Light Waves and Color Review With Answers

Light Waves and Color Review with Answers
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The Review Session Light and Color Light Waves
and Color Review with Answers
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Newton's Laws of
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I
nterference, Polarization and Color
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Part A: Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following statements are true statements
about interference?
a. Interference occurs when two (or more) waves meet
while traveling along the same medium.
b. Interference can be constructive or destructive.
c. Interference of two waves at a given location results in
the formation of a new wave pattern which has a
greater amplitude than either of the two interfering
waves.
d. The meeting of a trough of one wave with a trough of
another wave results in destructive interference.
e. The only way for two waves to interfere constructively
is for a crest to meet a crest or a trough to meet a
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trough.
f. It is only a theory that light can interfere destructively;
the theory is based on the assumption that light is a
wave and most waves exhibit this behavior.
Experimental evidence supporting the theory has not
yet been observed.
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Answer: AB
Reasoning Center
A - True: This is the definition of interference - "the

meeting of two or more waves along the same medium."
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B - True: These are the two possible types of interference.
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C - False: When interference occurs, there are two possible

results: a resulting wave with a greater displacement than
either of the original waves (constructive interference) or
a resulting wave with a smaller displacement than one or
both of the original waves (destructive interference)
D - False: This is an example of constructive interference
leading to a resulting wave with a greater displacement
than the individual wave; a "super-trough" would be
formed.
E - False: Crest meeting crest and trough meeting trough
are examples of constructive interference. These special
cases result in the formation of antinodal points - points of
maximum displacement. But more generally, constructive
interference will occur anytime a wave with a "positive"
(up or right or ...) displacement meets another wave with
a "positive" displacement OR when a wave with a
"negative" (down or left or ...) displacement meets
another wave with a "negative" displacement. When the
displacements of the two interfering waves are in the
same direction at a given point, then constructive
interference occurs at that point.
F - False: There is plenty of experimental and observable
evidence that light undergoes destructive interference.
The best evidence from our studies in class are the dark
fringes of a two-point interference pattern. These dark
fringes are the result of the destructive interference of
light.
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about two-point light source interference patterns?
a. Two-point light source interference patterns consist of
alternating nodal and antinodal lines.
b. If projected onto a screen, two-point light source
interference patterns would be viewed as alternating
bright and dark spots with varying gradients of light
intensity in between.
c. As the distance between the sources is decreased, the
distance between the nodal and antinodal lines is
decreased.
d. As the wavelength of the laser light is decreased, the
distance between the nodal and antinodal lines is
decreased.
e. A nodal point would be formed if a trough of one wave
meets a trough of another wave.
f. Antinodal points are points where the medium is
undergoing no vibrational motion.
g. Suppose point P is a point where a wave from one
source travels a distance of 2.5 wavelengths before
meeting up with a wave from another source which
travels a distance of 3.5 wavelengths. Point P would be
a nodal point.
h. Suppose point Q is a point where a wave from one
source travels a distance of 2 wavelengths before
travels a distance of 3.5 wavelengths. Point Q would
be a nodal point.
i. Suppose point R is a point where a wave from one
source travels a distance of 2 wavelengths before
travels a distance of 3 wavelengths. Point R would be a
nodal point.
j. If the path difference for points on the first nodal line is
4 cm, then the wavelength would be 6 cm. (NOTE: the
first nodal line is considered to be the first nodal line to
the left or right from the central antinodal line.)
Answer: ABDH
A - True: This is exactly what we have observed through
computer animations, video segments, transparency
overlays, and the actual experiment.
B - True: This is exactly what we observed when we
performed Young's experiment.

C - False: The equation relating the variables of Young's
experiment can be rearranged to the following form:
y = m L W / d ... (where W=wavelength).
Now one notices that y is inversely related to d. So if the
slit separation distance (d) is decreased, the distance
between nodal and antinodal lines (related to y) would be
increased.
D - True: Young's equation is often written as
W = y d / (m L) ... (where W=wavelength).
From the equation, one notices that wavelength (W) is
directly related to y. So if the wavelength (W) is
decreased, the distance between nodal and antinodal lines
(related to y) would be decreased.
E - False: Antinodal points are points of maximum
displacement; for a light interference pattern, these are
the brightest points.
F - False: Nodal points are points of no displacement or no
disturbance; for a light light interference pattern, these
are the darkest points.
G - False: In this case the path difference is 1 wavelength;
when two waves traveling to the same point have a
difference in distance traveled of 1 wavelength, then a
crest of one wave would meet up with a crest of the
second wave. This condition leads to constructive
interference and an antinodal point is formed.
H - True: In this case the path difference is 1.5
wavelengths; when two waves traveling to the same point
have a difference in distance traveled of 1.5 wavelengths,
then a crest of one wave would meet up with a trough of
the second wave. This condition leads to destructive
interference and a nodal point is formed.
I - False: In this case the path difference is 1 wavelength;
when two waves traveling to the same point have a
difference in distance traveled of 1 wavelength, then a
crest of one wave would meet up with a crest of the
second wave. This condition leads to constructive
interference and an antinodal point is formed.
J - False: The first nodal line is designated as m = 0.5; the
path difference is 4 cm. Substituting into the equation PD
= mWavelength and solving for wavelength yields a value
of 8 cm.
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Two Point Source Interference
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about nodal and antinodal points in light interference
patterns?
a. Antinodes result from constructive interference.
b. Nodes result from destructive interference.
c. The nodal points on an interference pattern are
positioned along lines; these lines are called nodal
lines.
d. The central line on the interference pattern is a nodal
line.
e. Points on nodal lines would be represented by bright
spots if projected onto a screen.
f. The path difference for points on the central antinodal
line would be 0.
g. The path difference for points on the first antinodal line
would be 1 cm.
h. (This question presumes that the interference pattern is
a water interference pattern.) If the path difference for
points on the first antinodal line is 5 cm, then the path
difference for points on the second antinodal line
would be 7 cm.
i. (This question presumes that the interference pattern is
a water interference pattern.)If the path difference for
difference for points on the third antinodal line would
be 15 cm.
j. (This question presumes that the interference pattern is
difference for points on the second nodal line would be
9 cm. (NOTE: the second nodal line is considered to be
the second nodal line to the left or right from the
central antinodal line.)
k. (This question presumes that the interference pattern is
points on the first nodal line is 4 cm, then the path
difference for points on the third nodal line would be
12 cm. (NOTE: the third nodal line is considered to be
the third nodal line to the left or right from the central
antinodal line.)
Answer: ABCFIJ
A - True: An antinode is a point where a crest meets a
crest or a trough meets a trough; both are examples of
constructive interference.
B - True: A node is a point where a crest meets a trough;
this is an example of destructive interference and leads to
a location of no displacement.
C - True: Nodal points all lie along lines. Question #21
illustrates this well.
D - False: The central line - that is, the line extending
outward from the midpoint between the two sources - is a
line upon which antinodes are formed; it is called an
antinodal line. Question #21 illustrates this well.
E - False: Nodal lines are formed as a result of destructive
interference. If projected onto a screen, the nodal points
would appear as the darkest points on the interference
pattern.
F - True: The path difference for points on the central
antinodal line would be given be the equation: PD = mW
where W=wavelength and m=0 (for the central antinodal
line). Substituting into this equation yields PD = 0W
which would be 0.
G - False: The path difference for points on the first
antinodal line would be given be the equation: PD = mW
where W=wavelength and m=1 (for the first antinodal
line). So the path difference for the first antinodal line
would always be 1W; but it would only be 1 cm for the
case in which the wavelength is 1 cm.
H - False: The first antinodal line is numbered as the m=1
line. The path difference relates to the wavelength (W) by
the equation PD = mW. Substituting m=1 and PD=5 cm
into this equation yields a wavelength value of 5 cm. The
second antinodal line is numbered as the m=2 line. Reusing the equation for this line with m=2 and W=5 cm
yields a path difference of 10 cm.
I - True: The first antinodal line is numbered as the m=1
into this equation yields a wavelength value of 5 cm. Reusing the equation for the third antinodal line with m=3
and W=5 cm yields a path difference of 15 cm.
J - True: The logic on this question is similar to the above
question. The first antinodal line is numbered as the m=1

into this equation yields a wavelength value of 6 cm. The
second nodal line is numbered as m=1.5. Re-using the
equation for the second nodal line with m=1.5 and W=6
cm yields a path difference of 9 cm.
K - False: The first nodal line is numbered the m=0.5 line.
If the path difference for a point on this line is 4 cm, then
the wavelength is 8 cm (using the PD = mW equation).
The third nodal line is numbered as the m=2.5 line. Using
the same equation to find the path difference yields a
value of 20 cm.
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about Thomas Young's experiment?
a. Young's experiment provided evidence that light
exhibits particle-like behavior.
b. Young's experiment depends upon the use of white
light from two sources.
c. The two sources of light in Young's experiment could be
two different light bulbs.
d. For Young's equation to be geometrically valid, the
distance from the sources to the screen must be much
greater than the slit separation distance.
e. For Young's equation to be geometrically valid, the
wavelength of the light must be much greater than the
slit separation distance.
f. Thomas Young measured the distance from an
antinodal point (of known number) to each of the two
sources, computed a path difference and calculated
the wavelength of light.
g. Thomas Young was able to determine the wavelength
of a light wave.
Answer: DG
a. - False: Young's experiment supports the wave-nature of

light. Waves interfere and Young's experiment provided
clear evidence that light undergoes interference.
b. - False: There are two requirements for the light which
is utilized in Young's experiment: the two light sources
must be coherent and monochromatic. Monochromatic
means that the light sources must provide light of the
same wavelength (and a single wavelength); using a white
light bulb would produce light of many wavelengths.
Second, coherent means that the light from the two
sources must be vibrating together, experiencing a crest at
the same time and a trough at the same time. Using two
light bulbs (as opposed to a single light source shining on
a double slit) would likely result in incoherent light.
c. - False: If two light bulbs emitting monochromatic light
of the same color were used, one of the two requirements
would be met. Yet there would still be the problem of
incoherence. See explanation to part b.
d. - True: There are two geometric requirements for
Young's experiment: the screen distance (L) must be
much greater than the slit separation distance (d) and the
slit separation distance must be much greater than the
wavelength. That is L >>> d and d >>> W.
e. - False: Vice versa; d >>> W. See explanation to part d.
f. - False: Thomas Young used the equation W = yd/mL.
Measurement of y, d, m, and L is much more practical
since the size of these quantities is much larger. The error
introduced in the measurement would not overwhelm the
precision of the wavelength measurement. On the other
hand, a measurement of the path difference would be
very difficult since the only way to achieve this
measurement is to measure the two distances. Given the
fact that the slits are so close together, these two
distances are so nearly identical that the error introduced
in the measurement of one distance would overwhelm the
actual difference in distance between the two
measurements. That's why Young had to derive the
equation W = yd/mL.
g. - True: Measuring the wavelength of a visible light wave
was one of the main outcomes of Young's experiment.
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5. Light which is vibrating in a single plane is referred to as

_____ light
a.
b.
c.
d.
electromagnetic transverse unpolarized polarized
Answer: D
Unpolarized light is light whose vibrations are in a
multitude of directions. To simplify matters, unpolarized
light is light which can be thought of as vibrating in a
vertical and a horizontal plane. If one of these planes of
vibration is removed, then light would be vibrating in a
single plane and said to be "polarized."
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Polarization
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6. Light which is vibrating in a variety of planes is referred

to as _____ light
a.
b.
c.
d.
electromagnetic transverse unpolarized polarized
Answer: C
Unpolarized light is light whose vibrations are in a
multitude of directions.
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Polarization
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7. Light usually vibrates in multiple vibrational planes. It

can be transformed into light vibrating in a single plane of
vibration. The process of doing this is known as ____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
translation interference polarization refraction
Answer: C
Polarization is defined as the process of transforming
unpolarized light (light whose vibrations are in a multitude
of planes) into polarized light (light which can be thought
of as vibrating in a single plane).
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Polarization
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8. Light is passed through a Polaroid filter whose

transmission axis is aligned horizontally. This will have the
effect of ____.
a. making the light one-half as intense and aligning the

vibrations into a single plane.
b. aligning the vibrations into a single plane without any

effect on its intensity.
c. merely making the light one-half as intense; the

vibrations would be in every direction.
d. ... nonsense! This will have no effect on the light itself;

only the filter would be effected.
Answer: A
Polaroid filters have the effect of polarizing light - that is,

aligning their vibrations into a specific plane. They can be
thought of as performing this feat by removing the
vibrations which occur within a plane perpendicular to the
transmission axis.
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Polarization
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9. Light is passed through a Polaroid filter whose

transmission axis is aligned horizontally. It then passes
through a second filter whose transmission axis is aligned
vertically. After passing through both filters, the light will
be ______.
a. polarized
b. unpolarized
c. entirely
blocked
d. returned to its original

state.
Answer: C
The first filter serves the role of blocking one-half the light;
the horizontal vibrations would emerge from the filter and
the vertical vibrations would be blocked. The second filter
would allow the vertical vibrations to pass through if there
were any. However, since the vertical vibrations have
already been filtered out, there is no light remaining after
the second filter is used. This combination of two filters
serves to block all the light.
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Polarization
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10. Which of the following are effective methods of

polarization? Include all that apply.
a. Passing light through a Polaroid filter.
b. Reflection of light off a nonmetallic surface.
c. Passing light from water to air.
d. Passing light through a birefringent material such as

Calcite.
e. Turning the light on and off at a high frequency.
f. Interfering light from one source with a second source.

Answer: AB
The use of a filter, the reflection of light off nonmetallic
surfaces and the use of a birefringent material are all
means of polarizing light. Refraction at an air-water
surface would change the speed and the direction of light
but would not have any effect upon its vibrational
orientation. Turning a light on and off at a high frequency
would only annoy or impress those present in the room.
And light interference could create a pattern of bright and
dark spots but would not have any effect upon light's
vibrational orientation.
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Polarization
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11. Consider the three pairs of

sunglasses to the right. Which
pair of glasses is capable of
eliminating the glare from a road
surface? (The transmission axes
are shown by the straight lines.)
Answer: C
When light reflects off a road surface, a portion of the light
vibrations becomes oriented in a plane which is horizontal
to the road surface. This polarization often leads to an
annoying glare. The glare can be reduced by blocking the
polarized light. Since the light is polarized horizontally
(assuming a horizontal road way - a good assumption),
the sunglasses should be capable of blocking horizontal
light and allowing the vertical vibrations to be transmitted.
Selecting sunglasses C would make accomplish this feat.
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Polarization
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12. TRUE or FALSE:
White and black are actual colors of light.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
Answer: B
Black is the absence of all light. Things appear black when
they do not reflect or emit light. White is the presence of
all colors of visible light. Objects appear white when they
reflect or emit all wavelengths of visible light (or at least
three wavelengths - Red, Blue and Green - in equal
intensity).
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The Electromagnetic and Visible Spectra
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13. The three primary colors of light are ____.
a. white, black, gray
b. blue, green, yellow
c. red, blue, green
d. red, blue, yellow
e. ... nonsense! There are more than three primary

colors of light.
Answer: C
Yes, you must know this one! It forms the basis of most of
our logic and reasoning about color, light and the
appearance of objects.
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Color Addition
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14. The three secondary colors of light are ____.
a. cyan, magenta, green
b. cyan, magenta, and

yellow
c. orange, yellow, violet
d. red, blue, yellow
e. ... nonsense! There are more than three

secondary colors of light.
Answer: B
The secondary colors of light are those colors which are
formed when two primary colors are mixed in equal
amounts. Mixing blue and green light results in cyan light.
Mixing red and blue light results in magenta light. And
mixing red and green light results in yellow light.
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Color Addition
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15. Combining red and green light (with equal intensity)

makes ____ light; combining red and blue light (with
equal intensity) makes ____ light; and combining blue and
green light (with equal intensity) makes ____ light.
Choose the three colors in respective order.
a. brown, purple, aqua
b. brown, magenta,
yellow
c. yellow, magenta,
brown
d. yellow, magenta, cyan
Answer: D
You must know
this for it forms
the foundation
of much of our
reasoning. To
assist in recalling the three primary colors of light, three
secondary colors of light, and the means by which adding
primaries form secondaries, develop some form of
graphical reminder such as a color wheel or a diagram like
those at the right.
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Color Addition
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16. Demonstrate your

understanding of color
addition by completing the
following color equations.
Select colors from the Color
Table at the right.
a. Red + Blue = _____
b. Red + Green = _____
c. Green + Blue = _____
d. Red + Blue + Green = _____
e. Blue + Yellow = _____

Answer: See table above.
A. Magenta is a secondary color of light formed by
combining red light with blue light in equal amounts. Refer
to graphic in previous question.
B. Yellow is a secondary color of light formed by combining
red light with green light in equal amounts. Refer to
graphic in previous question.
C. Cyan is a secondary color of light formed by combining
green light with blue light in equal amounts. Refer to
graphic in previous question.
D. White light is formed when all three primary colors of
light are combined in equal amounts.
E. Yellow light is a combination of red and green light. So
combining blue with yellow light is like combining blue
light with red and green light. The result of combining
these three primary colors of light is to produce white
light.
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Color Addition
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17. Demonstrate your
understanding of color
subtraction by completing the
following color equations.
Select colors from the Color
Table at the right.
a. White - Blue = _____
b. White - Red = _____
c. White - Green = _____
d. White - Blue - Green = _____
e. White - Yellow = _____
f. Red + Green - Green = _____
g. Yellow - Green = _____
h. Yellow - Red = _____
i. White - Magenta = _____

j. White - Cyan = _____
k. Yellow + Blue - Cyan =

_____
l. Yellow + Cyan + Magenta

= _____
m. Yellow + Cyan - Magenta = _____
n. Yellow + Cyan - Blue - Red = _____

Answer: See table above.
Each of these questions is best answered by first
converting any secondary color of light into a mix of two
primary colors of light. Then "do the arithmetic." If the
result of the "arithmetic" is a combination of two primary
colors, translate the combo into a secondary color of light.
Here it goes:
a. White - Blue = R+G+B - B = R+G = Yellow
b. White - Red = R+B+G - R = G+B = cyan
c. White - Green = R+G+B - G = R+B = magenta
d. White - Blue - Green = R+G+B - B - G = R = red
e. White - Yellow = R+G+B - R+G = B = blue
f. Red + Green - Green = R + G - G = R = red
g. Yellow - Green = R+G - G = R = red (Note the similarity
to part f.)
h. Yellow - Red = R+G - R = G = green
i. White - Magenta = R+G+B - R+B = G = green
j. White - Cyan = R+G+B - G+B = R = red

k. Yellow + Blue - Cyan = R+G + B - G+B = R = red
(Note the similarity to part j: R+G + B is the same
as white; so this question is White - Cyan.)
l. Yellow + Cyan + Magenta = R+G + B+G + R+B =
R+R+G+G+B+B = white + white (that is very bright
white since there is double the red, green and blue added
together)
m. Yellow + Cyan - Magenta = R+G + B+G - R+B = G+G
= green
n. Yellow + Cyan - Blue - Red = R+G + G+B - B - R =
G+G = green
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18. Sunsets often have a reddish-orange color associated

with them. This is attributable to the phenomenon of
_____.
a.
b.
polarization diffraction
c. dispersion
d. refraction
Answer: B
Sunsets are the result of the longer wavelengths of light
diffracting around atmospheric particles and reaching our
eyes, giving the reddish-orange appearance. More detail
about the phenomenon can be accessed using the Useful
Web Link below.
Useful Web Links

Blue Skies and Red Sunsets
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#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
19. A filter serves the function of ____.
a. subtracting color(s) from the light which is incident

upon it
b. adding color(s) to the light which is incident upon it
c. removing nicotine from light so that we can live longer

lives
d. confusing physics students who are studying color,

causing them to live shorter lives
Answer: A
Filters can be thought of as absorbing one or more of the
primary colors of light which are incident upon it, allowing
remaining colors to be transmitted. For instance, a green
filter will absorb all wavelengths except for green light. In
this sense, filters subtract colors from the mix of incident
light, allowing only selected colors to pass through.
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Color Subtraction
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#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
20. Express your

understanding of filters by
answering the following
questions. Choose the best
answer(s) from the Color
Table shown at the right.
a. A red filter is capable of transmitting ____ light (if it is

incident upon the filter).
b. A blue filter is capable of transmitting ____ light (if it is

incident upon the filter).
c. A green filter is capable of transmitting ____ light (if it

is incident upon the filter).
d. A red filter will absorb ____ light (if it is incident upon

the filter).
e. A blue filter will absorb ____ light (if it is incident upon

the filter).
f. A yellow filter will absorb ____ light (if it is incident upon

the filter).
g. A magenta filter will absorb ____ light (if it is incident

upon the filter).
h. A white object is illuminated with white light and viewed

through a green filter. The object will appear _____.
i. A white object is illuminated with white light and viewed

through a blue filter. The object will appear _____.
j. A white object is illuminated
with white light and viewed
through a cyan filter. The
object will appear _____.
k. A blue object is illuminated with white light and viewed

l. A cyan object is illuminated with white light and viewed

through a cyan filter. The object will appear _____.
m. A cyan object is illuminated with white light and viewed

n. A yellow object is illuminated with white light and

viewed through a green filter. The object will appear
_____.
o. A yellow object is illuminated with white light and

viewed through a magenta filter. The object will appear
_____.
p. A yellow object is illuminated with yellow light and

viewed through a yellow filter. The object will appear
_____.
q. A yellow object is illuminated with yellow light and

viewed through a blue filter. The object will appear _____.
r. A yellow object is illuminated with blue light and viewed

through a yellow filter. The object will appear _____.
s. A blue object is illuminated with blue light and viewed

through a yellow filter. The object will appear _____.
t. A yellow object is
illuminated with yellow light
and viewed through a red
filter. The object will appear
_____.
u. A yellow object is illuminated with yellow light and

_____.
v. A yellow object is illuminated with green light and

viewed through a yellow filter. The object will appear
_____.
w. A yellow object is illuminated with green light and

_____.
x. A yellow object is illuminated with green light and

viewed through a red filter. The object will appear _____.
y. A yellow object is illuminated with green light and

viewed through a cyan filter. The object will appear
_____.
z. A red object is illuminated with yellow light and viewed

through a cyan filter. The object will appear _____.
Answer: See sentences above.
Parts a-g target your understanding of the ability of filters
to subtract colors of light from the mix of incident light
that strikes it. A filter will absorb its complementary color
of light. So a yellow filter absorbs blue light since blue is
across from it on the color wheel. Whatever light is not
absorbed will be transmitted; so yellow filters transmit red
and green light (if incident upon it), also known as yellow
light.
a. Red filters absorb cyan light (the complementary color of
red). If white light (red + blue + green) shines on a red
filter and cyan (blue + green) light is absorbed, all that is
left to be transmitted is red light.
b. Blue filters absorb yellow light (the complementary color
of blue). If white light (red + blue + green) shines on a
blue filter and yellow (red + green) light is absorbed, all
that is left to be transmitted is blue light.
c. Green filters absorb magenta light (the complementary
color of green). If white light (red + blue + green) shines
on a green filter and magenta (red + blue) light is
absorbed, all that is left to be transmitted is green light.
d. Red filters absorb its complementary color - cyan. So
this question could be answered as cyan. And since cyan
light consists of blue + green light, this question could
also be answered as blue + green.
e. Blue filters absorb its complementary color - yellow. So
this question could be answered as yellow. And since
yellow light consists of red + green light, this question
could also be answered as red + green.

f. Yellow filters absorb its complementary color - blue. So
this question must be answered as blue.
g. Magenta filters absorb its complementary color - green.
So this question must be answered as green.
Parts h - z target your understanding of color subtraction

for both pigments and filters. In each question, there is
light incident upon an object. This light can be broken
down into primary colors. Some light might be subtracted
from this incident mix by either the object or the filter.
The only possible color of light that could ultimately pass
through the filter and effect the appearance of the object
would be one of the primary colors in the incident light.
For instance, suppose that an object is illuminated with
yellow light (which is a combination of red and green
primary colors of light. The object could appear yellow (if
neither red nor green are subtracted away), or red (if
green light subtracted is taken away) or green (if red light
is subtracted away) or black (if both red and green light is
subtracted away).
In the explanations below, each question will be
approached by identifying the primary colors of light in the
incident mix (the light used to illuminate the object) and
then primaries will be successively subtracted away by the
pigments in the object and by the filter. Here it goes:
h. RGB light (white light) hits a white object; white objects
do not subtract (i.e., absorb) any colors; so RGB reflects
off the object and heads towards a green filter. Green
filters would subtract R and B (when present) and allow G
to pass through. So RGB - nothing - GB = R = red.
i. RGB light (white light) hits a white object; white objects
off the object and heads towards a blue filter. Blue filters
would subtract R and B (when present) and allow B to
pass through. So RGB - nothing - RG = B = blue.
j. RGB light (white light) hits a white object; white objects
off the object and heads towards a cyan filter. Cyan filters
would subtract R (when present) and allow G to pass
through. So RGB - nothing - R = GB = cyan.
k. RGB light (white light) hits a blue object; blue objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) R and G light (when present); so B
light reflects off the object and heads towards a green
filter. Green filters would subtract R and B (when present)
and allow G to pass through; blue light is present so it will
be subtracted. So RGB - GB - B = nothing = black.

l. RGB light (white light) hits a cyan object; cyan objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) R light (when present); so GB light
reflects off the object and heads towards a cyan filter.
Cyan filters would subtract R (when present) and allow GB
to pass through. So RGB - R = GB = cyan.
m. RGB light (white light) hits a cyan object; cyan objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) R light (when present); so GB light
reflects off the object and heads towards a green filter.
Green filters would subtract RB (when present) and allow
G to pass through; B is present so it will be subtracted. So
RGB - R - B = G = green.
n. RGB light (white light) hits a yellow object; yellow
objects subtract (i.e., absorb) B light (when present); so
RG light reflects off the object and heads towards a green
filter. Green filters would subtract RB (when present) and
allow G to pass through; R is present so it will be
subtracted. So RGB - B - R = G = green.
o. RGB light (white light) hits a yellow object; yellow
RG light reflects off the object and heads towards a
magenta filter. Magenta filters would subtract G (when
present) and allow RB to pass through; G is present so it
will be subtracted. So RGB - B - G = R = red.
p. RG light (yellow light) hits a yellow object; yellow
RG light reflects off the object and heads towards a yellow
filter. Yellow filters would subtract B (when present) and
allow RG to pass through. So RG - nothing - nothing = RG
= yellow.
q. RG light (yellow light) hits a yellow object; yellow
RG light reflects off the object and heads towards a blue
filter. Blue filters would subtract RG (when present) and
allow B to pass through; R and G are both present so they
will be subtracted. So RG - nothing - RG = nothing =
black.
r. B light (blue light) hits a yellow object; yellow objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) B light (when present); so no light
light reflects off the object and it wouldn't matter what
type of filter is used. This object will appear black. So B B - nothing = nothing = black.
s. B light (blue light) hits a blue object; blue objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) RG light (when present); so B light
reflects off the object and heads towards a yellow filter.
Yellow filters would subtract B (when present) and allow
RG to pass through (if present); neither R nor G are
present and the B gets subtracted. So B - nothing - B =

nothing = black.
t. RG light (yellow light) hits a yellow object; yellow objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) B light (when present); so RG light
reflects off the object and heads towards a red filter. Red
filters would subtract GB (when present) and allow R to
pass through (if present); G is present so it gets
subtracted. So RG - nothing - G = R = red.
u. RG light (yellow light) hits a yellow object; yellow
RG light reflects off the object and heads towards a green
filter. Green filters would subtract RB (when present) and
allow G to pass through (if present); R is present so it gets
subtracted. So RG - nothing - R = G = green.
v. G light (green light) hits a yellow object; yellow objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) B light (when present); so G light
reflects off the object and heads towards a yellow filter.
Yellow filters would subtract B (when present) and allow
RG to pass through (if present). So G - nothing - nothing
= G = green.
w. G light (green light) hits a yellow object; yellow objects
reflects off the object and heads towards a green filter.
Green filters would subtract RB (when present) and allow
G to pass through (if present). So G - nothing - nothing =
G = green.
x. G light (green light) hits a yellow object; yellow objects
reflects off the object and heads towards a red filter. Red
filters would subtract GB (when present) and allow R to
pass through (if present); G is present so it gets
subtracted. So G - nothing - G = nothing = black.
y. G light (green light) hits a yellow object; yellow objects
reflects off the object and heads towards a cyan filter.
Cyan filters would subtract R (when present) and allow GB
to pass through (if present). So G - nothing - nothing =
G= green.
z. G light (green light) hits a red object; red objects
subtract (i.e., absorb) GB light (when present). G is
present so it gets subtracted and it wouldn't matter what
filter is used to view this object; there is no light reflecting
off the object so it will appear black. So G - G - nothing =
nothing = black.
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Color Subtraction
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#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
Part B: Diagramming, Analysis,

Calculations
21. Two
point
sources
are
vibrating
together
(in phase)
at the
same
frequency to produce a two-point source interference
pattern. The diagram at the right depicts the two-point
source interference pattern. The crests are represented by
thick lines and the troughs by thin lines. Several points on
the pattern are marked by a dot and labeled with a letter.
Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
a. Which of the labeled points are antinodal points?
b. Which of the labeled points are nodal points?
c. Which of the labeled points are formed as a result of

constructive interference?
d. Which of the labeled points are located on the central

antinodal line?
e. Which of the labeled points are located on the first

antinodal line?
f. Which of the labeled points are located on the second

antinodal line?
g. Which of the labeled points are located on the third

antinodal line?
h. Which of the labeled points are located on the first

nodal line (using the notation that the first nodal line is the
nodal line directly to the left or the right of the central
antinodal line)?
i. Which of the labeled points are located on the second

nodal line (using the notation that the second nodal line is
the second nodal line directly to the left or the right of the
central antinodal line)?
j. Which of the labeled points are located on the third

nodal line (using the notation that the third nodal line is
the third nodal line directly to the left or the right of the
central antinodal line)?
Answers: See diagram above for a visual representation

of many of the answers.
a. ACDEHLMOPQ are all antinodal points which lie on
antinodal lines. They are formed as a result of either a
crest meeting a crest (two thick lines) or a trough meeting
a trough (two thin lines). At the moment in time depicted
in the diagram, point A is not a crest-crest or a troughtrough interference point. However, as time progresses and
the circular waves continue their motion outwards from
the source, point A (and all points on the antinodal lines)
will be locations of crest-crest (or trough-trough)
interference. At some instant in time, all points falling
upon antinodal lines will be locations of constructive
interference.
b. BFGJKNRS are all nodal points. They are formed as a
result of a crest (thick line) meeting a trough (thin line).
c. CDEHLMOPQ (and possibly A) are all formed by
constructive interference. They are all antinodal points and
as such, they are the result of constructive interference.
Point A is certainly not an antinodal point; however it is
likely the result of constructive interference - two waves
meeting with their displacement in the same direction (just
not two crests or two troughs).
d. CL are on the central antinodal line. The central
antinodal line is marked on the diagram above as AN0. It
is the line which extends from the midpoint of the line
connecting the two sources.
e. EHPQ are on the first antinodal line. They lie on the first
antinodal line to the left or right of the central antinodal
line. See diagram above.
f. ADMO are on the second antinodal line. They lie on the
second antinodal line to the left or right of the central
antinodal line. See diagram above.
g. There is no third antinodal line. See diagram above.
h. FG are on the first nodal line. They lie on the first nodal
line to the left or right of the central antinodal line. See
diagram above.
i. BKR are on the second nodal line. They lie on the

second nodal line to the left or right of the central
antinodal line. See diagram above.
j. JNS are on the third nodal line. They lie on the third
nodal line to the left or right of the central antinodal line.
See diagram above.
Useful Web Links

Anatomy of a Two-Point Source Interference Pattern
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#13 | #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 |
#24 | #25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
22. Consider the interference

pattern at the right. (The
crests are represented by thick
lines and the troughs by thin
lines.) If the distance from S1
to point A is 49.5 cm and the distance from S2 to point A
is 60.5 cm, then what is the wavelength?
Answer: W = 11.0 cm
Given: S1A = 49.5 cm and S2A = 60.5 cm and m=1 (the
point is on the first antinodal line to the right of center)
Find: W (wavelength)
Strategy: Find the path difference (PD) from the two
distances and then use the PD = m W equation to
calculate the wavelength.
PD = | S2A - S1A | = | 60.5 cm - 49.5 cm | = 11.0
cm
Now substitute into the path difference-wavelength
equation and solve for wavelength (W):
11.0 cm = 1 W
W = 11.0 cm
An alternative strategy involves recognizing from the

diagram that point A is a distance of 4.5 wavelengths from
point S1. Thus, the distance 49.5 cm equals 4.5 W.
Solving for W yields 11.0 cm. The same strategy can be
used for the distance from S2 to point A, yielding the same
answer.
Useful Web Links

Anatomy of a Two-Point Source Interference Pattern | The
Path Difference
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| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
23. Consider the

interference pattern at
the right. (The crests
are represented by
thick lines and the
troughs by thin lines.)
If the distance from S1 to point B is 50.4 cm and the
distance from S2 to point A is 34.5 cm, then what is the
wavelength?
Answer: 6.28 cm
Given: S1B = 50.4 cm and S2B = 34.5 cm and m=2.5 (the
point is on the third nodal line to the right of center)
Find: W (wavelength)
Strategy: Find the path difference (PD) from the two
distances and then use the PD = m W equation to
calculate the wavelength.
PD = | S2B - S1B | = | 34.5 cm - 50.4 cm | = 15.7
cm
Now substitute into the path difference-wavelength
equation and solve for wavelength (W):
15.7 cm = 2.50 W
W = 6.28 cm
An alternative strategy involves recognizing from the
diagram that point B is a distance of 8 wavelengths from
point S1. Thus, the distance 50.4 cm equals 8 W. Solving
for W yields 6.28 cm. The same strategy can be used for
the distance from S2 to point B, yielding the same answer.
Useful Web Links

Anatomy of a Two-Point Source Interference Pattern | The
Path Difference
[ #1 | #2 |#3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13
| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
24. Two point sources are vibrating in phase to produce an

interference pattern. The wavelength of the waves is 7.60
cm. Point C is a point on the third nodal line. The distance
from S1 (the nearest source) to point C is 65.6 cm.
Determine the distance from S2 to point C.
Answer: 84.6 cm
Given: S1C = 65.6 cm and W = 7.6 cm and m=2.5 (third
nodal line)
Find: S2C
Strategy: Find the path difference (PD) using the equation
PD = m W. The path difference signifies the difference in
distance from the sources to the nearest point. The S2C
distance is larger than the S1C distance by an amount
equal to the path difference.
First find the path difference:
PD = m W = 2.50 7.60 cm = 19.0 cm
Now add the path difference to the S1C distance to
determine S2C.
S2C = S1C + PD = 65.6 cm + 19.0 cm = 84.6 cm
Useful Web Links

Anatomy of a Two-Point Source Interference Pattern|The
Path Difference
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| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
25. Consider the

interference pattern at
the right. (The crests
are represented by thick
lines and the troughs by
thin lines.) The distance
from S1 to point D is 47.2 cm. What is the wavelength?
What is the distance from S2 to point D? (HINT: Use the
diagram.)
Answer: wavelength = 7.87 cm; S2D = 59.0 cm

Given: S1D = 47.2 cm and m = 1.50 (the second nodal line
to the left of the central antinodal line)
Find: W and S2D
Strategy: Since neither a wavelength or a path difference is
given or implicitly stated, the diagram will have to be used
to determine the wavelength. The wavelength will then be
used to determine the path difference and the path
difference will be used to find the S2D distance.
From the diagram, it is observed that the point D is exactly
6 full wavelengths from S1. So S1D = 6.00 W.
Substituting and solving for W yields the following:
47.2 cm = 6.00 W
W = (47.2 cm) / 6.00 = 7.87 cm
Now the path difference can be found using the
relationship PD = m W where m = 1.50 and W = 7.87
cm. Substituting and solving for PD yields
PD = m W = 1.50 (7.87 cm) = 11. 8 cm
This means that the point S2 is 11.8 cm further from the
point D than S1's distance from point D. So adding 11.8
cm to 47.2 cm yields 59.0 cm.
Useful Web Links

Anatomy of a Two-Point Source Interference Pattern|The
Path Difference
[ #1 | #2 |#3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13

| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
26. Laser light is directed towards a pair of slits which are

2.50 x 10-2 mm apart. The light shines on a screen 8.20
meters away and an interference pattern is observed. A
point on the 3rd antinode is observed to be 39.6 cm away
from the central antinode. What is the wavelength of the
laser light in units of nanometers? (1 m = 109 nm)
Answer: 402 nm
Given: d = 2.50 x 10-2 mm; L = 8.20 m; m = 3; y = 39.6
cm
Find: wavelength (W)
Strategy: Substitute into Young's equation and solve for W;
be very careful with units - in fact, first perform
conversions to get all quantities in unit of meters. Once
the W is calculated, convert it to nanometers.
First the conversions of all given quantities to meters
yields:
d = 2.50 x 10-5 m; L = 8.20 m; y = 0.396 m
Now substitute into Young's equation:
W = y d / (m L) = (0.396 m) (2.50 x 10-5 m)
/ [(3) (8.20 m)] = 4.02 x 10-7 m
Now convert to meters using the conversion factor: (1109
nm/1 m). This yields 402 nm as the answer.
Useful Web Links

Young's Equation | Young's Experiment
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| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
27. This same laser light (from #26) is reflected off of the
grooves in a compact disc. The disc is 4.5 meters from the
screen where its interference pattern is projected.
Antinode 1 is found to be 1.2 meters from the central
antinode. What is the spacing between the "grooves" of
the C.D.?
Answer: 1.5 x 10-6 m
Given: W = 4.02 x 10-7 m; L = 4.5 m; m = 1; y = 1.2 m
Find: d
Strategy: Use Young's equation to solve for the unknown
quantity.
Rearrange Young's equation to produce an equation with d
expressed in terms of the known quantities.
d=mLW/y
Substitute and solve
d = (1) (4.5 m) (4.02 x 10-7 m) / (1.2 m) =
1.5 x 10-6 m
Useful Web Links

Young's Equation | Young's Experiment
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| #14 | #15 | #16 | #17 | #18 | #19 | #20 | #21 | #22 | #23 | #24 |
#25 | #26 | #27 | #28 ]
28. Different colors of paper are illuminated with different

primary colors of light. Determine the colors of light
absorbed by the paper (if any), the colors of light reflected

by the paper (if any), and the appearance of the paper.
Color of Color of
Light
Paper
a.
White
White
Cyan
b. (= GB)
White
Colors
Absorbed
None
Colors
Appearance
Reflected
RGB
White
None
GB
Cyan
White
None
RG
Yellow
Yellow
None
(B if
present)
Red
R
(G if
present)
None
Black
None
Black
Red
Red
B
(G if
present)
Red
Yellow
i. (= RG)
Red
G
(B if
present)
Red
Cyan
j. (= GB)
Red
GB
None
Black
Cyan
k. (= GB)
Blue
G
(R if
present)
Blue
Yellow
l. (= RG )
Blue
RG
None
Black
Yellow
m. (= RG )
Green
R
(B if
present)
Green
Yellow
n. (= RG )
Cyan
green
Red
Yellow
c. (= RG)
d.
Red
e.
Red
Blue
f.
Red
Cyan
g.
Red
Red
Magenta
h. (= RB)
R
None
(GB if
present)
Yellow
o. (= RG)
Magenta
Answer: See table above
In the first column, if a secondary color of light is shown, it

is translated into the equivalent primaries. These primaries
will strike the paper and may or may not be absorbed. The
color which a paper pigment will absorb is the
complementary color; this color is typically expressed in
terms of the equivalent primary colors of light. The
subtraction process is then done to determine what
primary color of light is reflected. This/these reflected
primaries determine the color appearance of the paper.
They are added (if there are more than 2) to determine
the resulting appearance. As an example of the entire
process, consider row i:
Row i: Yellow light is equivalent to red and green
(RG). Red paper contains pigments capable of
absorbing both green and blue light if present.
Only green light is present, so it is absorbed. So
the subtraction process is
RG - G = R
Red light is reflected; this gives the paper the
appearance of red.
The same process can be performed for all other parts of
this question.
Useful Web Links

Color Subtraction
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Light Waves and Color Review With Answers

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Light Waves and Color Review With Answers

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Light Waves and Color Review with Answers

The Physics Classroom

[ #1 | #2 |#3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | #7 | #8 | #9 | #10 | #11 | #12 | #13

Vectors and Projectiles

Work, Energy and

Circular and Satellite

Part A: Multiple Choice

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/reviews/light/lightans.cfm[12/29/2015 5:17:46 PM]