Chapter 20.

1 Induced EMF and magnetic flux

Electric current gives rise to magnetic fields
B

I
Can a magnetic field give rise to a current?
The answer is yes as
discovered by Michael
Faraday.

Michael Faraday
1791-1867

Chapter 20.1 Induced EMF and magnetic flux

Moving magnetic fields induce

currents

Change the strength of B:

Induced current

Induced EMF!

Moving current loop induces currents

v

Chapter 20.1 Induced EMF and magnetic flux

SI units: weber (Wb)

Fig. 20.2

20.2&20.4 Faradays law of induction

Faradays law:
The induced emf, , in a closed wire is
equal to the time rate of change of the
magnetic flux, B.

An induced emf, , always gives rise to a

current whose magnetic field opposes the
original change in magnetic flux.
Lenzs law

Faradays Law and Lenzs Law both

state that a loop of wire will want its
magnetic flux to remain constant.

Michael Faraday
1791-1867

2. A circular loop with a radius of 0.20 m is placed in a

uniform magnetic field B=0.85 T. The normal to the loop
makes an angle of 30o with the direction of B. The field
increases to 0.95 T what is the change in the magnetic flux
through the loop?
Change in flux?
B = B ' A 'cos ' BA cos

30o
B=0.85T

A ' = A = R2

' = = 30o
B = A cos (B ' B ) = R 2 cos30(B ' B )

B=0.95T

B = (0.2)2 cos30(0.95 0.85)

B = 1.1x10 2Wb

8. A circular coil with a radius of 20 cm is in a field of 0.2 T

with the plane of the coil perpendicular to the field. If the
coil is pulled out of the field in 0.30 s find the average
emf during this interval
B
BA cos 0
=N
=N
t
t
N= 1
B
cos= 1
R2
A=

B=0

B R 2 0.2 (0.2)2
=
=
0.3
t
= 8.4 x102V

20.3 Motional emf

A voltage is produced by a conductor moving in
a magnetic field
Charges in the conductor
experience a force upward
x
x

V
x

L
x

F = qvB

The work done in moving

a charge from bottom to
top
W = FL = qvBL

B into the page

The potential difference is

V =

W
= vBL
q

20.3 Motional emf

A voltage is produced by a conductor moving in
a magnetic field
Charges in the conductor
experience a force upward
x
x

V
x

L
x

F = qvB

x
V
o
lt
a
g
e

velocity

W = FL = qvBL
x

B into the page

The potential difference is

V =

W
= vBL
q

20.3 Motional emf

The potential difference can drive a current through a circuit
The emf arises from changing flux due to changing area
according to Faradays Law
x
AB B
V = vLB =
=
=
LB =
t
t
t

wire
x

I
F

Changing Magnetic Flux

B into the page

BLv
=
I=
R
R

18. R= 6.0 and L=1.2 m and B=2.5 T. a) What

speed should the bar be moving to generate a current
of 0.50A in the resistor? b) How much power is
dissipated in R? c) Where does the power come from?

wire
x

x
x

a)

I
F

L
x

BLv
I= =
R
R
IR 0.5(6.0)
=
v=
BL 2.5(1.2)
v = 1.0m / s

B into the page

b)

P = I 2R = (0.5)2 (6.0)
P = 1.5W

c) Work is done by the

force moving the bar

20.4 Lenzs law revisited

Lenzs Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it
induces a current whose magnetic field opposes the
change in magnetic flux through the loop. i.e. the
current flows to maintain the original flux through the
loop.
B increasing in loop

Bin

B
S

Bin acts to oppose the

change in flux

Current direction that

produces Bin is as
shown (right hand rule)

Emf has the polarity shown. drives current in

external circuit.

20.4 Lenzs law revisited

Now reverse the motion of the magnet
The current reverses direction

B decreasing in loop

Bin
S

Bin acts to oppose the

change in flux

Current direction that

produces Bin is as
shown (right hand rule)
Emf has the polarity shown.

20.4 Lenzs law revisited

Lenzs Law and Reaction Forces
Fmc

Fcm

Bin

B
S

A force is exerted by the

magnet on loop to produce the
current

S
I

A force must be exerted by

the current on the magnet to
oppose the change

The current flowing in the direction shown

induces a magnetic dipole in the current loop
that creates a force in the opposite direction

20.5 Generators

Flux through a rotating loop in a B field

Normal to the plane

The flux through the loop

B = BA cos

= t

= angular velocity (radians/s)

20.5 Generators
B
Relation between B and
t

BA

B = BA cos t

B
t
-BA
BA

B
t
-BA

B
= BA sin t
t
t

proportional to

20.5 Generators
The emf generated by a loop of N turns rotating at constant
angular velocity is

B
= N
t

= NBA sin t
NBA

0
t

-NBA

20.5 Generators
35. In a model ac generator, a 500 turn rectangular coil
8.0 cmx 20 cm rotates at 120 rev/min in a uniform magnetic
field of 0.60 T. a) What is the maximum emf induced in the
coil?

= NBA sin t
The maximum value of

max = NBA
max

(120 x 2 )
= (500)(0.6)(0.08 x 0.2)
= 60V
60

20.5 Generators

Alternating Current (AC) generator

Rotational
Work

20.5 Generators
Direct Current (DC) generator

20.5 Generators
A generator is motor acting in reverse

I
drives rotation
DC motor

20.6 Self-Inductance
a property of a circuit carrying a current
a voltage is induced that opposes the change in current
used to make devices called inductors
Self- inductance of a circuit

a reverse emf is produce

by the changing current

B
=
t

20.6 Self-Inductance

Self-inductance of a coil
+

B increases,
B

B
t

changes magnetic flux in

the coil,
I
Current
increasing

B AB
=
t
t

Produces emf in coil

B
AB
= N
= N
t
t

The direction of the induced emf opposes the change in

current.

20.6 Self-Inductance
A changing current in a coil induces an emf that
opposes the change
+ -

I
I increasing
induced emf
opposes I

I decreasing
induced emf
supports I

20.6 Self-Inductance
Inductance L is a measure of the
The self-induced emf is
self-induced emf

B
= N
t

but
I
Current
increasing

B I

t
t

proportionality constant is L

I
= L
t

L is a property of the coil, Units of L , Henry (H)

Vs
A

20.6 Self-Inductance
Inductance of a solenoid with N turns and length ,
wound around an air core (assume the length is much
larger than the diameter).
B
t

l
A
I
t

N
B = BA = o IA
l
B
N I
= o
A
t
l t
B
N 2 I
I
= o
A
= L
= N
t
l
t
t

N2
L = o
A
l
inductance proportional to N squared x area/length

20.6 Self-Inductance
An air wound solenoid of 100 turns has a length of 10 cm
and a diameter of 1 cm. Find the inductance of the coil.
l= 10 cm

d=1 cm

I
2

N
N
d
L = o
A = o

l
l
4
2
2
7
4 10 (100) (0.01)
5
L=
= 1.0 x10 H
0.1(4)

20.7 RL circuits

The inductor prevents the

rapid buildup of current

I
= L
t

But at long time does not

reduce the current, I

=0

at t=

I = Io (1 e )
L
=
Applications of Inductors: R
Reduce rapid changes of
current in circuits
Produce high voltages in
automobile ignition.

20.8 Energy stored in a magnetic field

Energy is stored in a magnetic field of an inductor.
Bo

B increasing

B=0

I=Io

Work is done against to produce the B field.

This produces a change in the PE of the inductor

1 2
PEL = LI
2
This stored PE can be used to do work