Mathematics: Units 2A and 2B

Formula Sheet
Number and algebra

Equation of a line: y = mx + c, where m = gradient; c = yintercept

Space and measurement

In a right triangle:

sin

opposite
hypotenuse

cos

adjacent
hypotenuse

tan

opposite
adjacent

Pythagoras Theorem :
In a right triangle ABC , where a, b are the short sides and c is the hypotenuse

Circle :

c2 a 2 b2
C 2 r D, where C is the circumference, r is the radius and D is the diameter

A r 2 , where A is the area

1

Triangle:

Parallelogram:

A bh

Trapezium :

1
2

b h, where b is the base and h is the perpendicular height

( a b) h, where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides

and h is the perpendicular height

Prism:

V Ah, where V is the volume, A is the area of the base and

h is the perpendicular height

Pyramid:

1
V Ah
3

Cylinder :

S 2 r h 2 r 2 , where S is the total surface area

V r 2h

Cone :

S r s r 2 , where s is the slant height

V

Sphere :

1
3

r 2h

S 4 r 2
V

4
3

r3

Gradient of line, m, through the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by m

y2 y1
x2 x1

Distance, d , between the points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by d ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( x2 x1 ) 2

Note: Any additional formulas identified by the examination panel as necessary will be
included in the body of the particular question

Mathematics: Units 2C and 2D

Formula Sheet
Number and algebra

Index laws:

For any numerical value a 0 and integers m and n,

am an am n
am an am n

Simple interest :
I P r t , where P is the principal, r is the rate per year and t is the time in years
Space and measurement

In a right triangle:

sin

opposite

cos

hypotenuse

adjacent
hypotenuse

tan

opposite
adjacent

Pythagoras Theorem:
In right triangle ABC , where a, b are the short sides and c is the hypotenuse
c2 a 2 b2
In any triangle ABC :
a
sin A

b
sin B

c
sin C

a 2 b 2 c 2 2 b c cos A
A

Circle :

1
2

cos A

b2 c2 a2
2bc

a b sin C , where A is the area

C 2 r D, where C is the circumference, r is the radius and D is the diameter

A r 2 , where A is the area
1

Triangle:

Parallelogram:

A bh

Trapezium :

1
2

b h, where b is the base and h is the perpendicular height

( a b) h, where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides

and h is the perpendicular height

Prism:

V Ah, where V is the volume, A is the area of the base and

h is the perpendicular height

Pyramid:

1
V Ah
3

Cylinder :

S 2 r h 2 r 2 , where S is the total surface area

V r 2h

Cone :

S r s r 2 , where s is the slant height

V

Sphere :

1
3

r 2h

S 4 r 2
V

4
3

r3

Space and measurement

Gradient of line, m, through the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by m

y2 y1
x2 x1

Distance d , between the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by d ( y2 y1 ) 2 ( x2 x1 ) 2

Lines are perpendicular if m1 m2 1
Chance and Data

P ( A) P ( A) 1
Note: Any additional formulas identified by the examination panel as necessary will be
included in the body of the particular question.

Mathematics: Units 3A and 3B

Formula Sheet
Number and algebra

Index laws:

For a , b 0 and m ,n real,

a m b m ( a b) m
a

Simple interest :
Compound interest :

am
am n
n
a

1
m
a

an

am an am n

am

a
n

(a m )n a m n
a0 1

for m an integer and n a positive integer

I P r t , where P is the principal, r is the rate per year and t is the time in years
A P 1 r compounded annually
t

A P (1 ) nt compounded n times a year

n

dy

Differentiation:

If f ( x) y, then f ( x)

Powers:

If f ( x) x n , then f ( x) n x n 1

or

If y x n , then

Product rule:

If y f ( x) g ( x)

or

If y uv
dy du
dv
then

vu
dx
dx dx

dx

y f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

then

x n 1

Integration :

Antiderivative:

dy
x n 1
n
Given
x then y =
c, n 1
dx
n 1

x n dx

n 1

c, n 1

Space and measurement

In any triangle ABC :

a
sin A

b
sin B

c
sin C

a 2 b2 c 2 2 b c cos A
A

Space and measurement

1
2

a b sin C , where A is the area

cos A

b2 c2 a2
2bc

dy
dx

n x n 1

Circle :

C 2 r D, where C is the circumference, r is the radius and D is the diameter

A r 2 , where A is the area
1

Triangle:

Parallelogram:

A bh

Trapezium :

1
2

b h, where b is the base and h is the perpendicular height

( a b) h, where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides

and h is the perpendicular height

Prism:

V Ah, where V is the volume, A is the area of the base and

h is the perpendicular height

Pyramid:

1
V Ah
3

Cylinder :

S 2 r h 2 r 2 , where S is the total surface area

V r 2h

Cone :

S r s r 2 , where s is the slant height

V

Sphere :

1
3

r 2h

S 4 r 2
V

4
3

r3

Chance and data

P ( A) P( A) 1
In a normal distribution approximately:
68% of values lie within one (1) standard deviation of the mean
95% of values lie within two (2) standard deviations of the mean
99.7% of values lie within three (3) standard deviations of the mean.
Note: Any additional formulas identified by the examination panel as necessary will be
included in the body of the particular question.

Mathematics: Units 3C and 3D

Formula sheet
Number and algebra

dy
dx
then f ( x) e x
then f ( x)

If f ( x) y
If f ( x) e x

If f ( x) x n

Product rule:
If
y f ( x) g ( x)
then

y uv
dy du
dv
then

vu
dx
dx dx

or

If

or

If

y f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

then f ( x) n x n 1

Quotient rule:
f ( x)

If

g ( x)

then y

u
v

du
dv
vu
dy
dx
then
dx
2

f ( x) g ( x) f ( x ) g ( x )
( g ( x)) 2

dx

Chain rule:
y f ( g ( x))

If

or

then y f ( g ( x)) g ( x)

Powers:

x dx

then

n 1

c, n 1

Incremental formula : y

dy
dx

Exponential growth and decay :

dy
dt

y f (u ) and u =g x
dy dy du

dx du dx

n 1

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus :

d x
f t dt f x
and
dx a

If

If

ky , then y Ae kt

Space and measurement

Exponentials: e dx e x c
x

a f x dx f b f a

Circle :

C 2 r D, where C is the circumference, r is the radius and D is the diameter

A r 2 , where A is the area
1

Triangle:

Parallelogram:

A bh

Trapezium :

1
2

b h, where b is the base and h is the perpendicular height

( a b)h, where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides

and h is the perpendicular height

Prism:

V Ah, where V is the volume, A is the area of the base and

h is the perpendicular height

Pyramid:

1
V Ah
3

Cylinder :

S 2 r h 2 r 2 , where S is the total surface area

V r 2h

Cone :

S r s r 2 , where s is the slant height

V

Sphere :

1
3

r 2h

S 4 r 2
V

4
3

r3

Volume of solids of revolution :

V y 2 dx rotated about the x axis
V x 2 dy , rotated about the y axis
Chance and data

Probability laws:
P ( A) P( A) 1
P ( A B ) P ( A) P( B ) P ( A B )
P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B / A) P ( B ) P ( A / B )
Binomial distributions :
Mean : np

and

standard deviation :

np (1 p )

A confidence interval for the mean of a population is :

x z

x z

where is the population mean, is the population standard deviation and

where x is the sample mean, n is the sample size and
z is the cut off value on the standard normal distribution corresponding to the confidence level.

Note: Any additional formulas identified by the examination panel will be included in the body
of the particular question.