International Journal of Physics

and Research (IJPR)

ISSN(P): 2250-0030; ISSN(E): 2319-4499
Vol. 5, Issue 6, Dec 2015, 49-66
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

HALL EFFECT ON UNSTEADY COUETTE FLOW OF A VISCO-ELASTIC FLUID

WITH HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER INCLUDING HEAT SOURCES,
CHEMICAL REACTION AND SORET EFFECT
P. K. MISHRA1, S. BISWAL2 & G. S. ROY3
1

Lecturer in Physics, Bhadrak Auto. College, Bhadrak Odisha, India

2

Retd. Principal, Bharatpur, Odisha, India

Former Chairman, Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha & Retd. Principal,
B. J. B. Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar, India

ABSTRACT
The effect of Hall current on unsteady couette flow of a visco-elastic incompressible and electrically
conducting fluid with heat and mass transfer incorporation with heat source, chemical reaction and Soret effect has
been analysed. The effects of magnetic parameter Pm, Hall parameter m, suction parameter R and elastic parameter Rc

graphs through computer analysis. The skin friction, rates of heat transfer at the two boundary of flow have been
discussed with the help of tables. It is observed that the flow field and temperature field are greatly influenced by the
Hall currents including other fluid parameters.
KEYWORDS: Unsteady MHD Coutte Flow, Hall Current, Visco-Elastic Fluids, Chemical and Soret Effect

Original Article

on the flow field and temperature field for visco-elastic fluids of Pr=5.0, 9.0 and 16.0 have been studied with the help of

Received: Nov 07, 2015; Accepted: Dec 08, 2015; Published: Dec 12, 2015; Paper Id.: IJPRDEC201507

INTRODUCTION
The study of MHD couette flow of compressible and incompressible fluids has been an important subject
for many researchers for a pretty long time. Pai1 has already studied the problem of unsteady couette flow of an
incompressible viscous fluid between two plates when one of the plates is given a sudden impulse. Nanda2 has
studied the problem on flow formation in couette motion through a porous channel with suction or injection while
Katagiri and Mahuri3 have independently analysed the same flow with magnetic field imposed upon it. Mahuri4
later extended the problem of couette flow through porous walls with one wall moving with constant acceleration
and with constant suction at the walls.
Lehnert5 has considered MHD couette flow of an incompressible fluid between two walls moving
relative to each other. The heat transfer problem in case of unsteady couette flow between two parallel walls
maintained at different temperature is studied by Rath et al6. Mishra7 extended the problem studied by Dutta8
and Kaloni9 by analyzing plane couette flow of an Oldroyd liquid with equal rates of injection at the lower wall
and suction at the upper wall with the imposition of a uniform transverse magnetic field. Bhatanagar10 has
discussed the plane couette flow of Rivlin-Ericksen higher order fluid with constant suction at the stationary plate.
The plane couette flow of walters B liquid with equal rate of injection at one wall and suction at the other
moving wall has be studied by Soundalgekar11. Moreover, Mishra and Mohapatra12 have investigated the problem
www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

50

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

of flow of formation in couette motion between two walls taking a Riener-Rivlin fluid subjected to magnetic field.
Agarwal13 has studied generalized couette flow of an incompressible fluid in hydromagnetics. Chang and Yen14 have
discussed MHD couette flow with wall conductance. Mishra15 has studied the pressure induced flow of an elastic-viscous
electrically conducting incompressible fluid between two relatively moving plane porous walls in the presence of a
transverse magnetic field. The commencement of unsteady couette flow of a second order fluid has been analysed by
Padhy16. The same flow has been studied by Dash and Biswal17 by taking Oldroyd liquid through a porous channel in the
presence of heat sources. Soundalgekar and Haldavnker18 have considered MHD couette flow between conducting walls
with heat transfer. Jana and Datta19 have considered the effect of Hall current on unsteady couette flow, when the velocity
of the moving plate varies as tn. Haller20 has investigated on the effect of Hall current on unsteady couette flow for a MHD
a.c or d.c generator. Dash and Dash21 have studied the MHD flow through porous medium past a stretched vertical
permeable surface in the presence of heat sources/sinks and chemical reaction. Singh and Garge22 have analysed the
oscillatory heat and mass transfer mixed convective flow in a rotating channel with heat source/sink and Soret effect.
As the study of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian couette flow problems in the presence of a magnetic field is
very important from technological point of view, the literature on it is replete with copious investigation on MHD couette
flows.
In the present problem, Hall effect on unsteady couette flow of a visco elastic fluid with heat and mass transfer
including heat sources, chemical reaction and Soret effect has been analysed. Here, heat and mass transfer effects on the
non-Newtonian flow with Hall current have been investigated under the following physical conditions:

Internal heat generating source.

Varied species concentration.

Chemical reaction and Sorect effect.

The study is carried out for two positive values of n i.e. (i) n=1, constant acceleration, (ii) n=1/2, variable

acceleration.

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

Consider an unsteady couette flow of a non-Newtonian (visco-elastic) incompressible electrically conducting fluid
confined between two horizontal parallel plates separated by
Let

y'

= L apart, where the number L will be defined later.

x ' -axis be chosen along the lower wall and y' -axis be normal to it. The lower and upper walls are specified

Y ' =0 and Y ' =L respectively. It is also supposed that the two walls have infinite extensions on either
sides of the x-axis. An uniform magnetic field of strength B0 is applied transverse to x ' -axis along y' -axis. The suction
by the equations

velocity

v' at the

walls is considered to be constant. It is assumed that the magnetic field lines are normal to the free

stream velocity of the fluid and the magnetic permeability is uniform throughout the field. The plates may be assumed nonconducting. Further, as the plates have infinite extension, all the variables except pressure are functions of y only.
represents the secondary flow velocity along

z'

direction because effect of Hall current gives rise to a force in the

w'
z' -

direction that induces a cross-field in that direction. Hence flow becomes three dimensional.

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

Now the velocity components

u', w'

and

v'

at any point ( x ' ,

51

y' , z' ) in the flow field compatible with the

equation of continuity can be given by

u ' = u ' ( y' , t ' )

w ' = w ' (z' , t ' )
and

v'

= v = constant

2.1

Following the stress-strain rate relation given by the stress components are given by

x 'y '

x 'y '

u '
= 2k 0
y'

(2.2)

2u' 2u'
u '

= 0
k 0 v 2 +
y'
y' t '
y'

(2.3)

and pxy = 0
where k0 = 0 (1-2), the volume co-efficient of elasticity of the fluid. As the motion of fluid is due to shearing
action of the fluid layers, then

p'
=0
y'

(2.5)

Thus, the equation of motion and energy including viscous dissipation and heat sources for the viscoelastic fluid
model of Oldroyds B liquid are given below.
The equations of motion are

u '
u ' 0 2 u ' k 0 3 u '
3 u ' B 2 0 u '+ mw '
+v
=

+ v 3

t '
y' y' 2 y' 2 t '
y'
t ' 1 + m 2
and

(2.6)

w '
w ' 0 2 w ' k 0 3 w '
3 w ' B 2 0 mu ' w '

+v
=
2
+v

t '
y'
y' 2
y' t '
y'3
t ' 1 + m 2

(2.7)

The equation of energy is

'
'
k 2 ' 0
+v
=
+
t '
y' C p y' 2 C p

u '
k 0 2 u ' u '
u ' 2 u '

+ s' (' L )
+v

y' y' 2
y' C p y' t ' y'

(2.8)

and the equation of concentration is

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

52

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

C' C'
2 C'
2 '
+
= D 2 + * + D1 2
t ' y'
y'
y'

(2.9)

where, is the density of fluid, Cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, 0 is the co-efficient of viscosity of the
fluid, k0 the volume co-efficient of elasticity of the fluid, s is the electrical conductivity of the fluid, D is the diffusion coefficient, k is the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of the fluid, B0 is the constant magnetic field applied transverse to the
plate,

s'

is a source-sink related dimensional constant, L and CL are the temperature and concentration of the fluid at the

upper plate, ' and

C'

are the temperature and concentration of the fluid at any point (x,y),* is the chemical reaction

rate term, and D1 is the thermal diffusitivity.

Initial boundary conditions are

u' =0, ' =0, c' =0, for all y, u' =Atn, w' =0,

'
c'
= 0,
=0
y'
y'

for

y' =0 and u' = w' =0, ' =L for y' =L

(2.10)

FORMATION OF THE EQUATIONS

Introducing the following non-dimensional parameters:

y'
t'
u'
w'
,t = ,u =
,w =
n
T
AT
AT n
v1T

y=

V T
v

R=
Pr =

S=

v1c p

, the prandtl number;

Rc =

E=

1 2
T

A 2 T 2n
cp L

, the elastic parameter,

, the Eckert number,

, the source paramete ;

Pm =

B 2 0

, the kinematic viscosity;

Sc =

v1
, the schmidt number,
D

4s' v1
v2

v1 =

, the suction paramete ;

' L
L

C=

C'C L
CL

, the magnetic parameter,

, the non-dimensional temperature parameter,

, the non-dimensional concentration parameter,

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

S1 =

D1 L
v1C L

K=

V
v1 T

53

, soret number,

, non-dimensional chemical reaction parameter.

with the help of above non-dimensional parameters, the equation 2.6, 2.7. 2.8 and 2.9 are now reduced to their
dimensionless forms as follows:

u
u 2 u
3u
3u
w
Pm u
+R
2 + Rc 2 + RRc 3 +
+m
=0
2
t
y y
y t
y 1 + m t
t

(3.1)

w
w 2 w
3w
3w
Pm u w
+R
2 + Rc 2 + RRc 3
m
=0
t
y y
y t
y
1 + m 2 t t

(3.2)

2 u u u 2 u
u 1

1 2
E R 2S = 0
+R
+ R c E R 2 . + .
2
t
y Pr y
y y y yt
y 4
and

(3.3)

C
C 1 2 C
2
+R

S
+ RKC = 0
1
t
y Sc y 2
y 2

(3.4)

with modified boundary conditions:

for t = 0, u = w = 0, = 0, C = 0 for all y, for t > 0, u = tn w = 0,

C
= 0,
=0
y
y

for

y = 0 and u = 0, w = 0, = 0, C = 0 for y = 1.

SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION OF MOTION

Now lets assume F = u+iw. Combining equations 3.1 and 3.2, we have

F
F 2 F
3F
3F
Pm
+R
2 + Rc 2 + RRc 3 +
(1 im ) F = 0
2
t
y y
y t
y 1 + m
t

(4.1)

The above equation is a third order differential equation that requires three boundary conditions for its solution.
But the present problem provides only two boundary conditions. To remove this difficulty, we follow small perturbation
technique given by Beard and walter to obtain the approximate solution of the given equation, Accordingly, F is expanded
in the powers of Rc

for Rc << 1,

F = R c2 F1 , i = 0,1,2,3.....

(4.2)

i =0

Substituting F in equation 4.1 and equating the co-efficient of

www.tjprc.org

R 0c

and

R 1c

only, neglecting those of

R c2 , R 3c

editor@tjprc.org

54

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

etc, we get zeroth order equation as

F0
F 2 F Pm(1 im ) F0
+ R 0 20 +
=0
t
y y
1+ m2
t

(4.3)

and 1st order equation as

F1 3 F0 2 F1 3 F0 Pm (1 im ) F1
F1
+ R
3 2 + 2 +
=0
t
y t
1+ m2
t
y y y

(4.4)

In order to solve equations 4.3, 4.4, 3.3, 3.4 by Galerkin technique subject to the boundary conditions 3.5, we
choose the following approximate infinite expressions for F0, F1, and C as
F0 t n ( 1 - y ) + a 1 t y ( 1 - y ) + a 2 t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y ) 2 + a 3 t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y ) 3 +

(4.5)

F1 b 1 t y ( 1 - y ) + b 2 t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y ) 2 + b 3 t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y ) 3 + ..

(4.6)

c 1 t ( 1 - y 2 ) + c 2 t 2 y ( 1 - y 2 ) 2 + c 3 t 3 y 2 ( 1 - y 2 ) 3 + ..

(4.7)

and C D 1 t ( 1 - y 2 ) + D 2 t 2 y ( 1 - y 2 ) 2 + D 3 t 3 y 2 ( 1 - y 2 ) 3 + ..

(4.8)

where aj, bj, cj and Dj (j=1,2,3..) are arbitrary constants to be determined later.
Solution of Zeroth Order Equation (4.3)
Substituting eq. 4.5 in eqn. 4.3, the defect function DF0 is determined as
DF0 = -Rtn + ntn-1 (1-y)

Pm

1
+
1 + m 2 (1 im )

Pm

+ a 1 2t + Rt (1 2 y ) + y(1 y ){1 +
(1 im)}
2
1+ m

Pm

+ 2a 2 Rt 2 ( y + 2 y 3 3y 2 ) t 2 (1 + 6 y 2 6 y) + ty 2 (1 y) 2 1 +
(1 im )
2
1+ m

+ 3a 3 [Rt 3 ( y 2 2 y 5 + 5y 4 4 y 3 ) + t 3 (2 y 10y 4 + 20y 3 12y 2 )

+ t 2 y 3 (1 y) 3 {1 +

Pm
(1 im)}]
1+ m2

(4.9)

The defect function DF0 is then minimized by Galerkin technique of orthogonalisation leading to the following
three double integrals.
1

DF t y
j

(1 y) j dt dy = 0 where j = 1,2,3

It is note worthy here that t [0,1] as t is not large.

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

55

After performing the above integration we obtain the following three algebraic equations involving the parametric
constants aj, j = 1,2,3 as
A1a1 + A2a2 + A3a3 = d1
B 1a 1 + B 2a 2 + B 3a 3 = d 2
and C1a1 + C2a2 + C3a3 = d3

(4.10)

The three linear equations in 4.10 are solved by Cramers rule to give a1, a2, a3
Substituting values of a1, a2 and a3 in eqn. 4.5, we can get
F0 t n ( 1 - y ) + a 1 t y ( 1 - y ) + a 2 t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y ) 2 + a 3 t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y ) 3 + ..

(4.11)

Solution of First Order Equation (4.4)

The first order equation (4.4) is

F1 3 F0 2 F1 3 F0
F1
F
Pm
+ R
+ 3 2 + 2 +
(1 im ) 1 = 0
2
t
y y
y t 1 + m
t
t

(4.12)

and F1 b 1 t y ( 1 - y ) + b 2 t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y ) 2 + b 3 t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y ) 3 + ..
Substituting F0 and F1 in eqn. 4.12, we get the defect function DF1 as
DF1 = -2 a 1 +4 a 2 t{ Rt ( 6 y- 3 ) +( 6 y 2 -6 y+1 ) }
+6 a 3 t 2 { R t( 1 -1 2 y+3 0 y 2 +2 0 y 3 ) +( 3 y+1 8 y 2 +3 0 y 2 - 1 5 y 4 ) }

+b 1 [ y( 1 - y) + R t( 1 -2 y) +2 t +

Pm
1+ m2

( 1 -i m) y( 1 - y) ]

Pm

+ 2b 2 ty 2 (1 y) 2 + Rt 2 ( y 3y 2 + 2 y 3 ) t 2 (1 6 y + 6 y 2 ) +
(1 im) ty 2 (1 y) 2
2
1+ m

+ 3b 3 [t 2 y 3 (1 y) 3 + Rt 3 ( y 2 4 y 3 + 5y 4 2 y 5 ) t 3 (2 y 12 y 2 + 20 y 3 10 y 4 )]

Pm

(1 im) t 2 y 3 (1 y) 3
2
1+ m

(4.13)

The defect function DF1 is minimized by Galerkin technique of orthogonilisation resulting the following three
double integrals stated as
1

DF
0

t j t y (1 y) j dt dy = 0 where j = 1,2,3

Performing the above integrations, we obtain the following three algebraic equations involving the constants bjs,
j=1,2,3 as
A 1 b 1 + A 2 b 2 + A 3 b 3 =d 1
www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

56

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

B 1 b 1 +B 2 b 2 +B 3 b 3 =d 2
and C 1 b 1 + C 2 b 2 + C 3 b 3 =d 3

(4.15)

The three linear equations (4.15) are solved by Cramers rule to get the value of b1, b2 and b3.
Substituting b1,b2 and b3 in eqn. (4.6), we obtain,
F1 b 1 t( 1 - y) +b 2 t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y) 2 +b 3 t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y) 3 +..

(4.16)

Consequently, F = F0 + RcF1
F=t n ( 1 - y) +( a 1 + R c b 1 ) t y ( 1 - y) +( a 2 + R c +b 2 ) t 2 y 2 +( 1 - y) 2 +( a 3 + R c b 3 ) t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y) 3

(4.17)

Calculation of a1,a2,a3,b1,b2 and b3

Separating real and imaginary parts from the constants A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, d1, d2 and d3 we obtain
24 constants from p1 to p24 and substituting these constants, we obtain the values a1, a2 and a3 as
a1=p29+ip30,a2=p33+ip34 and a3=p37+ip38
Similarly, separating real and imaginary parts from the constants

A1' , A '2 , A '3 , B1' , B '2 , B'3 , C1' , C '2 , C'3 ,

d 1' , d '2 , d 3' , we obtain 24 constants from P39 to P62 and substituting these constants in the expressions for b1, b2 and b3,
we obtain their values as b1 = p37 + ip68, b2 = p71 + ip72 and b3 = p75 + ip76
Substituting the values of a1, a2, a3, b1, b2 and b3 in eqn. 4.17 we obtain
F = u + iw
=t n ( 1 - y) +( p 2 9 + Rcp 6 7 ) t y( 1 - y) +( p 3 3 + Rcp 7 1 ) t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y) 2
+( p 3 7 + Rcp 7 5 ) t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y) 3 + i [ ( p 3 0 + R cp 6 8 ) t y( 1 - y) +( p 3 4 +R cp 7 2 ) t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y) 2
+( p 3 8 + Rcp 7 6 ) t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y) 3 ]

(4.18)

Separating real and imaginary parts from F, we obtain

u( y) =t n ( 1 - y) +p 7 7 t y( 1 - y) +p 7 8 t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y) 2 +P 7 9 t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y) 3

(4.19)

[where p 7 7 =p 2 9 +R cp 6 7 ,p 7 8 =p 3 3 +R cp 7 1 , a nd p 7 9 =p 3 7 +R cp 7 5 ]
and w( y) =p 8 0 t y( 1 - y) +p 8 1 t 2 y 2 ( 1 - y) 2 +p 8 2 t 3 y 3 ( 1 - y) 3

(4.20)

where, p 8 0 =p 3 0 + R c p 6 8 ,p 8 1 = p 3 4 + R c p 7 2 a nd p 8 2 =p 3 8 + R c p 7 3
Equations (4.19) and (4.20) represent the expressions for velocity of the fluid along the horizontal plates and
along the direction transverse to the plates respectively with boundary conditions.
for t = 0, u = w = 0 for all y
for t > 0, u = tn, w = 0 for y = 0
u = 0, w = 0 for y = 1

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

57

Solution of Equation of Energy

The defect function D is obtained from equation (3.3) with help of eqns (4.7) and (4.19) as

2
1
D = c1 1 y 2 2Rty + t R 2 st (1 y 2 )
pr
4

4
+ c 2 2 ty (1 y 2 ) 2 + Rt 2 (1 6 y 2 + 5 y 4 ) + t 2 (3y 5 y 2 )
Pr

R 2St 2 y(1 y 2 ) 2 + c 3 {3t 2 y 2 (1 y 2 ) 3 + 2Rt 3 ( y 6 y 3 + 9 y 5 4 y 7 )

4

2 3
1
t (1 18 y 2 + 45 y 4 28 y 6 ) R 2St 3 y 2 (1 y 2 ) 3
Pr
4

+ ER c nt 2 n 1 Et 2 n ER c t n p 77 (n + 1)(1 2 y)
+ 2E n +1{RR c p 77 R c p 78 (n + 2)(y 3y 2 + 2 y 3 ) + p 77 (1 2 y)}
+ Et n + 2 {4p 78 ( y 3y 2 + 2 y 3 ) 3R c p 79 (n + 3)( y 2 4 y 3 + 5y 4 2 y 5 )
2RRcP78 (1 6 y + 6 y 2 )} + Et n +3{6p 79 ( y 2 4 y 3 + 5y 4 2 y 5 )
2
6RRcP79 ( y 6 y 2 + 10y 3 5y 4 )} + ERctp77
(1 2 y) 2
2
2
+ Et 2 {6Rcp77 p 78 ( y 5y 2 + 8y 3 4 y 4 ) 2RRcp77
(1 2 y) p 77
(1 4 y + 4 y 2 )}

+ Et 3 {2RR c p 77 p 78 (1 10y + 24y 2 16y 3 )

+ 12R c p 77 p 79 ( y 2 6 y 2 + 13y 4 12y 5 + 4 y 6 )
2
+ 8Rcp 78
( y 2 6 y 3 + 13y 4 12y 5 + 4 y 6 ) 4p 77 p 78 ( y 5y 2 + 8y 3 4 y 4 )}
2
+ Et 4 (6RRcp77 p 79 + 4RRcp78
)( y 9 y 2 + 26y 3 30y 4 + 12y 5 )

+ 30Rcp 78 p 79 (7 y 4 + 19y 5 25y 6 + 16y 7 4 y 8 )

2
6p 77 p 79 ( y 2 6 y 3 + 13y 4 12y 5 + 4 y 6 ) 4p 78
( y 2 6 y 3 + 13y 4

12y 5 + 4 y 6 )}Et 5 {6RRcp78 p 79 (3y 2 28y 3 + 95y 4 150y 5

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

58

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

2
+ 112y 6 32y 7 ) + 27Rcp79
( y 4 8y 5 + 26y 6 44y 7 + 41y 8 20y 9

+ 4 y10 ) 12p 78 p 79 ( y 3 7 y 4 + 19y 5 25y 6 + 16y 7 4 y 8 )}

2
+ Et 6 {18RR c p 79
( y 3 10y 4 + 39y 5 77 y 6 + 82y 7 45y 8 + 10y 9 )
2
9p 79
( y 4 8y 5 + 26y 6 44y 7 + 41y 8 20y 9 + 4 y10 )

(4.21)

The defect function is minimized by Galerkin technique of orthogonalisation resulting the following three double
integrals as
1

Dt y
j

j1

(1 y 2 ) j dtdy = 0 where j = 1,2,3

Performing the above integration, we obtain the following three parametric equations involving constants cjs,
j=1,2,3 as

A1" c1 + A "2 c 2 + A "3c 3 = d1"

B1" c1 + B"2 c 2 + B"3c 3 = d "2
C1" c1 + C"2 c 2 + C"3c 3 = d "3

(4.22)

The set of three linear equations in (4.22) are solved by Cramers rule to obtain the constants c1, c2 and c3. Now,
with the values of c1, c2 and c3 the expression for temperature becomes.

( y) = c1 t (1 y 2 ) + c 2 t 2 y(1 y 2 ) 2 + c 3 t 3 y 2 (1 y 2 ) 3

(4.23)

Solution of Equation of Concentration

The defect function DC is obtained from equation (3.4) with the help of equation (4.8) as

2
DC = D1 1 y 2 2Rty + t + RKt (1 y 2 )
Sc

4
+ D 2 2 ty(1 y 2 ) 2 + Rt 2 (1 6 y 2 + 5 y 3 ) + t 2 (3y 5 y 3 ) RKt 2 y(1 y 2 ) 2
Sc

+ D 3 {3t 2 y 2 (1 y 2 ) 3 + 2Rt 3 ( y 6 y 3 + 9 y 5 4 y 7 )

2 3
t (1 18 y 2 + 45 y 4 28 y 6 ) + RKt 3 y 2 (1 y 2 ) 3
Sc

+ 2S1c1 t + 4S1c 2 t 2 (3y 5y 3 ) 2S1c 3 t 3 (1 18y 2 + 45y 4 28y 6 )

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

59

The defect function DC is then minimized by Galerkin technique of orthogonalisation leading to the following
three double integrals
1

DCt
0

y j1 (1 y 2 ) j dt dy = 0 ,

where, j = 1,2,3. Performing the above integration, we obtain the following three parametric equations with the
constants Djs,j = 1,2,3, as

A1''' D1 + A '2'' D 2 + A 3''' D 3 = d1'''

B1''' D1 + B'2'' D 2 + B3''' D 3 = d '2''

(4.24)

C1''' D1 + C '2'' D 2 + C 3''' D 3 = d 3'''

The three linear equations in (4.24) are solved by Cramers rule to obtain the constant D1, D2 and D3
With the values of D1, D2 and D3 the expression for concentration (C) as

C( y) = D1 t (1 y 2 ) + D 2 t 2 y(1 y 2 ) 2 + D 3 y 2 t 3 (1 y 2 ) 3

(4.25)

The non-dimensional skin-friction is given by

2u 2u
u

xy =
R c R 2 +
y
y t
y

(4.26)

The skin-friction at the lower and the upper plates are determined as

0 = xy

y =0

= t n + p 77 t + R c (2Rp 77 t 2Rp 78 t 2 + nt n 1 p 77 )
and

1 = xy

(4.27)

y =1

= t n p 77 t + R c (2R p 77 t 2Rp 78 t 2 + nt n 1 + p 77 )

(4.28)

The rate of heat transfer at the lower and the upper plates are respectively

Nu 0 =

and

Nu1 =

y =0

= C 2 t 2

y =1

= 2C1 t

(4.29)

(4.30)

The concentration gradient at the two plates are

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

60

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

CG0 =

and

C
y

y =0

C G1 =

= D 2 t 2

C
y

y =1

(4.31)

= 2D1 t

(4.32)

The constants involved in the above equations are omitted here in order to save space.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The present investigation deals with the effect of Hall current on unsteady couette flow of a visco-elastic fluid
with heat and mass transfer incorporation with heat generating sources, chemical reaction and Soret effect. The flow
behavior of the fluid has been analysed with the help of graphs and tables designed under numerical and mathematical
computation on varying various related fluid parameters like suction parameter (R), non-Newtonian elastic parameter
(Rc>0), Hall parameter (m), magnetic Prandtl number (Pm), Prandtl number (Pr), source parameter (S), Schmidt number
(Sc), Eckert number (E), Chemical reaction parameter (K) and time parameter (t).
Velocity
Figure 1 illustrates the velocity profile (u) with the variations of R, Rc, Pm, m, n and t. It is observed that the flow
velocity rises with the rise of suction parameter R (Curves I, II & III). Interestingly, no appreciable change is noticed in the
flow on the variation of elastic parameter (Rc) (curves III, IV). Further, it is marked that with imposition of external
magnetic field, velocity of the fluid is decelerated with Rc (curves IV, V). However, it is accelerated with Hall parameter m
(curves V, VI). It is also revealed from the velocity pattern that as time increases, velocity of flow also increases near the
lower plate while it decreases with the increase of the numerical value n. With the height of the fluid in the channel
velocity gradually decreases and becomes zero at the upper plate for the rise of both t and n (curves VI, VII, VIII).

Figure 1: Velocity (u) Profile for Pr = 9.0, Sc = 2, S = 0.1, E = 0.01

The effects of R, Rc, Pm, m, t and n on the secondary velocity flow (w) are depicted in figure 2. The graph
indicates that the rise of suction parameter doesnt bring any appreciable change in the secondary flow (curves I, II, III).
However, rise of elastic parameter reduces the flow which attains even more negative for higher value of elasticity (curves
III, IV). Further, it is noticed that with the increase of magnetic filed strength the flow velocity increases form negative to
positive value (curves IV & V). On the other hand, rise of Hall parameter rises the flow throughout the region between the
plates (curves V, VI). It is also observed that as n increases the flow is decelerated (curves VI, VII) while it is accelerated
significantly as t increases (curves VII, VIII).
Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

61

Figure 2: Velocity (w) Profile for Pr = 9.0, Sc = 2, S = 0.1, E = 0.01

Temperature
The effects of prandtl number Pr, source parameter S and Eckert number E on the temperature field is illustrated
in Figure 3. It is revealed that the fluid temperature falls with the rise of prandtl number within the boundary conditions
imposed (curves I, II). As the source strength increases, temperature is reduced indicating cooling effect in couette flow
(curves II, III). Again, curves III, IV, V unveil the fact that the rise in Eckert number E produces a significant fall in
temperature.
Figure 4. explains the influence of R, Rc, n and t on the temperature field within the boundary conditions. From
the temperature profiles it is revealed that the rise of suction parameter reduces the temperature slowly for Newtonian
fluids, Rc=0 (Curves I, II, III), but as Rc attains value greater than zero temperature of the flow is gradually reduced (curves
III, IV, V). Further it is noticed that as the time t passes temperature falls sharply (curves V, VI) while reversal effect is
noticed as n rises.

Figure 3: Temperature () Profile for R = 5.0, Rc = 0.05, Sc = 25, t = 0.05, n = 0.5

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org

62

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

Figure 4: Temperature () Profile for Pr = 9.0, S = 0.1, Sc = 25, E = 0.001

Concentration
Finally, concentration profiles are presented under the variation of fluid parameters R, Sc, S1 and K in figure 5,
keeping all other parameters fixed. It is observed that the rise of suction parameter reduces the concentration with greater
reduction for greater value of the parameter (curves I, II, III). Further, the rise in schmidt number Sc reduces the rate of
mass transfer, However, for large Sc, the rate of reduction is insignificant (curves III, IV, V) throughout the flow. It is also
observed that as Soret number S1 and chemical reaction parameter K are increased, concentration of flow field increases
(curves V, VI, VII).

Figure 5: Concentration (C) Profile for Pr = 9.0, Rc = 0.05, S = 0.1, Pm = 0.3, n = 0.5, t = 0.05, E = 0.01
Shear Stresses
The values of shear stresses (skin frictions) for different values of R, Rc and m are entered into table 1, keeping all
other related parameters fixed. It is observed that with the rise of R, skin friction increases at both the plates for both
viscous (Rc=0) and viscoelastic fluids (Rc>0) with exception that it decreases at the upper plate for viscous (or Newtonian)
fluids (Rc=0) only. Further, it is marked that skin friction increases with R at both the plates for both types of fluids with
the rise of Hall current except at the upper plate for Newtonian fluid (Rc=0) where it reduces with the rise of Hall current.
Table 1: Effects of R, Rc and m on Skin Friction for n=0.5, t=0.05, S=0.5, Pr=5.0, Pm=0.3, E=0.02
M
0.5

1.0

1.5

Rc
R
5.0
10.0
15.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
5.0
10.0
15.0

Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

0.00
0
-0.1065
0.0269
0.1603
-0.1039
0.0309
0.1658
-0.1023
0.0336
0.1694

0.05
1
-0.3408
-0.4741
-0.6075
-0.3433
-0.4781
-0.6130
-0.3449
-0.4808
-0.6166

0
-0.0556
0.1287
0.4409
-0.0541
0.1336
0.4512
-0.0534
0.1355
0.4551

0.10
1
-0.0556
0.1287
0.4409
-0.0541
0.1336
0.4512
-0.0534
0.1355
0.4551

0
-0.0076
0.2141
0.6810
-0.0068
0.2216
0.7001
-0.0074
0.2216
0.7014

1
0.2232
0.7076
1.4372
0.2291
0.7233
1.4677
0.2317
0.7284
1.4758

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

63

Table 2: Effects of t, n, R and Rc on Skin Friction for m=0.5, S=0.5, Pr=5.0, Pm=0.3, E=0.02
R

0.5

0.05

5.0

0.10

10.0

0.05

0.5

n
Rc
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.10

0
-0.2265
-0.1119
0.0026
-0.0819
-0.0122
0.0424
0.0269
0.1287
0.2141

1.0
1
-0.2207
-0.1119
-0.0031
-0.5505
-0.2447
0.0424
-0.4741
0.1287
0.7076

0
-0.0619
-0.0006
0.0606
0.0640
0.1079
0.1419
0.1363
0.1793
0.2108

1
-0.0381
-0.0006
0.0373
-0.2640
-0.0550
0.1419
-0.2363
0.1793
0.5782

Similarly, from Table 2 which records the effects of R, Rc, n and t on skin friction it is concluded that as t
increases, skin friction rises with R and Rc at both the boundary of flow. On increasing n from 0.5 to 1.0 it is noticed that
skin friction also increases with R and Rc at both the plates.
Rate of Heat Transfer
Table 3 exhibits the dependence of rates of heat transfer (or Nusselt Numbers) on R, Rc, n and t, keeping other
related parameters fixed. It is revealed that as t increases, rate of heat transfer decreases at both the plate for both viscous
(Rc=0) and visco-elastic (Rc>0) fluids for both t=0.05 and n=1.0. Further, it is noticed that the rise in n results in increase of
rate of heat transfer at the lower plate for both Rc=0 and Rc>0 and reduction of rates at the upper plate for both Rc=0 and
Rc>0 with exception for higher value of Rc. It is also observed that the rates of heat transfer first decreases then increases at
the two plates for both types of fluids. All the above conclusions drawn are in the presence of a uniform external magnetic
field and Hall current.
Table 3: Effects of t, n, R and Rc on the Rates of Heat Transfer
(Nusselt Number) m = 0.5, S=0.2, Pr=5.0, Pm=0.3, E=0.001
n
R

0.5

0.5

0.05

5.0

0.10

10.0

0.05

5.0

0.10

10.0

0.05

Rc
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.10

1.0

Nu0

Nu1

Nu0

Nu1

-1.127E-06
-1.645E-06
-2.435E-06
-4.508E-06
-6.579E-06
-9.739E-06
-6.539E-07
-2.736E-06
-7.246E-06
-2.616E-06
-1.094E-05
-2.898E-05
-2.637E-06
-1.113E-05
-2.448E-05

-4.538E-05
-3.407E-05
-1.814E-05
-9.075E-05
-6.814E-05
-3.627E-05
3.637E-05
5.163E-05
1.244E-04
7.274E-05
1.033E-04
2.488E-04
3.454E-05
3.827E-05
6.741E-05

2.190E-07
-4.679E-07
-1.742E-06
8.762E-07
-1.872E-06
-6.969E-06
-2.298E-07
-7.004E-07
-2.581E-06
-9.193E-07
-2.801E-06
-1.032E-05
-1.256E-06
-4.615E-06
-1.106E-05

-5.619E-05
-4.162E-05
-1.697E-05
-1.124E-04
-8.323E-05
-3.393E-05
3.053E-05
1.700E-05
3.570E-05
6.106E-05
3.400E-05
7.141E-05
2.409E-05
1.060E-05
1.250E-05

Table 4: Effects of Sc on the Concentration Gradient CG0 & CG1 for R = 5.0, K = 0.5,
S1 = 1.0, Rc=0.05, t=0.05, n=0.5, m=0.5, S=0.1, Pr=5.0, Pm=0.3, E=0.001
Sc
2.0
www.tjprc.org

CG0
3.864E-06

CG1
-8.404E-05
editor@tjprc.org

64

P. K. Mishra, S. Biswal & G. S. Roy

25.0
425.0

Table 4: Contd.,
9.288E-06
-1.044E-04
9.979E-06
-1.043E-04

Concentration Gradient
And finally it is observed that the concentration gradient reduces with height of the fluid in the channel for a given
rate of mass transfer. But as Schmidt number (rate of mass transfer) is increased the concentration gradient sharply
increases with marginal increase for high value of Sc. This revelation has been recorded in the Table 4.

CONCLUSIONS
This paper investigates the effect of heat and mass transfer on MHD couette flow of compressible and
incompressible fluids with heat and mass transfer including heat sources, chemical reaction and Soret effect. The effect of
Hall current on unsteady couette flow of a visco-elastic incompressible and electrically conducting fluid with heat and
mass transfer incorporation with heat source, chemical reaction and Soret effect has been analysed. As the study, Hall
effect on unsteady couette flow of a visco elastic fluid with heat and mass transfer including heat sources, chemical
reaction and Soret effect has been analyzed.
REFERENCES
1.

Pai, S. I. Viscous flow theory, Vol-I, Van Norstrand, 1956.

2.

Nanda, R. S. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 13,748, 1958.

3.

Katagiri, M. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 17, 1593, 1962.

4.

Muhuri, P. K. J. Phys, Soc. Japan, 18, 1671, 1963.

5.

Lehnert, B. Ark, Phys., 5,69,1952.

6.

Rath, R. S, Nayak, S. K., Mohapatra, B. S., Acta Cinencia. India, I, 36, 1974.

7.

Mishra, S. P., Proc. Nat, Inst. Sci, India, 431, 327-334, 1965a.

8.

Dutta, S. K. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 16,794-797, 1961b.

9.

Kaloni, P. N. Aero. Speci Sci. 29, 1399, 1962.

10. Bhatnagar, R. K. ZAMM, 51, 377-387, 1971.

11. Soundalgekar, V. M. Rev. Roum, Phys, 16, 797-804, 1971.
12. Mishra, S. P. and Mohapatra, P. Rev. Roum, Phys. Tome 21(5), 447, 1976.
13. Agarwal, J. P. Appl. Sci. Res. B-9, 254, 1962.
14. Chang, C. C. and Yen, J. T. ZAMP, 15, 400, 1964.
15. Mishra, S. P. Ind. J. Phys., 45,421, 1971.
16. Padhy, S. Ph. D. Thesis submitted to Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India, 1978.
17. Dash, G. C. and Biswal, S. Ind. J. P. A., Math, 20(3): 267-275, 1989.
18. Soundalgekar, V. M. and Haldavnekar, D. D. Ind. J. Pure appl. Math., 3, No.1, 64, 1972.
19. Jana, R. N. and Datta, N. Journ. Phys. Soc, Japan, 40, 1469, 1976.
Impact Factor (JCC): 2.3529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Hall Effect on Unsteady Couette Flow of a Visco-Elastic Fluid with Heat and
Mass Transfer Including Heat Sources, Chemical Reaction and Soret Effect

65

20. Haller, R. Dissertation on MHD generator.

21. Dash, S. and Dash, G. C. Ph. D thesis, Utkal University, P. 115 (2005)
22. Singh, K. D and Garge, B. P. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, Sect. A., Vol-80, Pt.4, P.347 (2010).

www.tjprc.org

editor@tjprc.org