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3s3f

Annulus Unloading Rates as Influenced


Storage and Skin Effect
HENRYJ.

RAM EY, JR.

RAMG. AGARWAL
MEMBERS A!ME

STANFORD
U.
STANFORD,
CALI F.
AMOCO PRODUCTION
TULSA, OKLA.

ABSTRACT
The

modern

drawdown)
of short-time
usually

data.

wellbore

due

skin

e!fect

/urther
well

or

Agarwal

of the

extends

the

data

drillstem

test

storage
the

latter

is

compression

to

tubinghead

pressure

production.

The
flow
(2)

rate,

that

include

a range

and
CD,
problems.

the

Annulus

of

early
it

wei!

test

appears

test

data

can

and

solutions

can

be

this

atmospheric

during

should

annulus

storage

test

Results
constant,

useful

for

has

been

that

often controls
+ ;- =.u-J.
Q*,)rl.,
O\i Lb.-

effect

a resti!t
of

well

short-time

a greater

Techniques
the

test

shown

well

problems
presented

users

to

data that could

D )

Although the rigorous soi~tion (hmwrsiori httegrai)


and long- and short-time approximate
forms were
discussed,
neither tabular nor graphical results of
the annulus

in

unloading

PZLJD

rate,

CD

dtD

were given.

It now appears that such solutions- are useful in


certain drillstem test problems and in cases wherein
the storage constant,
CD, changes during a well
test. An example is change in storage type from
compression
to liquid level change when tubinghead
pressure drops to atmospheric during production.
The purpose of this study is to (1) present tabular
and graphical results for the sandface flow rate and
the annulus unloading rate and (2) illustrate several
practical
well test situations
that require the
solutions.
THE CLASSIC WELLBORE
STORAGE PROBLEM 2
The problem to be considered
IS one of fiow of a
slightly compressible
fluid in an ideal radial flow
equation for fluid flow in
system. The diffusivity
terms of dimensionless
variables is

otherwise

as useless.

given

This paper
will
will cover
1972.

OCTOBER,

=Er

analyze

Original
manuscript
received
in Society
of Petroleum
Engineers
office
July 23, 1971, Revised
manuscript
received
April 17, 1972.
Paper
(SPE
353S) was presented
at the SPE
46th Annual
Fall
Meeting,
held in New Orleans,
Oct. 3-6, 1971. @ Copyright
1972
American
Institute
of
Mining,
Metallurgical,
and
Petroleum
Engineers,
k.
preferences

CD ~

to

reliability,

storage-dominated

test

rate,

well

tbe

with

to:
the

unloading

practical

s,

is
for

surface

of

enable
well

results

constant

As

made

paper

solution.

easily.

short-time

be regarded

to

or storage

other

obtained

paper

certain

be

from
when

interpretations

to

of

type

behavior.

that

example

such

physical

the

dpWD *

dpWD

change

variations

effect,

unloading

be an important

An

storage

several
values

skin

wherein

an abrupt

and the

require

certain

level

of the

illustrate

situations

short-time

cases

graphical

q~f

paper

of

of the present

and

as a fraction

and

of

with

This

analyzing

in

drops

tabular

effects.

storage

to another.

liquid

rate,
q,

and

as

a fundamental

solutions

change

sandface
qa,

of

are

paper, Agarwal et al. 1 presented a


In a recent
study of the importance of wellbore storage with a
skin effect to short-time transient flow. They also
presented an analytical
expression
for the fraction
of the constant surface rate, q, produced from the
annulus

penetration,

flow.

undergoes

purpose

the

such

stimulation

include

value

case

present

partial

transient

CD,

one constant

effects

of wellbore

problems

constant,

from

(1)

skin

concept

to

are

mask

Some o/ tbe factors

well

importance

or

in a test
that

et al. 1 presented

to short-time

test

~actors

perforations,

flow,

Recently,

(buildup

and analysis

data early

and various

to

non-Darcy

testing

acquisition

line.

straight

INTRODUCTION

well

by several

storage

those

in

Pressure

distorted

conventional

study

trend

has been toward

CO.

1972

be

at end
printed

The initial

PD(

of PaPer.
in Transactions

volume

253,

>

conditions

are

0)=0(2)

which
*CD

JF<.J

and outer boundary

C (dimensionless

storage

constant

used

in

Ref.

1).

45s

lim

PD(r~Yt)
~

r+cn

while the inner boundary

=0

.....

(3)

condition

is

Both cylindrical
and line source solutions
of the
dimensionless
flowing pressure,
PWD, in the form
integrals,
were reported
by
of real
inversion
AgarwaI et al, 1 They presented an analysis for the
giving both tabular
pressure, PWD, in the wellbore,
The main effect
of the
and graphical
results.
=,,=1
lhnre
-------

c?nrngY
..
-----

is

~Q

C~USC

~hc

SU~Q!#UCe

f~t~

to

change as the annulus unloads to supply a constant


surface rate, g. They also presented solutions
for
the annulus unloading

and

dPwD

rate, CD

dtn

26through

31reproduced

here as E&.

PwD .~j?
CD dt
o
D
Eq.

4 states

unloading

sandface

that

the

dimensionless

wellbore

the dimensionless
rate,
Plus
%.#%
rate,q~, /q, must equal unity. From Eq. 4:

dpwD
apD
-
=1-CD7
()
brn
m=,
dtn
u u.

%
=

~a

u [uCDJO(
u) - (1 - CDSU2)Jl(u)]

[UCDYO(U)- (I - CDSU2)Y1(U)12})

Eq. 12 has been obtained


SQ2TCC .qolution
--.. .

qI!i=~riczI

clature.

JaeRer also

approximateforms.
(7)

. . . . . . . . . (8)

CD = 2@hc r2
tw
C represents the volume of wellbore fluid unloaded
or stored, cubic centimeters per atmosphere. Storage
may be by virtue of either compressibility
or a
changing liquid level.
Finally, pD, fD and tD are defined in the usual

PD(rD>tD)=

pr t)
. .

. .

(9)

by converting Jaegers
fluid flow nomen-

3 to

provided short- and long-time


F& short time and skin ;ffect,

S+o:

dpwD
=l
CD dt
D

tD

@2

- +
CDs

15 G
+ 0( ty)

For short time and a skin effect,

dpwD
CD dt
D

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12)

Eq. 5 introduces a steady-state


skin effect and,
drop at the sandface
that is
thus, a pressure
proportional to the sandface flow rate. The pressure
within the wellbore is represented by p WD, while
pressure on the formation side of the skin effect is
The wellbore
unloading
or
represented
by pD.
is that defined
by van
constant,
C
storage
Everdingen and Hurst. 9 That is,

21-tkh (pi

17.

~e-u2tD du)/

({
+

dpwD
Cn

12through

(6)

where q~~ is the sandface flow rate and q is the


constant surface flow rate. Eq. 6 can be rewritten
in rerms of annulus unloading rate, qa, as

in their Eqs.

D
=l-~+Q(~CD[ n

CDS2

. . . . (13)

s = O:

t
CD CD

3
2

+ o(t:/2). . .(14)
For long time:

dpwD
_=
CD dt

2
CD + CD
~(%

- 1)

w
r

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

(lo)
cD(1b:2cD)2;Oge;:;. ,] + o~O~D)

D=~
kt
D=
#vtr:
454

. . .(11)

SOCIETY

D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15)
OF

PET

ROLELIM

ES GISEERS

JO URXAL

As shown in the earlier paper,l Eq. 15 may also


be written in terms of the PD(tD) function for tD
> 100:

dpwD

-CD(1 - 2Q(PDOD)

CD;=

TABLE

dPwD

l-CD-

VS tD FOR

SOURCE
1

+ s)

S=

CYLINDRICAL

0,

WELL

102

10

103

m5

lo~

2t;

D
C(t
+DD

-CD+S)

logetD
+0

() ~3
D

2t;

16)

Comparison with Jaegers functions


in terms of
fluid flow nomenclature,
indicates that

dpwD
CD=

Ns>&5tD) . . . . . . . (17)
u

JL

UL

that provided Eq.


source
solution.

12 in

The

the form of a cylindrical


line

source

solution

for

dPwD

may also be obtained by differentiating


D dtD
the line source sOIUtiOtI
for pWD, with KSp!Ct tO ~D.
m

flPwD . ~
DJ(
o

/(

tD

~-U

du
)

Jo(U)

[1 - UpCDs + g u2cDYo(u)f

-i- [~
Soiution
pKSente~

U2CDJO(U)]2. . . . . . (18)
)
.~;a.% r

-{{-P+
-,,=./.

h..
. ..-

lU1 Zi?io
of Eq. lL- C-by Cooper et al.4 and by van Poollen

TABLE

+wD

1.

VS fD FOR s=+lO,
----...-. ,

b~e~

CD

and

H/H.
Both references
tabulate a function
of a. The correspondence
vs ~ for five values
between symbolism of Refs. 4 and 5 and this study
is shown in Table 1.

%JKLt

Weber.5

Tables

2 to 5 present

dPwD

1-

CD

w;
4,1

Q, QC57*C

0,000V7*

n.a

0.019237

0.901v.I

c=

o.rme?:e

0.0..,

1.0

0.094$1,

0.0 C**07

. .

as

or q= f/q

dtD

a function of tD for a range of values of CD and s


useful for well test problems. This information was
obtained by numerically
evaluating
the inversion
integral for the cylindrical source solution presented

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TABLE

lCORRESPONDENCE
BETWEEN
SYMBOLISM
BY OTHER IN VESTIGATORS4.5
Cooper et 0/.4

(~2/r~l

van Pool Ion and Weber5


[212)

A-L

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This

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4s5

by Eq. 12. * Tables 2 through 4 represent results


forpositive
or zero skin effect while Table 5 shows
results for negative skin effect, -5. It should be
pointed out that results for negative
skin effect
were found using Eq. 12, s = O and t; and C;
values that are e2s times the tD and CD tabulated.
As an example for s = -5; t;=
e -lotD and C~ =
e -lOCDO
Portions
of the results are shown on Figs.
1
through 4. Fig. 1 presents a semilog graph of g~j/q
as a function of dimensionless
time, tD, for CD
= 1,000 and skin effect, s, as a parameter. Fig. 2
presents a similar graph but for CD = 10,000. Such
graphs for other values of CD can be prepared
utilizing
data presented
in Tables
2 through 5.
Semilog graphs (Figs.
I and 2) or log-log graphs
(not shown here) can be used for type curve
q~j/q
as a
matching purposes.
Fig. 3 presents
function
of tD for various
CD and s values.
Inspection
of Fig. 3 reveals that consideration
of
the skin effect is extremely important. One thing
this figure shows is that skin effect does not affect
the general s-shaped nature of the curves.
Finally,
Fig. 4 presents another semilog graph
where q~j/q is plotted as a function of fD /C~ for
s = O. Such graphs do tend to bring curves together.
This form is similar to that of Refs. 4 and 5.

-k+

VS tD FOR s=+20,

CYLINDRICAL

WELL

;OURCE

10,

t. t

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THE STORAGE CONSTANT AS


FUNCTION OF PRESSURE

TABLE

storage
problem
as originally
The
wellbore
visualized
by van Everdingen and Hurst 2 considered
a constant volume of fluid stored in the annulus per
unit of pressure change in the sandface pressure,
can
out that this effect
pwD . Ramey6 pointed
either
from compression
or liquid
level
result
change.
Both effects
can take place in a single
wellbore.
Consider
a shut-in oil well. The pressure pi is
great enough that casinghead pressure, pcs > patm
(atmospheric pressure). If the well is produced at a
constant surface rate q, fluid will unload from the
annulus
by expansion
of liquid.
This
can be
characterized
by a storage effect, CD ~. But when
the casinghead
pressute
pc~ = Patm, the liquid
can
be
level
will
start to drop.
This
period
c~~. Thus we
characterized
by storage
effect,
recognize a new storage problem.

CD

cDl

()<
_

wD1

PWD >P WD1

1 - cD -

,0

o.@ct4

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Lo

VS tD FOR
dtn
FOURCE wELL

co. IW3 -5

SKIN.S

(19)

CD = CD2

dPwD

2s4.

pwD <p

0.8
0,6

by the Laplace
This problem can be solved
transform-, as shown in Appendix A, to yield:

lo/m//

0.4

30

0,2
0.0
6

1
DIMENSIONLESS
TIME, to
*Seven
and copies
Dallas.

456

additional
are

tables

available

were

presented

on request

from

in preprint
SPE

SPE 3538,

Headquarters

LSI

FIG.

COMPUTED [1 CD(@WD/dfD) ] VS tD FOR


VARIOUS SKIN EFFECTS,
CD = 1,000.

SOCIETY

OF

PET

ROLE1M

EXGINEERS

JOURNAL

Pwj)(
>c~l~
() < pwD

a discontinuity
in slope at tD
change
in the
instantaneous
constant from CD 1 to .CD2. Real
~r,eot~,e~. ~~e ~ur~[jon Of the

t);
D

<p

wD1

22tkh(
p. - Pwf)
1

(20)

t)+
D

p&bclj2>

[(Pwnl

t_>&)c

t)][

yc~l)

.,=

(S,CD2,

2 dtD
.

Now

t1
~)

Cm
JJc-

; PWD

>

PWD1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . (21)

Thus the annulus

unloading

rate,

would be
effect is

. . .

. . .

. . . .

.(23

JJ

. .

J)-

D2 - CD1

behavior
storage

controlled
by the second storage constant,
CD2,
and the behavior is as if the storage constant were
CD* throughout. The duration of storage effect, for
zero
skin,
can be computed
by the following
equation. 15

W
c

= 500 due to an
value
of storage

PwD

CD ,

is a

dtD

component of the solution of the problem of changing


storage constant.
Fig. 5 shows ~wD vs tD for an example case
where CD ~ = 1,000 up to tD = 500 and PWD1 =
0.4585; and CD~ = 10,000 thereafter. Skin effect is
assumed to be negligible.
Note that there is shown

consider

the opposite

case

where

CD1 =

10,000 to tD = 500 and PWD1 = 0.04956 and CD2 =


1,000 thereafter; s = O. Fig. 6 presents this case.
in slope at
Note that there is shown a discontinuity
tD = 500, and duration of storage is again controlled
by CD2 Inspection of Fig. 6 also reveals that the
value of storage constant could change from 10,000
to 1,000 at pwD2 = 4.6773 as shown. In this event,
jumP rapidly to he radial lOw line CD
could explain the peculiar behavior of the
undersaturated
oil buildup
data of example
in
Buildup
Appendix
B, page 134 of the Pressure
Monograph,7 pointed out by Ramey.8 For such a
to the bubble-point
case p WD2 should correspond

PwD
would

O. This

/y.
-__.!

pressure for the oil in the annulus.


It should be apparent that normal PVT

behavior

1.0

0.8

Km
.m
Kmm

0.6

0.4

O.ok
.01

~
0.1

0.2

iO

FOR VARIOUS

1
OIMENSIONIISSTIME, to

10

(1 - CD(dPwD/dtD)]
STORAGE EFFECTS,

102

FIG. 4 COMPUTED

0.0

FIG.

i.0

Vs
S =

tD/CD

O.

SKIN-O
CD
o

2 COMPUTED [1 CD (dfJwD /dtD)] VS fD FOR


VARIOUS SKIN EFFECTS,
CD = 10,000,
1.0

1.0

0.8

(55

0.1

0.4
0.2

ID .500

0.0

,01
102

103
n,&AmlclOF,ll
Imt. man

FIG. 3 COMPUTED
VARIOUS
OCTOBER,

1972

[1 - CD(d~wD/dtD)]
VS tD FOR
STORAGE AND SKIN EFFECTS.

FIG.

COMPUTED
STORAGE

104

1?

9.u.

KC
aa

TIMC
r ,,ss.,

106

1..
!

fJwD VS tD FOR INCREASING


EFFECT,
s = O.
4s7

will
cause
the storage
constant,
CD, to be a
function of pressure. Such solutions
CD = /(pwD),
will not be discussed
further in this paper.
AN IMPORTANT

C~n~ider

DST PROBLEM

the DST problem

follows.

as

Formation

poL

is shut in at a pressure

pi. BUCPi<%

, where L is

a subsurface
depth of rhe interval and PO is the
fluid density. Assume that the DST tool could have
been opened for a short duration so that there will
be some liquid in the drill string with atmospheric
or gas pressure on top of the liquid. This causes a
pressure p. immediately above the DST valve. We
will also assume that the reference datum is at the
elevation of the valve although this is not necessary.
At time zero, the tool is opened and formation
fluid enters the drill string. There is a skin effect,
pressure,
~wf,
s. As fluid enters, the sandface
increases due to the hydraulic head of the produced
fluid. At some time, the hydraulic head approaches
pi and production
will cease.
Thls aY aPPen
be/ore the tool is closed.
Jaeger3 has considered
an analogous
heat conduction
problem. See also
Ref.

1, page 284. The answer to the problem is:

presented the DST problem, although both Cooper


and Weber neglected
the
et al. and van Poollen
skin effect,
s, Previous consideration
of Figs. 1
through 4 has indicated that curves for various skin
effects
are similarly
shaped.
It is possible
that
Cooper et al. 4 and van Poollen and Weber5 got good
rhp
~~anes
of
-I- lc:-t~
4---- r..
a-?. j l.-,-,,=mat~i%s
%viL1l
lCLU
UtLLd
u=-cz..-. .. .
r-_
-.
these curves are not changed much by skin effect.
of the curve is changed by skin,
But the position
and this should affect the permeability determination.
With a !ict!e scarcer in fie!t! data, it is possible
to
mismatch badly, making a large error in both skin
effect
and permeability.
The
danger
of this
possibility
is evident in inspection
of Figs. 1 and
2 as well as Fig. 3. Even though CD can be
determined
with
reasonable
accuracy
from
a
knowledge
of the drill string and reservoir fluid,
the strong similarity between type curve shapes for
various skin effects makes type curve matching a
poor procedure for this particular problem.
The fact does remain that Cooper et al. 4 and
va.n Poo!!ert and Weber 5 did appear to obtain a
match with field data. It is possible
that these
authors got a reasonable
match because their data
------~ &K)
._-!!
+L,.,.
,-K;
,-l ..v.
nnr hove
were
[ake~
Ofi a WCILCL
W c..
LUCZL
u... .
.
effect.

Pi - Pwf
=

F(h,a,T)

CONCLUSIONS

Details are also given in Appendix B. Thus Figs. 1


through 4 and Tables 2 through 5 also contain the
answer to this essentially
different .~roblem.
Cooper
et al. 4 were the

first to point out the


application
of this solution
to similar problems
encountered in water well testing by an instantanecharge of water. Later van Poollen and Weber5

~
1

103

determination
of permeability.
In many
unique answer may be impossible.

m
.1

,01
102

NOMENCLATURE

:
I.. t.IJ. j@
,

103

104

DIMENSIONLESS
6

cases

PwO1-0.04956

w-----/,
104

Annulus unloading and storage has been shown


to be an important physical
effect
that often
controls the behavior of early pressure data taken
during a well test. Consideration
of annulus storage
has permitted interpretation of the entire pressure
bdchp
histary irr certain c~ses. 8 I%is concept has
been further extended in this paper. Both tabular
and graphical results for sandface f[ow rates have
been
presented
for
a range
of
values
of
dimensionless
time, storage
constant,
and skin
effect. A solution has been presented wherein the
storage constant,
CD, undergoes an abmpt change
from one constant value to another. The duration of
storage is often controlled
by the second storage
constant. Other more realistic
solutions,
where CD
undergoes
a gradual
and smooth
change
with
pressure, exist.
As a result of this study it appears that certain
drillstem
test problems
dominated
by wellbore
storage and skin effect can be studied.
Results
indicate
that, although the skin effect normally
does not affect the general s-shaped nature of the
curve,
it shifts
the position
of curve.
Thus,
neglecting
the skin effect may provide erroneous

Ct

1?

106

TIME, t

total
system
vol/vol-atm

C = wellbore
Eq. 8)

i~~:b,eima~

storage

constant,

-,.rnm.e.
.;h; l;rv.) ,
s,..~.
-.....
cc/atm

(see

COMPUTED PWD VS ID FOR DECREASING


S =
O.
STORAGE EFFECT,
SOCIETY

OF

PETROLEUM

ES GIXEERS

JO URSAL

CD =

dimensionless
(see Eq. 8)

wellbore

I? used in Ref.

d.

differential

F=

a function
.

defined
thickness,

atm = refers

cm
as

Table

(see Tabie

1)

1)

of first kind, order zero

function

of first kind, order one

of

second

kind,

function

of

second

PD

dimensionless
pressure drop on the formation
QL; n eg{eet
.=;J
=Iue -$
. =-...
-.. -s.

pressure

drop

within

the

Patm = atmospheric pressure


P Cs = casing pressure

race

dimensionless

= radius

rc

rdp = radius

radius,

of casing,

r/rw

cm (see

of drill pipe,

of sand screen
Table 1)

wellbore

s=

radius,

skin factor,

of
Appendices)

to

(in

the

transmissibility,

time (see

kb/p

Eq. 1)
CASE

function

of second

kind, order one

corresponds
to
(see Eq. 23)

T=

OCTOBER,

Eulers

1972

l/CD

as used

by Jaeger 3

CD is constant.

a2pD

(A-1)

-+~~=~......

to 1/2CD

(in Table

(in Table
to tD/2cf)

constant,

0.5772

cp

dimensionless

J. C.: Conduction
of Heat in an Infinite
Bounded Internally by Circular Cylinder of a
Conductor, $! Ausf. j, P)jys. (1956)VO1.~ o.

SOLUTION FOR CONSTANT RATE WITH


STORAGE AND SKIN EFFECT USING AN
IBITEGRATED MATERIAL
BALANCE
ON WELLBORE

(in

Y1 = Bessel

viscosity,

2. van Everdingen, A. F. and Hurst, .%.: { Tfne Application


of the Laplace
Transformation
to Flow Problems,~
Trans., AIME (1949) Vol. 186, 305-324.

APPENDIX

kind, order zero

p=

1. Agarwal, R. G., A1-Hussainy,


R. and Ramey, H. J., Jr.:
An Investigation
of Wellbore Storage and Skin Effect
in Unsteady Liquid Flow: I. Analytical
Treatment, )$
Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (Sept., 1970) 279-290.

1)

of second

corresponds

weiibore

(in the Appen-

function

B:
y.

radius
at

(in the main text)

of integration

corresponds

condition

Il. G.: Pressure Buildup


7. Matthewa, C. S. and Russeii,
and Flow Tests in Wells, Monograph Series, Society
of Petroleum Engineers,
Dallas (1967) Vol. 1, 134.
1.1
*, ---n--T-+a..
8. Ramev, H. i., Jr.: -.>no~-l~e
.C3SL
L/aLiY
.,..=.

BVell

= Bessel

a=

at wellbore

fiowing

Storage Effects in Pressure Buildup and Drawdown of


Gas Wells, J. Pet. Tech. (Feb., 1965) 223-233.

to C#Cth (in Table

tD = dimensionless

Y.

to

cm (see

transform

dimensionless

corresponds
~abie ~)

variable

to conditions

preta~ion in- th; Presence


of Skin Effect and Wellbore
Storage, J, Pet. Tech. (Jan., 1970) 97-104.

corresponds
t= time, sec

u=

1)

cm

Laplace

skin factor,
dices)

T.

refers

Wf . refers

H. K. and Webet, J. D.: Data Analysis


5. van Poollen,
for High Influx Wells, paper SPE 3017 presented at
45th Annual Fall Meeting, Houston, Oct. 4-7, 1970.
Flow and Wellbore
6. Ramey, H. J., Jr.: ,tNon-DarcY

I)

Table

or open hole,

dimensionless

variable

s=

Table

cm (see

rs = radius
r w.

at sandface

refers to time

4. Cooper, H. H., Jr., Bredehoeft, J. D. and Papadopulos,


I. S.: Response
of Finite - Diameter
Well to an
frrstantaneous
Charge of Water, Water Resources
Research (1967) Vol. 3, No. 1, 263-269.

rate

radial distance

r=

condition

2, 167.

unloading

9s/ = sandface
D

above the DST valve


flow rate

qa = annulus

reservoir

refers to a radial location

3. Jaeger,
Region
Perfect

formation pressure

surface

refers to initial

REFERENCES

dimensionless
wellbore

= pressure

condition

quantity

kind,

q=

condition

refers to casinghead
dimensionless

t=

fiwD

p.

D.
i=

to atmospheric

radius

Bessel
order one

= initial

w=

function

K1 = modified

pi

of bulk volume

Sf = refers to conditions

formation permeability
Bessel
order zero

Cs

r=

function

KO = modified

fraction

refers to annulus

a=

by Jaeger3

HO = irtitiai fiuid head in weii

k=

operator

SUBSCRIPTS

to heat transfer coefficient


corresponds
used by Jaegers (see Eq. 23)

Jo = Bessel
1. = Bessel
J1

d = partial

@ = porosity,

fluid head in well at time t (see

H.

constant

operator

formation

b=

storage.

1)
1)

PD(rD,
=
O)

time (see

Eq. 23)

O.

. .

. . . . .

(A-2)

459

1 im
pD(rD,

r+~

tD)

o . . . . . . . (A-3)

dtD = tD . .

(A-4)

Z)~D)rD=l

Note that Eq. A-4 is the time integral


the main text.

of Eq. 4 in

L%=.:

br~

rD &D

Substituting

pD(rD,O). (A-6)

. (A-13)

rD=l

FWD= B

~wD=[=D
-q] ---(A-14)
(

Eqs.

A-9 and A-10 in Eq. A-14,

we

KO(fi)i-S ~ Kl(fi)]oA-15)

transform of Eq. A-1 yields

#;D

transform of Eq. A-5 provides

Substituting
get

The Laplace

CDSPWD )(

The Laplace

DapD

CDPWD 1(
o

B=+-

5wD= S -

Eq. A-2 in Eq. A-6, we get

a2;D

+~~-s~=O.
&~
rD

Solving
..

&D

for j7wD, we obtain

(A-7)

FwD=~

The solution

of Eq. A-7 is:

FD = AIO(rD@)

-IBKO( rDfi).

To satisfy Eq. A-3, the arbitrary constant


be set equal to zero;

FD =BKO(rD@)

(A-8)
A must

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-17)

. . . . . . . . . (A-9)

where KO and KI are the modified Bessel functions


of the second kind, of zero and unit orders. The
real inversion integral solution to Eq. A-17 is:

dpD
.

-BfiK1(
rDfi) . . . . . . . (A-1O)

&D

YTo

If we apply the Laplace


get

PWD = ~

1[

(1-e

tD

du
)

1/

transform to Eq. A-4, we

(u3![uC-J(u) - (1-CDSU2)J1(U)12
(--(~ -1)-~.
,
.
J
UCDYO(u) - (1-cDsu2)Yl(q2~) >

+
[

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-18)

a~D

CD S;wD

=.

&D

*Note

460

Laplac

that in the Appendices,


e transform.

where lo(u) and JI (u) are the Bessel functions of


the first kind, of zero and unit orders, and y. (u)
and YI (u) are the Bessel functions
kind of the respective orders.

s
=1

of the second

To evaluate the arbitrary constant,


Eq. A-10 in Eq. A-12 and obtain

of

. . . (A-12)

S =

skin

factor

we substitute

CASE

CD is a variable. CD is CD 1 from ~wDj to PWD I,


then is CD2. Note that only Eq. A-4 of Case 1 will
change.
and s =

variable

SOCIETY

OF

PETROLEUM

EXGIXEERS

JO URSAL

. . . . . . . . (A-26)
t,

Substituting

dtD
f

--

(A-19)
~=s

Eq. A-10 in Eq. A-26, we get

- DsfiwD
- pwl(CDl - CD)(A.27)
@Kl(@

$Pw,
j~>~
:D

Substituting
,D

,,ii,,)

D D-

FWD
= - @FwD- PWDJ
CDl

:Dl

o<pwD:p

[Ko(@)

wD1 j

For

wD

> wD1

+ SFKJq

(A 2t3)

tiKl(~)

L
= CD

CD2)
1

.( A-21)

CD

[ s

where

CD

the value of B in Eq. A-15, we get

J -

I
Factoring
.

PWD > PWDI,

~WD and rearranging,


1

PWn=
..- S

wD1

:w.

fD~dpwD

+ jcD2dpwD
wD1
wD1(

CD

D)

. . . (A-22)

CJjlpwl)l

(PWD
CD

- wD1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-29)

..
,.

Eq. A-29 can


parts are known.

be

inverted

directly

since

both

--T.
. (A-L>)

D
wD1(

,1
cl))

+ w,

PWD( S>D~CD)

= pwD( cD2Yt

D)

wDl(
ycD@,~)
1x

D
ap
-J(
~ ~

D (*-24)
)rD=!D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-30)

The Laplace

transform of Eq. A-24 provides

.l(,l

CD)

APPENDIX

+ ~wDcD

DRILLSTEM
PRODUCED

&;D\
s

\<

JrD=~$..

~ ~ . (A-25)

1972

TEST ANALYSIS WHERE


FLUID DOES NOT FILL
DRILLSTRING

Consider that the pi <(poL)/144


that the formation
is initially shut in at pressure, pi. There is a skin
effect, s. The drillstring is full of gas at pressure

Po. *t
OCTOBER,

time

=m>

the tool

is opened

and formation
461

fluid enters the drillstring.


As fluid enters,
pwj,
increases
due , to
sandface
pressure,

CD ~5~D- 1] = -B~~K1(@ -(B-12)

the
he

hydraulic head of produced fluld. At some time, the


L--J
.:11 iappuau..
.N...h... h , yl,A
.A p:~~~~c~~fi
a..hyriraidic ncaa WUL
will cease.
Jaeger3 has considered
an analogous
heat conduction problem.

a2pD
+1
~

apD

aPD
.

rD arD

atD

. . . . . . .(B-l)

-f!rs;
- - q
-D~-.w~

B=

. . (B-13)

@Kl(@
The Laplace

transform of Eq. B-5 is

WD=[,D

s(~)l_l

PD(rD,

o)=o

. ..

2)-2)

Eqs. B-9 and B-10 into Eq. B-14,

Substituting

r ~mPD(rD,

tD)

o . . . . . . .

.(B-3)

Substitute

B-13 to obtain

Eq.

-CD [S;m

dpwD
cD=
dtD

[KO(@)

. . .(B-4)

fiK@)
+
Solving

[PD-S(:)]rD=,

wD=

~ ~ B-,

~wD

The Laplace

(B-6)

a;D

. s~

&-~

rD

&D

- pD( rD,

that the arbitrary constant

A must

;D = BKO(rD@ . . . . . . . . . .(B-9)
-B@Kl(rD@) . . . . . . (B-1o)

CDSPWD
Substitute
462

[L

. . . . .
this

. .

. . .

problem

is

given

(B-17)
by the

transform of Eq. B-4 yields

p5D)
.

[aD)rD=l

Eq. B-10 and Eq. B-6 to obtain

(R-II)
~.
---

(U)

Do

( MD~u2)d

\-.

\l-2
I( U)J
/..

+ [UCDYO(U)- (1-CDSU2)Y1(U)12}
)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-18)
where p. is the pressure
at time zero,

Pi - Pwf
Pi

- CDPWD(~)

. .

S{SK1(

we get

/u (.UC

The Laplace

The answer to
inversion integral,

d;D
=
drD

Eq. B-2 and solving,

Eq. B-3 requires


be zero.

. . (B-16)

. . .

O) . (B-7)

. . . .

w]
@l(@ + Cf [KO(
F) +S@l(@]

transform of Eq. B-1 provides

a2;D+1

Substituting

s@l(@]

for ~w~:

CD [Ko(

pwD(0)=l

- q

~wD .

bpD
or& DD=l

. (B-15)

;WD= B [Ko(ia + s@qF)l

lim

(B-14)

D-

- o

at a datum inside

dpwD
=CD ......
dtD

the DST

(B-19)

See Eq. 26 of Ref. 1. This solution may be obtained


from Jaegers function 3 F(b, a,d or F(S, I/CD, tD).
The dimensionless
pressure used in the above
derivation is different from the usual PD. That is,

Pi - r,t
D=pi-pO
SOCIETY

OF

PETROLEUM

EXCINEERS

(B-20)
+++
JOURNAL

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