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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

INTRODUCTI ON

Probability of occurrence of A is given by

Probability is the measure of degree of certainity or uncertainity

of occurrence of an event. The set of all possible outcomes is
called sample space of that experiment and is denoted by S.
Example :
Sample space of tossing a coin : S = {H, T} H-head, T-tail.
Sample space of tossing 2 coins : S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}
Sample space of throwing a die : S {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Probability of an event is denoted by P(E).
0 P(E) 1
Probability of sample space, P(S) = 1.

A
P(Bi )
i=1 i
P(A/Bi)-Probability of occurrence of A when Bi has already
happened.

Notations Used in Probability

Probability of happening of events A or B : P(A B) or

P(A + B).

Probability of happening of events A and B : P(A B) or

P(AB).
Mutually exclusive events
Event whose occurrences is independent of occurrence of another
events is said to be mutually exclusive. They dont occur
simultaneously i.e. A B = f
E.g. : tossing a coin, throwing a die.
Equally likely events
If an event cannot happen in performance to other such events is
said to be equally likely.
Independent events
Two events are said to be independent if happening or failure of
one does not effect the happening or failure of the others.
Exhaustive events
Set of events which includes all possible events is said to be
exhaustive.
Addition law of probability
P(A) and P(B) are probabilities of two events A and B, then
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
For mutually exclusive events P(A B) = 0.
Law of total probability
If B1, B2,...... Bn are mutually exclusive events and an event A
occurs only if Bi occurs, then :

P(A) =

P B

Bayes Theorem
If B1, B2, B3,...... Bn are mutually exclusive and exhaustive random
events whose individual probabilities are greater than zero, and A
be an event within these events. (P(A) > 0), then,

B
P i =
A

A
P
Bi

. P(E i )

n
A
P B P(Bi )
i =1 i

Sample Problem
1.
There are two bags A and B having 2 white and 1 black ball
in bag A and 1 white and 3 black balls in bag B. A bag is
chosen at random and two balls are drawn. The balls were
one white and one black ball. What is the probability that it
is from bag B ?
1
Probability of choosing a bag = P(A) = P(B) =
2
Let X be probability of choosing 2 balls.
We have to find P(B/X)
By Bayes theorem
X
P . P(B)
B
P(B/X) =
X
X
P . P(A) + P . P(B)
A
B
X
P
1

B
P(A) = P(B) =
=
X
X
2


P + P
A
B
2!
1 2
2
1
C1 C1 1!1!
2
X
=
=1 =
P =
3
3
!
3
3
A
C2
2 !1!
1

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X
P =
B

=
B
P =
X

3!
3
C1 C1
2!
1
=
=
4
4!
3 4
C2
2!2!
2
3 1
=
6 2
1
1
2 = 2
2 1 4+3
+
3 2
6
1 6 3
=
2 7 7
1

Conditional probability
B
P(AB) = P(A) . P
A
B
P . P(A)
A
A
P =
P(B)
B
Consider one event B which occurs after occurrence of event A,
then
P(B A)
B
P =
P(A)
A

number of elements in A B
no of elements in A

B
i.e., P(B A) = P(A) . P
A
[Multiplication theorem of conditional probability]

Sample Problem
1.
If a pair of die is thrown and the sum of numbers that
appeared is 7. Find the probability that one of dice shows 3.
Total elements in sample space = 6 6 = 36
Sample spaces of occurred sum of 7, B = {(1, 6), (2, 5),
(3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}
Sample space of occurrence of one element as 3 = [(1, 3)
(2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6, 3), (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 4) (3, 5),
(3, 6)]
(A B) = {(3, 4), (4, 3)}
6
36
2
P(A B) =
36

P(B) =

P(A) =

11
36

2
P(A B)
A
36
P =
=
6
B
P(B)
36
2 1
= =
6 3

Mean, Median, Mode

Mean : It is the average or arithmetic mean of observed values.

For normal distribution,

x1 + x2 + ...... xn
n
For frequency distribution, mean
f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + ...... + f n xn
x =
f1 + f 2 + ...... + f n

mean

x =

fi xi

i =1
n

fi

i =1

Median : Median is the middle term in the collected data. In case

of even number of terms, take average of middle terms.
N

- C

h
2
median = L' +
f
L-lower limit of median class
N-total frequency = S fi
h -width of median class.
C-cumulative frequency upto class preceding median class
f -cumulative frequency of median class
Mode : It is the value that occur most frequently or it is the value
with maximum frequency.

fi - f i -1
h
( fi - f i -1 ) + ( fi - fi +1 )
L-lower limit of class certaining mode
fi-maximum frequency
fi1-frequency preceding fi
fi+1-frequency just after fi
h-size of model class
Points to be noted
For asymmetric distribution : mean = medians = mode
For normal distribution : mean mode
= 3(mean median).

mode =

Sample Problem
1.
Find the median and mode of following data.
Age group

0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No. of people

Age
No. of Cumulative
group people frequency
0-10
5
5
10-20
20-30
30-40

7
9
6

12
21
27

40-50

35

N = 35
Median class : 20 30

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3
N

-C

h
2
Median = L +
f

Probability of r successes, P(r) =

where, m = np (constant)
m = mean, variance

35

- 12

10
2
= 20 +
21
= 20.62

Mode
Max frequency = a
\ Modal class is 20 30 \ a = 20
Mode = a +

mr .e - m
r!

C( fi - fi -1 )
( f i - f i -1 ) + ( fi - fi +1 )

= 20 +

10(9 - 7)
(9 - 7) + (9 - 6)

= 20 +

10 2
= 24
2+3

standard deviation = m
Normal Distribution
A continuous random variable X follow normal distribution if its
probability density function f (x) is given by:

f (x) =

1
2ps2

(X -m )2
2s 2

-mean, s-standard deviation.

Normal Distribution Curve
y or f(x)

Standard Deviation
It is the square root of mean of squared of the difference of values
from their arithmetic mean. It is denoted by s.
S( xi - x )2
Sfi

s=

S f i di
Sf d
- i i C
Sf i
Sf i

s=

deviation (s2)

Variance : square of standard

s
coeff. of variation : 100 i.e. ratio of S.D. to mean.
x
Random Variable
In a system, those variables which are one explicit function of
time is called random variable.
Mean (or Expectation) of random variable X = E(X)
E(X) = X(a1) . P(a1) + X(a2) . P(a2) + ......
+ X(an) P(an)
n

X(ai ) . P(ai )
i =1

Variance of X = s2 = E(X2) [E(X)]2

Standard deviations = s.
Poission Distribution
Poissions distribution is related to probabilities of events which
are extremely rare but have large number of individual chances to
occur. E.g.- number of persons die by dog-bite in a city. The
number of trials n is taken very large and chance of P is taken
every small taking np constant.

For this curve mean, median and mode coincide

It is symmetrical about y-axis with equal on both sides.
Binomial Distribution
Binomial distribution deals with trials of repetitive nature in which
occurrence of an event or not is of interest.
In a series of trials, the probability of r success in n traits is given
by
nC pr qnr
r
where, p-probability of success
q-probability of failure
Tips : This is important for GATE exam.
Example
Probability of zero success = nC0 p0qn0 = qn
Probability of 1 success = nC1 p1qn1 = npqn1
Probability of 2 success = nC2 p2qn2 = n(n 1) . p2qn2 etc.
Points to be noted
Sum of probabilities = qn + nC1 pqn1 + nC2 p2qn2 + ...... + pn
= (q + p)n = 1
Mean of binomial distribution = np and standard deviation =

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npq

1.

2.

3.

4.

There are 25 calculators in a box. Two of them are

defective. Suppose 5 calculators are randomly picked for
inspection (i.e. each has the same chance of being
selected), what is the probability that only one of the
defective calculators will be included in the inspection?
(a)

1
2

(b)

1
3

(c)

1
4

(d)

1
5

[2008, 2 marks]

If probability density function of a random variable X is

f(x) = x2 for 1 x 1, and
= 0 for any other value of x,
then the percentage probability P 1 x 1 is
3
3
(a) 0.247
(b) 2.47 [2008, 2 marks]
(c) 24.7
(d) 247
A person on a trip has a choice between private car and
public transport. The probability of using a private car
is 0.45. While using the public transport, further choices
available are bus and metro, out of which the probability
of commuting by a bus is 0.55. In such a situation, the
probability (rounded up to two decimals) of using a car,
bus and metro, respectively would be [2008, 2 marks]
(a) 0.45, 0.30 and 0.25
(b) 0.45, 0.25 and 0.30
(c) 0.45, 0.55 and 0.00
(d) 0.45, 0.35 and 0.20
The standard normal probability function can be
approximated as
F(xN) =

5.

1 + exp 1.7255 x N x N

0.12

where, xN = standard normal deviate. If mean and

standard deviation of annual precipitation are 102 cm and
27 cm respectively, the probability that the annual
precipitation will be between 90 cm and 102 cm is
[2009, 2 marks]

6.

7.

8.

(a) 66.7%
(b) 50.0%
(c) 33.3%
(d) 16.7%
Two coins are simultaneously tossed. The probability of
two heads simultaneously appearing is [2010, 1 mark]
(a)

1
8

(b)

1
6

(c)

1
4

(d)

1
2

There are two containers, with one containing 4 red and

3 green balls and the other containing 3 blue and 4 green
balls. One ball is drawn at random from each container.
The probability that one of the balls is red and the other
is blue will be
[2011, 1 mark]
(a)

1
7

(b)

9
49

(c)

12
49

(d)

3
7

The annual precipitation data of a city is normally

distributed with mean and standard deviation as 1000 mm
and 200 mm, respectively. The probability that the annual
precipitation will be more than 1200 mm is [2012, 1 mark]
(a) < 50%
(b) 50%
(c) 75%
(d) 100%
In an experiment, positive and negative values are equally
likely to occur. The probability of obtaining at most one
negative value in five trials is
[2012, 2 marks]
(a)

1
32

(b)

2
32

(c)

3
32

(d)

6
32

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1.

2.

3.

In a city, 40% are women. In an organisation of 5 people

from the city, what is the probability that there is exactly
two women?
(a) 0.4
(b) 0.346
(c) 0.6
(d) 0.426
In a binomial distribution, mean is 5 and variance is 3.
Then its mode is
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
What is the probability of having 53 sundays in a leap
year?
(a)

1
7

(b)

2
7

(a)

10.

(c)
4.

5.

6.

A and B are two elements such that P(A B) =

P(A) =
(a)

11
40

(b)

8.

21
1
(d)
40
40
A hydraulic structure has four gates which operate
independently. The probability of failure of each gate is
0.2. Given that gate 1 has failed, the probability that gate
2 and 3 will fail is
(a) 0.24
(b) 0.20
(c) 0.04
(d) 0.008
Six dices are thrown simultaneously. What is the
probability that all will show different faces?

(a)

7!

(b)

(d)

14.

15.

5!
64

1
6
6
What is the expectation of number of failures preceeding
first success in independent trials with constant
probability of success?

(c)
9.

6!

13.

31
40

(c)
7.

12.

1
,
4

2
3
and P(B) = . Then P(A B) =
5
8

(b)

p +1
q +1

q
q +1
(d)
p
p +1
Let X be a normal random variable with mean 1 and
variance 4. The probability P{X < 0} is
(a) 0.5
(b) greater than zero and less than 0.5
(c) greater than 0.5 and less than 1.0
(d) 1.0
The probability that a student knows a correct answer in
a multiple choice question is 2/3. If the student does not
know the answer, he guesses the answer. The probability
that the guessed answer being correct is 1/4. Given that
the student has answered the question correctly, the
conditional probability that the student knows the correct
answer is
(a) 2/3
(b) 3/4
(c) 5/6
(d) 8/9
An automobile plant contracted to buy shock absorbers
from two suppliers X and Y. X supplies 60% and Ysupplies
40% of the shock absorbers. All shock absorbers are
subjected quality test. The ones that pass the quality test
are considered reliable. Of X's shock absorber, 96% are
reliable. Of Y's shock absorbers, 72% are reliable. The
probability that a randomly chosen shock absorber, which
is found reliable, is made by Y is
A box contains 4 red balls and 6 black balls. Three balls
are chosen at random from one box one after other, without
replacement. The probability that the selected set contain
one red ball and two black balls is
(a) 1/20
(b) 1/12
(c) 3/10
(d) 1/2
An unbiased coin is tossed five times. The outcome of
each toss either head/tail. Probability of getting at least
one head is
(a) 1/32
(b) 13/32
(c) 16/32
(d) 31/32
A box contain 2 washers, 3 nuts and 4 bolts. Items are
drawn from a box at random one at a time without
replacement. The probability of drawing 2 washers first
followed by 3 nuts and subsequently the forth bolt is:
(a) 2/315
(b) 1/630
(c) 1/1260
(d) 1/2520
A standard deviation of a uniformly distributed random
variable between 0 and 1 is

(c)

11.

3
4
(d)
7
7
A box contains 10 screws, 3 of which are defective.
Two screws are drawn at random with replacement.
The probability that none of the two screws will
be defective
(a) 100%
(b) 50%
(c) 47%
(d) none of these
For a data, mode is 16 and mean is 22, then median is
equal to
(a) 60
(b) 66
(c) 20
(d) 38

p
q

16.

(a)
(c)

12

5
12

(b)
(d)

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7
12

6
17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

If three coins are tossed simultaneously, the probability

of getting at least one head is
(a) 1/8
(b) 3/8
(c) 1/2
(d) 7/8
A coin is tossed 4 times. What is the probability of
getting heads exactly 3 times?
(a) 1/4
(b) 3/8
(c) 1/2
(d) 3/4
Let X and Y be two independent random variables . Which
one of the relations between expectations (E), variance
(Var) and covariance (Cov) given below is FALSE?
(a) E (X Y) = E (X) E (Y)
(b) Cov (X, Y) = 0
(c) Var (X + Y) = Var (X) + Var (Y)
(d) E (X2Y2) = (E (X))2 + (E(Y))2
A single die is thrown two times, what is the probability
that the sum is neither 8 or 9?
(a) 1/9
(b) 5/36
(c) 1/4
(d) 3/4
Let U and V be two independent zero mean Gaussian
random variables of variances

22.

23.

24.

1
1
and
respectively.
9
4

The probability P (3V 2 U) is

(a) 4/9
(b) 1/2
(c) 2/3
(d) 5/9
Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly
distributed in the interval [1, 1]. The probability that
max [X, Y] is less than. 1/2 is
(a) 3/4
(b) 9/16
(c) 1/4
(d) 2/3
A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time.
The probability that the number of required tosses is odd,
is
(a) 1/3
(b) 1/2
(c) 2/3
(d) 3/4
A fair die is tossed two time. The probability that the 2nd
toss results a value that is higher than the first toss is
(a)

2
36

(b)

27.

k
p (x = k )

28.

29.

30.
31.

32.

26.

(a)

( 2)

(c)

1

2

(b)

10

1
C2
2

(d)

10

1
C2
2

10

10

2
0.2

3
0.4

4
0.2

5
0.1

8
3

(b)

9
3

(c)

17
3

(d)

26

2e
2e
2e
2e3
If two fair coins are flipped and at least one of the
outcomes is known to be a head, what is the probability
that both outcome are heads?

1
2
1
1
(b)
(c)
(d)
3
3
4
2
Consider a company that assembles computers. The
probability of a faulty assembly of any computer is p. The
company therefore subjects each computer to a testing
process. This testing process gives the correct result for
any computer with a probability q. what is the probability
of a computer being declared faulty?
(a) pq + (1 p) (1 q)
(b) (1 q) p
(c) (1 p) q
(d) pq
An exam paper has 150 multiple choice question of 1 mark
each with each question having 4 choices. Each incorrect
answer fetches 0.25 marks. Suppose 1000 students chose
all their answer randomly with uniform probability. The
sum total of the expected marks obtained by all the
students is
Seven car accidents occurred in a week, what is the
probability that they all occurred on the same day?

(a)

33.

(c)
25.

1
0 .1

(a) both student and teacher are right

(b) both student and teacher are wrong
(c) student is wrong, teacher is right
(d) student is right, teacher is wrong
Consider two independent random variables X an Y with
identical distribution. The variables X and Y take value 0,
1 and 2 with probabilities 1/2, 1/4 and 1/4 resp. What is
the conditional probability. P (X + Y = 2/XY = 0)?
(a) 0
(b) 1/16
(c) 1/6
(d) 1
If E denotes expectation, the variance of the random
variable X is given by.
(a) E (X2) E2 (X)
(b) E (X2) + E2 (X)
2
(c) E (X )
(d) E2 (X)
A fair die is rolled twice. The probability that an odd
number will follow an even number is
Suppose p is the number of cars per minute passing
through a certain road junction between 5 pm and 6 pm,
and p has a poisson distribution with mean 3. What is the
probability of observing fewer than 3 cars during any
given minute in this interval?
(a)

2
6

5
1
(d)
12
2
A coin is tossed independently 4 times. The probability
of the event the no. of times heads show up is more than
no. of times tail shows up is
(a) 1/16
(b) 1/8
(c) 1/4
(d) 5/16
A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability that
only the first two tosses will yield heads?

The discrete random variable X takes value from 1 to 5

with probabilities as shown in the table. A student
calculates the mean X as 3.5 and her teacher calculates
variance to X as 1.5. which of the following statement is
true?

34.

35.

(a)

1
7

(b)

1
7

(c)

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1
7

(d)

7
27

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

PAST GATE QUESTIONS EXERCISE
2

1.

(b) P =

6.

(c) Probability of chosing red ball from first container,

4
C1
PR = 7
C1

C1 25C4
25
C2

Probability of chosing blue ball from second container,

2C one selected from 2 defective

1
25C four from 25 non-defective
4

P=

2.

(b)

3
C1
PB = 7
C1

1
.
3

Since both these events are mutually independent,

1
1
P x =
3
3

1
3

1
3

f ( x ) dx

1
3

x 2 dx

1
3

1
3

= 2 f ( x ) dx

4
C1 3 C1 12
.
=
required probability, P = 7 7
C1
C1 49

7.

(a)

8.

(d) P (positive value) = P (negative value) =

[f(x) is even]

2
x3 3
= 2
=
81
3

2
100 = 2.47%.
81
(a) P (using private car) = 0.45
\ P (using public transport) = 1 0.45 = 0.55
P (using bus) = 0.55 0.55 = 0.3
P (using metro) = 1 (0.45 + 0.3) = 0.25
(d) Probability, P(90 x 102)

4.

1.

(b) P(women), p =

40 2
=
100 5

3
5
\ p (2 women members) = 5C2 p2 q3

\ q=

12
12
1 + exp 1.7255

27
27

= 0.165 = 16.5% 16.7%.

(c) Sample space = {(T, T), (H, H), (H, T), (T, H)}
(n = 4)
Favorable cases = {(H, H)}
(m = 1)
Probability, P =

1
1

=
1 + 1 1 + exp ( 0.6870)

5.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

12
F(0) F
27
1

1 + exp (0)

1 1
1 1
C0 + 5C1
2 2
2 2
5

102 102
90 102
12

= P
z
= P
z 0

27
27

27

1 1
6
1
= 11 + 5 = .
2
2 2
32

% of P =

3.

1
2
(Total probability is one and each are equally likely
to occur)
Required probability
= P (no negative value) + P (one negative value)

1
.
4

5 4 2 3

1 2 5 5

= .346.
2.

(d) np = 5, npq = 3
\ q=

3
5

\ p=1

3 2
=
5 5

25
2
Mode x is given by
np + p > x > np q

\ n=

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8
\ E(x) = 0 . p + 1 . qp + 2 q2p + .....
= qp (1 + 2p + 3q2 + .....)

2
3
5+
>x>5
5
5

27
22
>x>
5
5
5.4 > x > 4.4
\ x = 5.

3.

(b) In a leap year, there are 52 full sundays.

(Divide 366 by 7)
Thus, there are 2 days left
P(having sunday) is if days are either saturdaysunday or sunday-monday.
Total cases : (S-M), M-T, T-W, W-Th, Th-F,
F-Sa, (Sa-S)
\ Required probability =
3

4.

(c) P =

10.

11.

(c) 3 median = mode + 2 mean

= 16 + 2 22 = 60
median = 20.

6.

(c) P (A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

12.

31 1

40 4

31 10 21
= .
40
40

(c) P = P(2) P(3)

(Since all gates operate independently)
= 0.2 0.2 = 0.04.
(b) Total number of ways of occurance = 65
Number of ways different number occur of
the dice = 6!

9.

(b) m = 1
m
)
s

(d) P(answering correctly) =

2
3

1
4

R
R
P = 0.96 , P = 0.72
X
Y
Y P(Y R)
P =
R
P(R)

16 + 15 1

=
40
4

6!

q
.
P

2
8
3
Required probability =

2 1 1 9
+
3 3 4

2 3 1
= +
5 8 4

\ P=

P (guessed answer is correct) =

5.

8.

qp

1
= P(Z < )
2
= P (Z < 0.5)
P (X < 0) = 0.5 P (0 < z < 5)

7
47%.
=
15

7.

(1 q ) 2

P (X < 0) = P (Z <

2
.
7

C0 7 C2
10
C2

qp

5!
6

13.

P(Y)P(R )
Y
P(X)P R + P(Y)P R
X
Y

0.4 0.72
0.6 0.96 + 0.4 0.72

0.288
= 0.334
.864

( )

(d) P[1R 2B] =

=

(c) Expectation, E(x) = mean

=

1
n

14.

xi

i =1

Pi xi

i=1

Probability of success in trials is p, qp, q p, q p, .....

( )

C1 6C1
10

C3

4 15
120

1
2

1
1
(d) n = 5, p = , q =
2
2
P (X 1) = 1 P (X = 0)
1
= 1 5C0
2

31
32

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9
15.

(c) Required probability

=

16.

2 1 3 2 1 4 3
2 1
1
=
9 8 7 6 5 5 3
2 1 1260

(a) Var (X) =

18.
19.
20.

Req. prob =
25.

36 =

= 4 C3 ( 1 2 )

26.

1 1 1
(c) P (first two tosses is head) = =
2 2 2

21.
22.

= P[X x] P [Y y]
1

1
dx
2

1
=
2

1 1
10
Required probability = = ( 1 2 )
2 2

27.

(b) m = S x P(x) = (1 0.1) + (2 0.2) + (3 0.4)

+ (4 0.2) + (5 0.1)
=3
s2 = Sx2P(x) [SxP(x)]2
= 10.2 9 = 1.2
\ both are worng.

28.

(c)

X + 4 = 2 = P[(X + Y = 2) (X Y = 0)]
P

P(X Y = 0)
X Y = 0

2 dy

P(X = 1,Y = 1)
(solving)
P(X Y = 0)

1 3 3

4 2 2

=
29.
30.

9
16
3

23.

1
2 1
1/ 2
= [ x ]1/
1 [ y ]1
2
2

1 1
1
P (remaining 8 tosses is tail) = ... (8 times)
2 2
2

\ Required probability (sum not 8 or 9)

1 3
= 4
4
(b) P(3V 2U) = P(3V 2U 0)
P (Z 0) = 1/2
(b) P [max (X, Y)] = P [X x, Y y]
Q X and Y one independent

( 2 ) + 4 C2 ( 1 2 ) 4

3 1

= 5/16

Total 36 cases.

= 1 P = 1

15 5
=
36 12

(d) n = 4
Let X be event of showing no. of heads.
Req. prob = P (X = 3) + P (X = 4)

12
(d) Required probability (getting at least one head)
= 1 P (getting no head)
= 1 3C0 (1/2)0 (1\2)3 = 7/8
(a) P(X = 3) = 4C3 (1/2)3 (1/2) = 1/4
(d)
(d) First find probability of getting sum 8 or 9
S = (2, 6) (3, 5) (4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2); (3, 6) (4, 5) (5, 4)
(6, 3)
\ n=9

P(E) =

(c) Sample space ;

{(1, 2) (1, 3) .... (1, 6); (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6); (3, 4)
(3, 5), (3, 6); (4, 5) (4, 6); (5, 6)}
n = 15

(b a)2
for a < x < b
12

(1 0)2 1
=
12
12

SD = s =

17.

24.

1
4 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
2 2 4 4 4 4
1

(a) Var X = E (X2) (E(X))2

Ans. 0.25
P (getting odd no.) =

1 1 1
(c) Probability = + + + ....
2 2 2

1
2
= 2 =
1 3
1
4

P (getting even no.) =

\

Req. prob =

1
2

1
2

1 1 1
= = 0.25
2 2 4

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10
31.

(c) P(X< 3) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
= e3 + 3e3 +

32.

9e
2

1
0.25

0.25
0.75

Expected marks = E (X)

= S X. P(X)
= 1.25 + ( 0.25) (0.75)
= 0.0625
\ Marks for 150 questions of 1000 students
= 150 1000 (0.06 25)
= 9375

1
3

(a) There can be 2 cases:

(1) A faulty computer is declared faulty
probability = p q
(2) right computer is declared faulty
probability = (1 p) (1 q)
\ Required probability = pq + (1 p) (1 q)

Ans : 9375
Marks
Probability

9 17 3
3
= e 1 + 3 + = e

2 2
(a) Total available out comes ={(H, T) (T, H) (H, H)}

Required probability =
33.

34.

35.

1
1
7
(b) Required probability = C1 7 = 6
7
7

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