APPENDIX A

NOMENCLATURE
a,b
aio, B i o , Pi, aij? by
ap
al9 a n
A 1 , A 2 , A n , A 2i
Ac
Aw
A,B
bl9 b 2 , b 3
c
c
ca, cb
c conc , cdilute
ch
C1*
ci? cinit
c imax
c,
c RA , c Ri
c
s> CSM> C M
C, C M , C S M , C s
Cp B
C Pf , C Ps , C Pw

Langmuir equilibrium constants (see Equation 2-14)

Constants in combined Langmuir-Freundlich Equation 2-16)
Surface area of particles/unit volume
Interfacial area/volume between phases V and W, and W and L
Equilibrium constants (see Equation 2-12)
Cross-sectional area of column
Area of wall for heat transfer
Van Deemter equation constants (see Equations 2-117 to 2-119)
Constants in linear equilibrium (see Equations 6-10 and 6-28)
Concentration (mol/)
Total equivalents per liter of ions in liquid (see Equations 2-20, 2-21,
and 2-23)
Concentrations after and before shock
Concentrations in CZA (see Equation 4-11)
High concentration (see Figure 2-6)
Concentration inside pores
Initial concentration
Maximum concentration in pulse
Low concentration (see Figure 2-6)
Concentration of ion A on resin (see Equations 2-20 and 2-21)
Constants in expansion of Van Deemter Equations 2-121 to 2-124
Van Deemter equation constants (see Equations 2-117 to 2-119)
Bulk heat capacity of solid ( + pore fluid) (see Equation 2-77)
Heat capacities of fluid, solid, and wall, respectively

C Rtotal
df
dp
DM
Dx
Dx
D6
DeT
erf(u)
ED
F1
f(p)
g
G
AG
h
hp
hw
H, HETP
AH
AH' a d s
H T U v w , HTU L W

Total resin capacity (see Equations 2-20,2-21, and 2-23)

Film thickness
Particle diameter
Molecular diffusivity
Total effective axial diffusivity (see Equation 2-112)
Thermal diffusivity
Diffusivity in 8 direction
Thermal diffusivity in 9 direction
Error function (Equation 2-102)
Eddy diffusivity
Pulse of moles of feed (see Equations 2-84 and 2-86)
Function in Equation 4-14
Acceleration due to gravity
Mass velocity of gas
Free energy change of reaction
Height in column
Heat transfer coefficient for particle (see Equations 2-69 and 8-5)
Heat transfer coefficient for walls (see Equation 2-68)
Height equivalent to theoretical place (see Equation 2-19)
Heat of adsorption
Heat of adsorption as function of q'
Height of a transfer unit (see Equation 6-23 and 6-24)

i
j
k
kj
k inert
kj
kj
km
ks
k,, k 2
kA
k A .,k Ap ,k Bd , k Bp
kT
K
K
K A , K4
KAB> K D B

n
n
n
n
n feed , n purge
no

Subscript for solute

Subscript for stage number
Constant in L R C (Equation 2-11)
Linear equilibrium constant (Equation 2-29)
Linear equilibrium constant for inerts (Equation 4-3)
kjV s /V m relative retention (Equation 2-127)
Average relative retention of two solutes
Mass transfer resistance in mobile film (Equation 2-120)
Mass transfer resistance in solid (Equation 2-120)
Rate constants (Equation 2-110)
First order rate constant (Equation 3-11)
Proportionality constants (Equation 5-5)
Mass transfer coefficient (Equation 2-67)
Constant in B E T (Equation 2-8)
Permeability (Equations 3-1 to 3-3)
Langmuir equilibrium constant (Equations 2-4, 2-7, and 2-13)
Equilibrium constants for ion exchange (Equations 2-20, 2-22, and 223)
Fraction of pores available to molecule (Equation 2-3)
Constant in Arrhenius relationship (Equation 2-5)
Mass transfer coefficients (Equations 6-20 and 6-21)
Linear equilibrium constants (Equations 6-10 and 6-28)
Distance between switching ports in S M B
Column length
Solid flow rate (kilogram of dry adsorbent per hour [Section I I . A in
chapter 6])
Mass transfer zone length
Length of unused bed
Mass of adsorbent (Equations 2-17, 2-19, 2-132, and 3-11)
Constant in L R C (Equation 2-11)
Number of zones in C Z A (Equation 4-11)
Mass stationary phase/plate (Equation 2-82)
Molecular weights of adsorbed and nonabsorbed species (Equations 413 and 4-14)
Equilibrium constant (Equation 2-12)
Number of components (Equations 2-7 and 2-62)
Freundlich equilibrium constant (Equation 2-15)
Number of cycles
Moles of feed and purge g a s , P S A (Equation 4-5)
Original total number of moles (Equation 2-17)

n\, n 2

Number of moles adsorbed (Equation 2-17)

(n-)m

Number of moles for monolayer coverage (Equation 3-18)

N
N
N0
N T U v w , NTU L W
p
Pafter> Pbefore

Number of equilibrium stages in plate models

Loading on zeolite (Equation 2-11)
Maximum loading on zeolite (Equation 2-11)
Number of transfer units (Equations 6-23 and 6-24)
Pressure
Pressure after or before pressure change in PSA

p
pv

Partial pressure of solute

Partial pressure of solute during vacuum regeneration

Kd
K0
KLW, K v w
K1, K2, K 3
lport
L
L
LMTZ
LUB
m
m
m
Ms
M1, M 0

p
pH, pL
Pe z
PSA
q, q t
qa, qb
q
qq{
q max
q mono
qsat
Q
r
ro
R
R
R, R x , R B
Re
Rx
Sc
Sh m
S1
S th
t band
t cycle
tF
tMXZ
tport
tRi
T
T*
Tamb
T c ,T h
T f ,T s ,T w ,T r e f
U
A CC > U B C C
u large
u port
u small
us
u sh
usteam
u th
u wave
v
va, vb
v in

Vapor pressure of pure component

High and low pressures
Lv/(D M + E D ), Peclet number
Pressure swing adsorption
Amount adsorbed (moles per kilogram)
Amount adsorbed after and before shock
Total adsorption (Equations 2-50 to 2-52)
Amount adsorbed from pure gas (Equation 2-9)
Amount adsorbed and in stagnant fluid for single porosity model (Equations 2-73 to 2-81)
Maximum monolayer coverage (Langmuir Equation 2-6)
Monolayer coverage (Equation 2-8)
Bed capacity in equilibrium with feed
Volumetric flow rate of gas (Equation 3-11)
Radial coordinate
Inner radius
Gas constant
Resolution (Equation 2-125)
Reflux ratios in parametric pump, R T is at top and R B is at bottom of
column (Equation 4-10)
Reynolds number, vdppf/ix
Cross-over ratio (Equation, 2-65)
Schmidt number, |x/D M p
Sherwood number for mass transfer, k L d p /D M
Slope of solute i in two-dimensional system (Equations 8-6 and 8-7)
Slope of thermal wave in 2D system (Equation 8-9)
Period band exits in displacement development (Equation 2-64)
Period of cycle (Equation 5-3)
Period feed is introduced (Equations 2-64 and 5-3)
Time mass transfer zone takes to exit column
Time between switching ports in SMB
Retention time (Equation 2-94)
Temperature
Temperature of stagnant fluid
Ambient temperature
Cold and hot temperatures
Temperatures of fluid, solid, wall, and reference
Solute velocity in countercurrent system (Equation 6-2)
Velocity of large molecules (Equation 5-7)
Average velocity of ports in SMB (Equation 6-34) and in moving feed
chromatography
Velocity of small molecules (Equation 5-8)
Solute wave velocity
Shock wave velocity
Velocity of steam wave
Thermal wave velocity
Wave velocity when fluid velocity changes (Equations 2-55, 2-56, 257, and 2-59)
Interstitial fluid velocity
Velocity after and before wave
Inlet interstitial fluid velocity (Equations 2-53 and 2-54)

vo
v
soiids, avg
v solid
v super
V
V

z
z
zafter, zbefore

Velocity at inner radius of chromatofuge

Average solids velocity with intermittent flow (Equation 6-32)
Solids velocity
Superficial fluid velocity
Volume carrier gas (Equation 2-82)
Upward flowing fluid flow rate (moles per hour [Section II. A, Chapter
6])
e'vA c t, elution volume in Equations 2-101 to 2-108
Volume solution to saturate column (Equations 2-101 to 2-108)
Volume empty column (Equation 2-1)
Elution volume (Equation 2-1)
Volume of feed gas
Volumes of feed and purge gas at column conditions, PSA
Internal void volume (Equation 2-1)
External void volume (Equation 2-1)
Volume mobile phase/plate (Equation 2-82)
Volume of purge gas
Vacuum swing adsorption
Weight column wall/length column
Flow rate fluid in pores (Chapter 6, Section II. A)
Dimensionless peak width (Equation 2-89)
Width of constant pattern (Equation 5-4)
Width of diffuse wave (Equation 5-4)
Deviation from peak maximum (Equation 2-96)
Breakthrough solution (Equations 2-103 to 2-105)
Decrease in mole fraction in liquid (Equations 2-17 and 2-19)
Weighted average mole fraction (Equations 6-9 and 6-26)
Mole fraction in equilibrium with bulk concentration, z
Mole fractions
Inlet mole fraction
Hypothetical concentration in Kremser equation (Equation 6-13)
Mole fraction water in steam (Equations 3-9 and 3-10)
Mole fraction water in the bed before regeneration (Equations 3-9 and
3-10)
Mole fraction in phase W (fluid in pores)
Axial distance
Position of solute wave after and before pressure change in PSA

Greek
a
Ot 12
(X 21
P
pA
e
e'
7
7
X
\w
V1

Interparticle porosity (Equation 2-1)

Separation factor (Equation 2-10)
V!2lk\ = In2Zk1 selectivity (Equation 2-128)
Term in Kremser equation (Equation 6-12)
Ratio inert to adsorbate held in column (Equation 4-3)
Intraparticle porosity (Equation 2-1)
Single porosity (Equation 2-75)
Labyrinth factor (Equation 2-115)
Volumetric purge-to-feed ratio = Vpurge/Vfeed in PSA
Constant in expansion of D T (Equation 2-116)
Latent heat of water
Dimensionless cumulative flow of mobile phase (Equation 2-85)

V
V
V col
Ve
V feed
V feed ,V purge
V1
V0
VM
V purge
VSA
W
W
W1
wp
wd
X
X(L, V)
Ax 1
x'
xE, yE
V 19 X 1
y in
y*n+ !
ySTM
yWb

pB
pf
pf
ps
o-,o-t,a,
T
|x
0
a)

Bulk density including fluid in pores for single porosity equations (Equations 2-73 to 2-81)
Molar density of fluid (Equations 2-50, 2-51, 2-52, and 2-53)
Fluid density
Structural solid density
Standard deviation (Equations 2-90, 2-97, and 2-98)
Deviation from center of constant pattern (Equation 2-133)
Viscosity
Angular coordinate
Angular velocity

Other
3*

Term in Colburn equation (Equation 6-30)