and information
technology systems.
The output from the initial audit planning process is a detailed audit plan and a client strategy document,
which outlines the proposed approach to the audit. This strategy document is issued to the client after initial
audit planning and includes an estimate of the audit fee.
Conduct
The conduct phase involves the performance of audit procedures aimed at testing whether or not financial
statement balances and transactions are free of material error. There are two types of tests undertaken
during this phase:
x Tests of controls, which determine whether controls identified during planning were effective
throughout the period of the audit and can be relied upon to reduce the risk of material error.
x Substantive tests, which involve: detailed examination of balances and underlying transactions;
assessment of the reasonableness of balances using analytical procedures; and a review of the
presentation and disclosure in the financial report for compliance with the applicable reporting
framework.
The output from this phase is a final (and possibly an interim) management letter which details significant
findings along with value-adding recommendations on improving controls and processes. These
documents are issued to the client after any interim audit work and during the reporting phase.
Reporting
The reporting phase involves the formal presentation and discussion of audit findings with the client
management and/or the audit committee. The key outputs from this process are:
x
A signed audit opinion, which is presented in the clients annual report alongside the certified
financial report.
x
A report to Parliament on significant issues arising from audits either for the individual entity or for
the sector as a whole.
45
Figure C2
Components of an internal control framework
Control
environment
Information
and
communication
Risk
management
Internal control
Control
activities
Monitoring of
controls
In the diagram:
x
the control environment provides the fundamental discipline and structure for
the controls and includes governance and management functions and the
attitudes, awareness, and actions of those charged with governance and
management of an entity
x
risk management involves identifying, analysing and mitigating risks
x
monitoring of controls involves observing the internal controls in practice and
assessing their effectiveness
x
control activities are policies, procedures and practices prescribed by
management to help meet an entitys objectives
x
information and communication involves communicating control
responsibilities throughout the entity and providing information in a form and time
frame that allows officers to discharge their responsibilities.
46
Figure C3
Financial report preparation better practice
Key area
Better practice
Financial report
preparation plan
Preparation of shell
statements
Materiality
assessment
Monthly financial
reporting
Supporting
documentation
Analytical reviews
Reviews of controls/
self-assessment
Competency of staff
Financial compliance
reviews
Adequate security
Source: Victorian Auditor-General's Office, and Australian National Audit Office Better Practice
Guide Preparation of Financial Statements by Public Sector Entities, June 2009.
47
Appendix D.
Financial sustainability
indicators and criteria
Indicators of financial sustainability
Figure D1
Financial sustainability indicators
Indicator
Formula
Description
Underlying
result (%)
Adjusted net
surplus /
Total
underlying
revenue
Liquidity
(ratio)
Current
assets /
Current
liabilities
Debt-to-equity
(%)
Debt / Equity
Self-financing
(%)
Net
operating
cash flows /
Underlying
revenue
Capital
replacement
(ratio)
Cash
outflows for
property,
plant and
equipment
and
intangibles /
Depreciation
and
amortisation
49
These indicators should be considered collectively, and are more useful when
assessed over time as part of a trend analysis. These indicators have been applied to
the published financial information of universities for the period from 2009 to 2013.
The analysis of financial sustainability in this report reflects on the position of each
individual entity and on the university sector. The financial sustainability indicators
used in this report are consistent with those used in previous reports to Parliament,
and are indicative of the financial sustainability of universities.
Figure D2
Financial sustainability indicators risk assessment criteria
Underlying
result
Risk
High
Medium
Low
Liquidity
Debt-to-equity
Self-financing
Capital
replacement
Negative 10%
or less
Insufficient
revenue is
being generated
to fund
operations and
asset renewal.
Immediate
sustainability
issues with
insufficient current
assets to cover
liabilities.
Potential
long-term
concern over
ability to repay
debt levels
from own
source
revenue.
Insufficient cash
from operations
to fund new
assets and
asset renewal.
Spending on
capital works
has not kept
pace with
consumption
of assets.
Negative
10%0%
0.71.0
4060%
1020%
1.01.5
A risk of
long-term run
down of cash
reserves and
inability to fund
asset renewals.
Some concern
over the ability
to repay the
debt from own
source
revenue.
May not be
generating
sufficient cash
from operations
to fund new
assets.
May indicate
spending on
asset renewal
is insufficient.
More than 0%
Generating
surpluses
consistently.
No immediate
issues with
repaying
short-term
liabilities as they
fall due.
No concern
over the ability
to repay debt
from own
source
revenue.
Generating
enough cash
from operations
to fund new
assets.
Low risk of
insufficient
spending on
asset
renewal.
The overall financial sustainability risk assessment has been calculated using the
ratings determined for each indicator as outlined in Figure D3.
50
Figure D3
Overall financial sustainability risk assessment
Risk rating
Risk indicators
Universities
Five-year mean
5-year mean
Universities
Underlying
Debt-toSelfCapital Overall risk
result (%) Liquidity equity (%) financing (%) replacement assessment
Deakin University
12.0%
2.6
0.2%
22.1%
2.7
Federation University
13.6%
6.2
0.6%
18.6%
1.8
La Trobe University
10.4%
2.2
7.2%
15.7%
2.8
Monash University
5.4%
0.7
17.4%
10.2%
1.9
RMIT University
7.5%
0.9
6.1%
15.4%
3.0
Swinburne University
9.1%
3.3
0.7%
16.5%
3.4
4.7%
1.3
4.9%
12.7%
1.7
Victoria University
3.2%
2.6
0.0%
8.3%
2.3
University average
8.3%
2.5
4.6%
14.9%
2.5
51
Underlying result
2009
2010
2011
2012
Deakin University
12.8%
13.1%
10.9%
13.9%
9.4%
12.0%
Federation University
12.5%
13.1%
18.1%
22.4%
1.8%
13.6%
La Trobe University
9.9%
16.3%
13.6%
5.7%
6.8%
10.4%
Monash University
10.9%
3.6%
5.5%
4.8%
2.1%
5.4%
Universities
Trend
RMIT University
10.3%
9.5%
6.8%
5.8%
5.4%
7.5%
Swinburne University
10.5%
11.5%
9.8%
5.4%
8.4%
9.1%
3.3%
3.4%
4.8%
5.8%
6.2%
4.7%
Victoria University
6.6%
7.7%
1.9%
-1.4%
1.3%
3.2%
University average
9.6%
9.8%
8.9%
7.8%
5.2%
8.3%
Liquidity
Universities
Deakin University
Federation University
La Trobe University
2009
2010
2011
2012
2.5
4.2
1.8
3.2
4.2
2.9
3.0
7.0
2.7
2.4
8.4
2.0
2.1
7.2
1.7
2.6
6.2
2.2
Trend
Monash University
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.7
RMIT University
1.1
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.9
Swinburne University
3.2
3.2
3.3
4.0
2.7
3.3
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.3
Victoria University
2.8
1.9
1.9
1.2
5.1
2.6
University average
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
Debt-to-equity
Universities
2009
2010
2011
2012
Deakin University
1.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
Trend
Federation University
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
0.6%
La Trobe University
5.0%
4.1%
3.4%
12.2%
11.2%
7.2%
Monash University
19.5%
19.0%
18.5%
15.2%
14.6%
17.4%
RMIT University
2.3%
1.4%
7.5%
11.2%
8.2%
6.1%
Swinburne University
0.0%
0.2%
3.2%
0.2%
0.0%
0.7%
5.4%
5.6%
5.1%
4.5%
4.0%
4.9%
Victoria University
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
University average
4.3%
3.9%
4.8%
5.5%
4.8%
4.6%
52
Self-financing
2009
2010
2011
2012
Deakin University
22.6%
21.1%
21.0%
25.9%
19.9%
22.1%
Federation University
13.4%
16.6%
25.8%
30.3%
6.9%
18.6%
Universities
Trend
La Trobe University
10.1%
21.0%
19.1%
13.5%
14.7%
15.7%
Monash University
14.4%
6.0%
11.7%
11.5%
7.2%
10.2%
RMIT University
16.4%
17.5%
12.4%
15.7%
14.9%
15.4%
Swinburne University
18.3%
19.6%
15.0%
11.9%
17.6%
16.5%
11.2%
13.7%
12.9%
14.1%
11.6%
12.7%
6.6%
13.1%
8.6%
8.4%
5.1%
8.3%
14.1%
16.1%
15.8%
16.4%
12.2%
14.9%
Victoria University
University average
Capital replacement
Universities
2009
2010
2011
2012
Deakin University
1.8
2.3
2.7
3.9
2.7
Trend
Federation University
La Trobe University
1.4
1.8
1.3
2.9
1.2
3.4
2.9
3.6
2.1
2.3
1.8
2.8
Monash University
2.2
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.9
RMIT University
3.8
3.9
3.5
2.7
1.2
3.0
Swinburne University
2.5
4.4
5.1
1.3
3.8
3.4
2.0
1.0
1.5
2.3
1.7
1.7
Victoria University
3.4
3.7
1.9
1.6
1.1
2.3
University average
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.1
2.5
53
Appendix E.
Glossary
Accountability
Responsibility of public sector entities to achieve their objectives, with regard to
reliability of financial reporting, effectiveness and efficiency of operations, compliance
with applicable laws, and reporting to interested parties.
Amortisation
The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an intangible asset over its
expected useful life.
Asset
A resource controlled by an entity as a result of past events, and from which future
economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
Auditors opinion
Written expression within a specified framework indicating the auditor's overall
conclusion on the financial (and performance) reports based on audit evidence
obtained.
55
Appendix E. Glossary
Capital expenditure
Amount capitalised to the balance sheet for contributions by a public sector entity to
major assets owned by the entity, including expenditure on:
x
capital renewal of existing assets that returns the service potential or the life of
these assets
x
expenditure on new assets, including buildings, infrastructure, plant and
equipment.
Competitive neutrality
Competitive neutrality is about ensuring that the significant business activities of
publicly owned entities compete fairly in the market when it is in the public interest for
them to do so.
Depreciation
The systematic allocation of the value of an asset over its expected useful life.
Emphasis of matter
An auditor's report can include an emphasis of matter paragraph that draws attention
to a disclosure or item in the financial report that is relevant to the users of the auditor's
report but is not of such nature that it affects the auditor's opinioni.e. the auditor's
opinion remains unmodified.
56
Appendix E. Glossary
Entity
Is a body, whether corporated or unincorporated, that has a public function to exercise
on behalf of the state or is wholly owned by the state, including departments, statutory
authorities, statutory corporations and government business enterprises.
Expense
Outflows or other depletions of economic benefits in the form of incurred liabilities or
depletion of assets of the entity.
Fair value
The amount for which a financial or non-financial asset could be exchanged between
knowledgeable and willing parties in an arms-length transaction.
Financial delegation
A schedule that specifies the level or approval required for each transaction category
to facilitate the execution of functions necessary for the efficient operation of the entity.
Financial sustainability
An entitys ability to manage financial resources so it can meet spending commitments,
both at present and into the future.
Financial year
A period of 12 months for which a financial report (and performance report) is
prepared.
Going concern
An entity which is expected to be able to pay its debts as and when they fall due, and
continue in operation without any intention or necessity to liquidate or otherwise wind
up its operations.
57
Appendix E. Glossary
Internal audit
A function of an entity's governance framework that examines and reports to
management on the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance
processes.
Internal control
Internal control is a means by which an entitys resources are directed, monitored and
measured. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting error and fraud and
protecting the entitys resources.
Liability
A present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is
expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic
benefits.
Masterfile
A database of records pertaining to one of the main subjects of an information system,
such as customers, employees and vendors. Masterfiles contain descriptive data that
does not often change, such as name, address and bank account details.
Materiality
Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic
decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial report. Materiality depends on the
size or nature of the item or error judged in the particular circumstances of its omission
or misstatement.
Net result
The net result is calculated by subtracting an entitys total expenses from the total
revenue, to show what the entity has earned or lost in a given period of time.
Non-reciprocal
Transfers in which an entity receives assets without directly giving equal value in
exchange to the other party to the transfer.
58
Appendix E. Glossary
A qualified opinion shall be expressed as being unqualified except for the effects of the
matter to which the qualification relates.
Relevant
Measures or indicators used by an entity are relevant if they have a logical and
consistent relationship to an entity's objectives and are linked to the outcomes to be
achieved.
Revaluation
Recognising a reassessment of values for non-current assetsin particular land and
buildingsat a point in time.
Revenue
Inflows of funds or other enhancements or savings in outflows of service potential, or
future economic benefits in the form of increases in assets or reductions in liabilities of
the entity, other than those relating to contributions by owners which result in an
increase in equity during the reporting period.
Risk
The chance of a negative impact on the objectives, outputs or outcomes of the entity.
University sector
University sector refers to the eight universities and the 56 subsidiary entities they
control.
VET
VET relates to the provision of vocational education and training services, in the
context of technical and further education components of the dual-sector universities.
59
Appendix F.
61
62
63
Auditor-Generals reports
Reports tabled during 201314
Report title
Date tabled
August 2013
August 2013
(201314:2)
Asset Confiscation Scheme (201314:3)
September 2013
September 2013
September 2013
October 2013
October 2013
(201314:7)
Clinical ICT Systems in the Victorian Public Health Sector (201314:8)
October 2013
October 2013
November 2013
201213 (201314:10)
Portfolio Departments and Associated Entities: Results of the 201213 Audits
November 2013
(201314:11)
WoVG Information Security Management Framework (201314:12)
November 2013
November 2013
November 2013
November 2013
December 2013
December 2013
December 2013
December 2013
February 2014
February 2014
Report title
Date tabled
February 2014
March 2014
March 2014
April 2014
May 2014
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