Professional Documents
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K Chellappan1, Noor K. Mohsin2, Sawal Hamid Bin MD Ali2, MD. Shabiul Islam2
1
II.
I.
INTRODUCTION
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2012 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences | Langkawi | 17th - 19th December 2012
i.
Ischemic Stroke
Blood flow blockage to the brain by the presence of blood
clot in the arteries cause ischemic stroke. An ischemic stroke
can occur in two forms embolic and thrombotic strokes. In an
embolic stroke, a blood clot usually travels from the heart
through the bloodstream to the brain. In case of clot reach the
brain it eventually travels to a blood vessel small enough to
block its passage. The clot lodges there, blocking the blood
vessel and causing an embolic stroke.
Thrombotic stroke is the second type of ischemic stroke; blood
flow is impaired because of a deposit of fat on the wall of the
blood vessels case blockage to one or more of the arteries
supplying blood to the brain. The process leading to this
blockage is known as thrombosis. Strokes caused in this way
are called thrombotic strokes. Blood-clot strokes can also
happen as the result of unhealthy blood vessels clogged with a
buildup of fatty deposits and cholesterol [7].
A. Types of stroke
High blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels,
lack of exercise, and smoking are the established
cardiovascular risk leads to stroke. Stroke is a brain attack
normally caused by bleeding inside the head or disruption of
blood flow to the brain. The two main types of stroke are
ischemic (84%) and hemorrhagic (16%) [6]. Ischemic strokes,
a blood clot blocks or "plugs" a blood vessel in the brain.
Hemorrhagic strokes caused by a blood vessel rupture in the
brain. Figure 2 is featuring the stroke types and its statistical
summaries.
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2012 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences | Langkawi | 17th - 19th December 2012
Brain Segments
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Control Action
Attention
Emotion, Social, Sexial control
Judgment, Decision making
Verbal expression
Vouluntary initiation of movement
Motor Strip
Smell
Academic skill
Objects name
Right (touch, smell) and left
(language) organization
Eye/hand coordination
Sensory strip
Stroke Outcome
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
III.
Language comprehension
Hearing
Memory
Face recognition
Behavior
Visual
A. Types of Memory
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2012 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences | Langkawi | 17th - 19th December 2012
Long Term
Memory
Short Term
Memory
Storage
Time
Input Speed
Storage
Capacity
Concern
Information
Episodic Memory
Life Time
Frequent
Repetition
Unlimited
Event, Experience
Semantic Memory
Life Time
Frequent
Repetition
Unlimited
Procedural
Memory
Basal ganglia,
Cerebellum
Life Time
Frequent
Repetition
Fact, Concepts,
Knowledge about the
world
Unlimited
Working Memory
Prefrontal cortex
<1 min
72
items
Iconic
Sensory
Memory
functionality
Anatomy
(Brain lobes storage)
20 bits/sec
Sight
Echoic
Hearing
Haptic
Touch
Image
Sound
<1 sec
10 9 bits/sec
12 items
Tactile
Smell
Others
Odors
Taste
Zest
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2012 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences | Langkawi | 17th - 19th December 2012
AWMA
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WMRS
RBMT
MAS
WMS
2012 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences | Langkawi | 17th - 19th December 2012
IV.
Discussion
The brain is the most complex part in the body and the
most complicate process is the information storage and
consolidation in memory. Each part of the brain is responsible
to perform special functionality as part of human
physiological, psychological and neurological response.
The aim of this paper is to illustrate the different parts of
brain memory functionalities that related to different types of
memory. A careful knowledge management of brain
structure, brain functionality and memory types resulted in a
comprehensive post-stroke brain memory assessment
framework as in figure 5. Reference to table 3, RBMT, WMS
and MAS are recommended for episodic memory assessment.
Whereas AWMA, WMRS, RBMT and MAS recommended
for are for working memory assessment. Automated Working
Memory Assessment (AWMA) scale can be used to assess
the working memory which is significantly related
establishing substantial construct validity for poor working
memory while the Working Memory Rating Scale (WMRS)
is used to assess other characteristics of working memory
such as high levels of attention and mind wandering [18,19].
The Rivermead behavioural memory test (RBMT) is used for
the sensory, short term, working, and long term memory. The
specific test used to evaluate and assess all types of memory
is the memory assessment scale (MAS). The last type
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is used to measure
psychometric intelligence and Wechsler Memory Scale
(WMS) used for various aspects of verbal and visual
memory. It provides a fairly comprehensive assessment of
memory and is co-normed with the WAIS, leading to these
two tests often being administered together. The WMS is the
more purely neuropsychological of the Wechsler scales.
V.
CONCLUSION
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