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RAMG. AGARWAL
MEMBERS A!ME
STANFORD
U.
STANFORD,
CALI F.
AMOCO PRODUCTION
TULSA, OKLA.
ABSTRACT
The
modern
drawdown)
of short-time
usually
data.
wellbore
due
skin
e!fect
/urther
well
or
Agarwal
of the
extends
the
data
drillstem
test
storage
the
latter
is
compression
to
tubinghead
pressure
production.
The
flow
(2)
rate,
that
include
a range
and
CD,
problems.
the
Annulus
of
early
it
wei!
test
appears
test
data
can
and
solutions
can
be
this
atmospheric
during
should
annulus
storage
test
Results
constant,
useful
for
has
been
that
often controls
+ ;- =.u-J.
Q*,)rl.,
O\i Lb.-
effect
a resti!t
of
well
short-time
a greater
Techniques
the
test
shown
well
problems
presented
users
to
D )
in
unloading
PZLJD
rate,
CD
dtD
were given.
otherwise
as useless.
given
This paper
will
will cover
1972.
OCTOBER,
=Er
analyze
Original
manuscript
received
in Society
of Petroleum
Engineers
office
July 23, 1971, Revised
manuscript
received
April 17, 1972.
Paper
(SPE
353S) was presented
at the SPE
46th Annual
Fall
Meeting,
held in New Orleans,
Oct. 3-6, 1971. @ Copyright
1972
American
Institute
of
Mining,
Metallurgical,
and
Petroleum
Engineers,
k.
preferences
CD ~
to
reliability,
storage-dominated
test
rate,
well
tbe
with
to:
the
unloading
practical
s,
is
for
surface
of
enable
well
results
constant
As
made
paper
solution.
easily.
short-time
be regarded
to
or storage
other
obtained
paper
certain
be
from
when
interpretations
to
of
type
behavior.
that
example
such
physical
the
dpWD *
dpWD
change
variations
effect,
unloading
be an important
An
storage
several
values
skin
wherein
an abrupt
and the
require
certain
level
of the
illustrate
situations
short-time
cases
graphical
q~f
paper
of
of the present
and
as a fraction
and
of
with
This
analyzing
in
drops
tabular
effects.
storage
to another.
liquid
rate,
q,
and
as
a fundamental
solutions
change
sandface
qa,
of
are
penetration,
flow.
undergoes
purpose
the
such
stimulation
include
value
case
present
partial
transient
CD,
one constant
effects
of wellbore
problems
constant,
from
(1)
skin
concept
to
are
mask
well
importance
or
in a test
that
et al. 1 presented
to short-time
test
~actors
perforations,
flow,
Recently,
(buildup
and analysis
data early
and various
to
non-Darcy
testing
acquisition
line.
straight
INTRODUCTION
well
by several
storage
those
in
Pressure
distorted
conventional
study
trend
CO.
1972
be
at end
printed
The initial
PD(
of PaPer.
in Transactions
volume
253,
>
conditions
are
0)=0(2)
which
*CD
JF<.J
C (dimensionless
storage
constant
used
in
Ref.
1).
45s
lim
PD(r~Yt)
~
r+cn
=0
.....
(3)
condition
is
Both cylindrical
and line source solutions
of the
dimensionless
flowing pressure,
PWD, in the form
integrals,
were reported
by
of real
inversion
AgarwaI et al, 1 They presented an analysis for the
giving both tabular
pressure, PWD, in the wellbore,
The main effect
of the
and graphical
results.
=,,=1
lhnre
-------
c?nrngY
..
-----
is
~Q
C~USC
~hc
SU~Q!#UCe
f~t~
to
and
dPwD
rate, CD
dtn
26through
31reproduced
here as E&.
PwD .~j?
CD dt
o
D
Eq.
4 states
unloading
sandface
that
the
dimensionless
wellbore
the dimensionless
rate,
Plus
%.#%
rate,q~, /q, must equal unity. From Eq. 4:
dpwD
apD
-
=1-CD7
()
brn
m=,
dtn
u u.
%
=
~a
u [uCDJO(
u) - (1 - CDSU2)Jl(u)]
[UCDYO(U)- (I - CDSU2)Y1(U)12})
qI!i=~riczI
clature.
JaeRer also
approximateforms.
(7)
. . . . . . . . . (8)
CD = 2@hc r2
tw
C represents the volume of wellbore fluid unloaded
or stored, cubic centimeters per atmosphere. Storage
may be by virtue of either compressibility
or a
changing liquid level.
Finally, pD, fD and tD are defined in the usual
PD(rD>tD)=
pr t)
. .
. .
(9)
by converting Jaegers
fluid flow nomen-
3 to
S+o:
dpwD
=l
CD dt
D
tD
@2
- +
CDs
15 G
+ 0( ty)
dpwD
CD dt
D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12)
21-tkh (pi
17.
~e-u2tD du)/
({
+
dpwD
Cn
12through
(6)
in their Eqs.
D
=l-~+Q(~CD[ n
CDS2
. . . . (13)
s = O:
t
CD CD
3
2
+ o(t:/2). . .(14)
For long time:
dpwD
_=
CD dt
2
CD + CD
~(%
- 1)
w
r
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
(lo)
cD(1b:2cD)2;Oge;:;. ,] + o~O~D)
D=~
kt
D=
#vtr:
454
. . .(11)
SOCIETY
D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15)
OF
PET
ROLELIM
ES GISEERS
JO URXAL
dpwD
-CD(1 - 2Q(PDOD)
CD;=
TABLE
dPwD
l-CD-
VS tD FOR
SOURCE
1
+ s)
S=
CYLINDRICAL
0,
WELL
102
10
103
m5
lo~
2t;
D
C(t
+DD
-CD+S)
logetD
+0
() ~3
D
2t;
16)
dpwD
CD=
Ns>&5tD) . . . . . . . (17)
u
JL
UL
12 in
The
source
solution
for
dPwD
flPwD . ~
DJ(
o
/(
tD
~-U
du
)
Jo(U)
[1 - UpCDs + g u2cDYo(u)f
-i- [~
Soiution
pKSente~
U2CDJO(U)]2. . . . . . (18)
)
.~;a.% r
-{{-P+
-,,=./.
h..
. ..-
lU1 Zi?io
of Eq. lL- C-by Cooper et al.4 and by van Poollen
TABLE
+wD
1.
VS fD FOR s=+lO,
----...-. ,
b~e~
CD
and
H/H.
Both references
tabulate a function
of a. The correspondence
vs ~ for five values
between symbolism of Refs. 4 and 5 and this study
is shown in Table 1.
%JKLt
Weber.5
Tables
2 to 5 present
dPwD
1-
CD
w;
4,1
Q, QC57*C
0,000V7*
n.a
0.019237
0.901v.I
c=
o.rme?:e
0.0..,
1.0
0.094$1,
0.0 C**07
. .
as
or q= f/q
dtD
a .Q
c.tb.
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0.000S4S
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..3
0.0,7,.,
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QJ97A9
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>s
CYLINDRICAL
WtLL
O.,,,
*23
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o.oo.onv
..0.0
0.000.53
0.000.45
0.0.000s
..2
0.30 .0..
..000
..40072.
0..00,7,
0.0000,7
o.oo.t~.
O,ooe
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0..,,7.
*..
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9.31*
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1.604.9
TABLE
lCORRESPONDENCE
BETWEEN
SYMBOLISM
BY OTHER IN VESTIGATORS4.5
Cooper et 0/.4
(~2/r~l
A-L
kt
$
s
Zeoo.
. .
This
(@t
Study
H/HO
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OCTOBEB,
1972
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TABLE
storage
problem
as originally
The
wellbore
visualized
by van Everdingen and Hurst 2 considered
a constant volume of fluid stored in the annulus per
unit of pressure change in the sandface pressure,
can
out that this effect
pwD . Ramey6 pointed
either
from compression
or liquid
level
result
change.
Both effects
can take place in a single
wellbore.
Consider
a shut-in oil well. The pressure pi is
great enough that casinghead pressure, pcs > patm
(atmospheric pressure). If the well is produced at a
constant surface rate q, fluid will unload from the
annulus
by expansion
of liquid.
This
can be
characterized
by a storage effect, CD ~. But when
the casinghead
pressute
pc~ = Patm, the liquid
can
be
level
will
start to drop.
This
period
c~~. Thus we
characterized
by storage
effect,
recognize a new storage problem.
CD
cDl
()<
_
wD1
1 - cD -
,0
o.@ct4
CYLINDRICAL
,.3
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O.??$kiz
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Lo
VS tD FOR
dtn
FOURCE wELL
co. IW3 -5
SKIN.S
(19)
CD = CD2
dPwD
2s4.
pwD <p
0.8
0,6
by the Laplace
This problem can be solved
transform-, as shown in Appendix A, to yield:
lo/m//
0.4
30
0,2
0.0
6
1
DIMENSIONLESS
TIME, to
*Seven
and copies
Dallas.
456
additional
are
tables
available
were
presented
on request
from
in preprint
SPE
SPE 3538,
Headquarters
LSI
FIG.
SOCIETY
OF
PET
ROLE1M
EXGINEERS
JOURNAL
Pwj)(
>c~l~
() < pwD
a discontinuity
in slope at tD
change
in the
instantaneous
constant from CD 1 to .CD2. Real
~r,eot~,e~. ~~e ~ur~[jon Of the
t);
D
<p
wD1
22tkh(
p. - Pwf)
1
(20)
t)+
D
p&bclj2>
[(Pwnl
t_>&)c
t)][
yc~l)
.,=
(S,CD2,
2 dtD
.
Now
t1
~)
Cm
JJc-
; PWD
>
PWD1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (21)
unloading
rate,
would be
effect is
. . .
. . .
. . . .
.(23
JJ
. .
J)-
D2 - CD1
behavior
storage
controlled
by the second storage constant,
CD2,
and the behavior is as if the storage constant were
CD* throughout. The duration of storage effect, for
zero
skin,
can be computed
by the following
equation. 15
W
c
= 500 due to an
value
of storage
PwD
CD ,
is a
dtD
consider
the opposite
case
where
CD1 =
PwD
would
O. This
/y.
-__.!
behavior
1.0
0.8
Km
.m
Kmm
0.6
0.4
O.ok
.01
~
0.1
0.2
iO
FOR VARIOUS
1
OIMENSIONIISSTIME, to
10
(1 - CD(dPwD/dtD)]
STORAGE EFFECTS,
102
FIG. 4 COMPUTED
0.0
FIG.
i.0
Vs
S =
tD/CD
O.
SKIN-O
CD
o
1.0
0.8
(55
0.1
0.4
0.2
ID .500
0.0
,01
102
103
n,&AmlclOF,ll
Imt. man
FIG. 3 COMPUTED
VARIOUS
OCTOBER,
1972
[1 - CD(d~wD/dtD)]
VS tD FOR
STORAGE AND SKIN EFFECTS.
FIG.
COMPUTED
STORAGE
104
1?
9.u.
KC
aa
TIMC
r ,,ss.,
106
1..
!
will
cause
the storage
constant,
CD, to be a
function of pressure. Such solutions
CD = /(pwD),
will not be discussed
further in this paper.
AN IMPORTANT
C~n~ider
DST PROBLEM
follows.
as
Formation
poL
is shut in at a pressure
pi. BUCPi<%
, where L is
a subsurface
depth of rhe interval and PO is the
fluid density. Assume that the DST tool could have
been opened for a short duration so that there will
be some liquid in the drill string with atmospheric
or gas pressure on top of the liquid. This causes a
pressure p. immediately above the DST valve. We
will also assume that the reference datum is at the
elevation of the valve although this is not necessary.
At time zero, the tool is opened and formation
fluid enters the drill string. There is a skin effect,
pressure,
~wf,
s. As fluid enters, the sandface
increases due to the hydraulic head of the produced
fluid. At some time, the hydraulic head approaches
pi and production
will cease.
Thls aY aPPen
be/ore the tool is closed.
Jaeger3 has considered
an analogous
heat conduction
problem. See also
Ref.
Pi - Pwf
=
F(h,a,T)
CONCLUSIONS
~
1
103
determination
of permeability.
In many
unique answer may be impossible.
m
.1
,01
102
NOMENCLATURE
:
I.. t.IJ. j@
,
103
104
DIMENSIONLESS
6
cases
PwO1-0.04956
w-----/,
104
Ct
1?
106
TIME, t
total
system
vol/vol-atm
C = wellbore
Eq. 8)
i~~:b,eima~
storage
constant,
-,.rnm.e.
.;h; l;rv.) ,
s,..~.
-.....
cc/atm
(see
OF
PETROLEUM
ES GIXEERS
JO URSAL
CD =
dimensionless
(see Eq. 8)
wellbore
I? used in Ref.
d.
differential
F=
a function
.
defined
thickness,
atm = refers
cm
as
Table
(see Tabie
1)
1)
function
of
second
kind,
function
of
second
PD
dimensionless
pressure drop on the formation
QL; n eg{eet
.=;J
=Iue -$
. =-...
-.. -s.
pressure
drop
within
the
race
dimensionless
= radius
rc
rdp = radius
radius,
of casing,
r/rw
cm (see
of drill pipe,
of sand screen
Table 1)
wellbore
s=
radius,
skin factor,
of
Appendices)
to
(in
the
transmissibility,
time (see
kb/p
Eq. 1)
CASE
function
of second
corresponds
to
(see Eq. 23)
T=
OCTOBER,
Eulers
1972
l/CD
as used
by Jaeger 3
CD is constant.
a2pD
(A-1)
-+~~=~......
to 1/2CD
(in Table
(in Table
to tD/2cf)
constant,
0.5772
cp
dimensionless
J. C.: Conduction
of Heat in an Infinite
Bounded Internally by Circular Cylinder of a
Conductor, $! Ausf. j, P)jys. (1956)VO1.~ o.
(in
Y1 = Bessel
viscosity,
APPENDIX
p=
1)
of second
corresponds
weiibore
function
B:
y.
radius
at
of integration
corresponds
condition
= Bessel
a=
at wellbore
fiowing
tD = dimensionless
Y.
to
cm (see
transform
dimensionless
corresponds
~abie ~)
variable
to conditions
corresponds
t= time, sec
u=
1)
cm
Laplace
skin factor,
dices)
T.
refers
Wf . refers
I)
Table
or open hole,
dimensionless
variable
s=
Table
cm (see
rs = radius
r w.
at sandface
refers to time
rate
radial distance
r=
condition
2, 167.
unloading
9s/ = sandface
D
qa = annulus
reservoir
3. Jaeger,
Region
Perfect
formation pressure
surface
refers to initial
REFERENCES
dimensionless
wellbore
= pressure
condition
quantity
kind,
q=
condition
refers to casinghead
dimensionless
t=
fiwD
p.
D.
i=
to atmospheric
radius
Bessel
order one
= initial
w=
function
K1 = modified
pi
of bulk volume
Sf = refers to conditions
formation permeability
Bessel
order zero
Cs
r=
function
KO = modified
fraction
refers to annulus
a=
by Jaeger3
k=
operator
SUBSCRIPTS
Jo = Bessel
1. = Bessel
J1
d = partial
@ = porosity,
H.
constant
operator
formation
b=
storage.
1)
1)
PD(rD,
=
O)
time (see
Eq. 23)
O.
. .
. . . . .
(A-2)
459
1 im
pD(rD,
r+~
tD)
o . . . . . . . (A-3)
dtD = tD . .
(A-4)
Z)~D)rD=l
of Eq. 4 in
L%=.:
br~
rD &D
Substituting
pD(rD,O). (A-6)
. (A-13)
rD=l
FWD= B
~wD=[=D
-q] ---(A-14)
(
Eqs.
we
KO(fi)i-S ~ Kl(fi)]oA-15)
#;D
Substituting
get
The Laplace
CDSPWD )(
The Laplace
DapD
CDPWD 1(
o
B=+-
5wD= S -
a2;D
+~~-s~=O.
&~
rD
Solving
..
&D
(A-7)
FwD=~
The solution
FD = AIO(rD@)
-IBKO( rDfi).
FD =BKO(rD@)
(A-8)
A must
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-17)
. . . . . . . . . (A-9)
dpD
.
-BfiK1(
rDfi) . . . . . . . (A-1O)
&D
YTo
PWD = ~
1[
(1-e
tD
du
)
1/
(u3![uC-J(u) - (1-CDSU2)J1(U)12
(--(~ -1)-~.
,
.
J
UCDYO(u) - (1-cDsu2)Yl(q2~) >
+
[
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-18)
a~D
CD S;wD
=.
&D
*Note
460
Laplac
s
=1
of the second
of
. . . (A-12)
S =
skin
factor
we substitute
CASE
variable
SOCIETY
OF
PETROLEUM
EXGIXEERS
JO URSAL
. . . . . . . . (A-26)
t,
Substituting
dtD
f
--
(A-19)
~=s
- DsfiwD
- pwl(CDl - CD)(A.27)
@Kl(@
$Pw,
j~>~
:D
Substituting
,D
,,ii,,)
D D-
FWD
= - @FwD- PWDJ
CDl
:Dl
o<pwD:p
[Ko(@)
wD1 j
For
wD
> wD1
+ SFKJq
(A 2t3)
tiKl(~)
L
= CD
CD2)
1
.( A-21)
CD
[ s
where
CD
J -
I
Factoring
.
PWn=
..- S
wD1
:w.
fD~dpwD
+ jcD2dpwD
wD1
wD1(
CD
D)
. . . (A-22)
CJjlpwl)l
(PWD
CD
- wD1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-29)
..
,.
be
inverted
directly
since
both
--T.
. (A-L>)
D
wD1(
,1
cl))
+ w,
PWD( S>D~CD)
= pwD( cD2Yt
D)
wDl(
ycD@,~)
1x
D
ap
-J(
~ ~
D (*-24)
)rD=!D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-30)
The Laplace
.l(,l
CD)
APPENDIX
+ ~wDcD
DRILLSTEM
PRODUCED
&;D\
s
\<
JrD=~$..
~ ~ . (A-25)
1972
Po. *t
OCTOBER,
time
=m>
the tool
is opened
and formation
461
the
he
a2pD
+1
~
apD
aPD
.
rD arD
atD
. . . . . . .(B-l)
-f!rs;
- - q
-D~-.w~
B=
. . (B-13)
@Kl(@
The Laplace
WD=[,D
s(~)l_l
PD(rD,
o)=o
. ..
2)-2)
Substituting
r ~mPD(rD,
tD)
o . . . . . . .
.(B-3)
Substitute
B-13 to obtain
Eq.
-CD [S;m
dpwD
cD=
dtD
[KO(@)
. . .(B-4)
fiK@)
+
Solving
[PD-S(:)]rD=,
wD=
~ ~ B-,
~wD
The Laplace
(B-6)
a;D
. s~
&-~
rD
&D
- pD( rD,
A must
;D = BKO(rD@ . . . . . . . . . .(B-9)
-B@Kl(rD@) . . . . . . (B-1o)
CDSPWD
Substitute
462
[L
. . . . .
this
. .
. . .
problem
is
given
(B-17)
by the
p5D)
.
[aD)rD=l
(R-II)
~.
---
(U)
Do
( MD~u2)d
\-.
\l-2
I( U)J
/..
+ [UCDYO(U)- (1-CDSU2)Y1(U)12}
)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-18)
where p. is the pressure
at time zero,
Pi - Pwf
Pi
- CDPWD(~)
. .
S{SK1(
we get
/u (.UC
The Laplace
The answer to
inversion integral,
d;D
=
drD
. . (B-16)
. . .
O) . (B-7)
. . . .
w]
@l(@ + Cf [KO(
F) +S@l(@]
a2;D+1
Substituting
s@l(@]
for ~w~:
CD [Ko(
pwD(0)=l
- q
~wD .
bpD
or& DD=l
. (B-15)
lim
(B-14)
D-
- o
at a datum inside
dpwD
=CD ......
dtD
the DST
(B-19)
Pi - r,t
D=pi-pO
SOCIETY
OF
PETROLEUM
EXCINEERS
(B-20)
+++
JOURNAL