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MechanicalEngineeringDictionaryI.CEngineParts|MechanicalEngineering,CompetitiveExams&JobPreparation

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Engg.Dictionary

MechanicalEngineeringDictionaryI.CEngineParts

Mechanical Engineering Dictionary-I.C

Engine Parts

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Engg. Dictionary

ImportantTermsandtheirMeaningofMechanicalEngineering
InternalCombustionEngineParts:

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AFTERCOOLERAdeviceusedonturbochargedenginestocoolairwhichhasundergonecompression.
ATDCAfterTDC,aftertopdeadcentre.

Science GK Tests

AIRCLEANERAdevicemountedontheintakemanifoldforfilteringoutunwantedsolidimpuritiessuch

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Physics GK

asdirtanddustfromairthatisbeingdrawnintotheenginecylinderthroughtheinletmanifold.

Chemistry GK

AIRCOOLEDENGINEAnenginethatiscooledbypassageofairaroundthecylinder,notbypassageof

Biology, Zoology & Botany GK

Nuclear Science GK
Units & Measurements GK

aliquidthroughwaterjackets.
AIRSTANDARDCYCLEAstandardcycleofreferencebywhichtheperformanceofthedifferentinternal
combustionenginesmaybecompared,andtheirrelativeefficienciescalculated.

Material Science GK

AKROYDENGINEThefirstcompressionignitionengine,patentedbyAkroydStaurtin1890.

Scientific Inventions GK

ALUMINIUMCYLINDERBLOCKAnenginecylinderblockcastfromaluminiumoraluminiumalloy,
andwhichusuallyhascastironsleevesinstalledforuseascylinderbores.

National GK Tests
Indian Railways GK

ANTIFREEZEAchemical,addedtothecoolant(usuallyethyleneglycol)toloweritsfreezingpointand
therebypreventthecoolantfromfreezingincoldweather.
ANTIICINGSYSTEMAcarburettorunitdesignedtopreventformationoficeonasurfaceorina

Railway Departmental Exams

passage.

Basic GK India

ARTICULATEDCONNECTINGRODTheauxiliaryconnectingrodsofaradialengine,whichworkon

Ancient India GK

pinscarriedbythemasterrodinsteadofonthemaincrankpin.AlsocalledLINKRODS.

Books and Authors - India

BACKPRESSUREApressureexertedbyafluidcontrarytothepressureproducingthemainflow.For

Economics & Indian Economy

example,pressureintheexhaustmanifold,thehigherthebackpressure,greateristheresistancetoflowof
exhaustgasesthroughtheexhaustsystem.Thislowersvolumetricefficiency.

Famous Places in India

BARRELReferstothecylindersinanengineortothenumberofthrottleboresinacarburettor.

International GK Tests
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BARRELTYPECRANKCASEApetrolenginecrankcasesoconstructedthatthecrankshaftcanbe
removedfromoneend,inmorenormalconstruction,thecrankcaseissplit.
BASECIRCLEAsappliedtocamshaft,lowestspotonthecam.Areaofcamthatisdirectlyoppositelobe.
BELLOWSAdevice,usuallymetalthatcanlengthenorshortenmuchlikeanaccordion.Somecooling

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systemthermostatsareofbellowstype.
BIMETALAthermostaticbimetalelementmadeupoftwodifferentmetalswithdifferentheatexpansion
rates.Temperaturechangesproduceabendingordistortionmovementoftheelement.
BLOCK(engine)Basicpartoftheenginecastingcontainingcylinders.
BLOWBYPistonringsdonoteffectivelysealcompressionpressure,andassuchallowshotgasestoblow
betweenringsandcylinderwallintothecrankcase.Thiscausesoverheatingofpistonandpoorperformance.

BLOWERSuperchargerorengineintakeaircompressor,alowpressureairpump,usuallyrotaryor
centrifugaltype.
BLUEPRINTING(engine)Dismantlingtheengineandreassemblingittoexactspecifications.
BOOSTTheamountbywhichtheinductionpressureofasuperchargedinternalcombustionengine
exceedsatmosphericpressure,expressedinkg/sq.cm.
BOREAcylinder,hole,ortheinsidediameterofthecylinderorhole.Mayrefertocylinderitselforto
diameterofthecylinder.
BOREDIAMETERDiameterofaholeoracylinder.
BORINGRenewingorenlargingcylindersbycuttingandhoningthemtoaspecifiedsize.Boringbaris
usedtomakethecut.
BORINGBARToolusedtocutenginecylinderstospecificsize.Asusedingarages,tocutworncylinders
toanewdiameter.
BOTTOMDEADCENTER(BDC)Lowestpositionofthepistoninthecylinder.
BOXEDIRODConnectingrodinwhichIbeamsectionhasbeenstiffenedbyweldingplatesoneachside
oftherod.

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BRAKEHORSEPOWER(BHP)Actualusablepowerdeliveredbyanengineatthecrankshaftfor
drivingavehicleoranyotherunit.Computedusingtheenginecoupledtoadynamometer.
BRAKEMEANEFFECTIVEPRESSURE(BMEP)Meaneffectivepressure(imaginary)whichwhen
assumedtobeactingonthepistonduringthepowerstrokewouldresultinthegivenbrakehorsepower
output.Equaltomeanindicatedpressuretimesmechanicalefficiency.
BRAKETHERMALEFFICIENCYRatioofheatequivalentofpoweroutputintheformofbrakehorse
powertothecorrespondingheatinputfromfuel.
BREAKINPeriodofoperationbetweeninstallationofneworrebuiltpartsandwhenthepartsarewornto
thecorrectfit.Drivingatreducedandvaryingspeedforaspecifieddistanceordurationpermitspartstowear
outtothecorrectfit.
BREATHERPIPEApipeopeningintotheinteriorofanenginei.e.,crankcase.Usedtoassistventilation.
BTDCBeforetopdeadcenter,alsocalledBUDCbeforeupperdeadcenter.
CAMArotatinglobeofirregularshapeoreccentricoroffsetportionoftheshaft(cam).Itchangesrotary
motionofcamshafttoreciprocatingorvariablemotionofvalvelifterrestingonit.
CAMFOLLOWER(valvelifter)Apartwhichisheldincontactwiththecamandtowhichthecam
motionisimpartedandtransmittedtothepushrod.
CAMGROUNDPISTONApistonthatisgroundslightlyovalinshape.Itbecomesroundasitexpands
withheat.
CAMNOSEAlsocalledCAMLOBE.Thatportionofthecamwhichholdsthevalvewideopen.Itisthe
highpointofthecam.
CAMSHAFTTheshaftintheenginewhichhasaseriesofcamlobes(simplycalledcams)foroperating
thevalvemechanisms,drivenbygearsorsprocketsandchainfromthecrankshaft.
CAMSHAFTGEARThegearthatisfastenedtothecamshaft.
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CASTINSLEEVEAnaluminiumcylinderblockcastaroundanironcylindersleeve.
CASTIRONCYLINDERAonepiececylinderassemblymadeofcastironwithamachinedbore.
CASTPISTONApistonmadebypouringmoltenaluminiumalloyintothemouldofdesiredshape.
CENTRIFUGALGOVERNORAgovernorwhichusesflyweightforcetosensespeed,inordertocontrol
theamountoffuelsuppliedtothecombustionchambers.
CENTRIFUGALOILSLINGERCupshapedcentrifugaloilfiltermountedtotheendofthecrankshaft.
Asoilpassesthroughtheslingers,centrifugalforceremovesimpuritiesthatareheavierthanoil.
CHROMEPLATEDRINGApistoncompressionoroilringthathasitscylinderwallfacelightlyplated
withhardchrome.
CIRCLIPAcircularcliporsnapringthatfitsintoagroove,usedtolocateorretainashaftorcomponent.
CLEARANCETheamountofspacebetweentwomovingpartsorbetweenamovingandastationarypart,
suchasajournalandabearing,pistonandcylinder.
CLEARANCEVOLUMEThevolumeremainingabovethepistonwhenthepistonisatTDC.
CLOSEDCRANKCASEVENTILATIONSYSTEMAsysteminwhichthecrankcasevapours(blowby
gases)aredischargedintotheengineintakesystemandpassthroughtheenginecylinderratherthanbeing
dischargedintotheair.
COATEDBOREThincoatingofchromeorironappliedtotheinsideofthecylinderbyelectroplating,or
wireexplosionspraycoating.
COATEDRINGApistonringhavingitscylinderwallfacecoatedwithferrousoxide,softphosphateor
tin.Thisthincoatinghelpsnewringstoseatbyretainingoilandreducesscuffingduringbreakin.
COMBUSTIONCHAMBERThespaceatthetopofthecylinderandinthecylinderheadorpistonor
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both,inwhichcombustionoffuelandairchargetakesplace.Thespaceenclosedbythepiston,whenthe
pistonisatTDC.
COMBUSTIONCHAMBERVOLUMEThevolumeofthecombustionchamberwhenthepistonisat
TDC,measuredincubiccentimetres.
COMBUSTIONCYCLEAseriesofthermodynamicprocessesthroughwhichtheworkinggaspassesto
produceonepowerstroke.Thefullcycleisintake,compression,powerandexhaust.
COMPRESSIONCHECKMeasurementofcompressionpressureinallthecylindersatcrankingspeed.
COMPRESSIONPRESSUREPressureinthecombustionchamberattheendofthecompressionstroke,
butwithoutanyofthefuelbeingburned.
COMPRESSIONRATIOTheratiobetweenthetotalvolumeofthecylinderwhenthepistonisatBDCand
thevolumewhenthepistonisatTDC.
COMPRESSIONRELEASEAdevicetopreventtheintakevalveorexhaustvalvefromclosingcompletely.
Thispermitstheenginecrankshafttobeturnedoverwithoutcompressionandwithease.Alsocalled
DECOMPRESSOR.
COMPRESSIONRINGSTheupperringorringsonapistondesignedtoholdthecompressioninthe
cylinderandpreventorreducecombustiongasleakagei.e.,blowby.
COMPRESSIONSTROKEThepistonstrokefromBDCtoTDCduringwhichbothvalvesareclosedand
thechargeiscompressedintoasmallerspacecreatingheatbymolecularaction.
COMPRESSIONTESTERAninstrumentfortestingtheamountofpressure,orcompression,developed
inanenginecylinderduringcranking.AlsocalledCOMPRESSIONGAUGE.
CONNECTINGRODTherodmadeofsteeloraluminiumalloyusuallyhavinganIbeamcrosssection.A
pistonpinconnectstheconnectingrodandthepiston.
CONNECTINGRODBEARINGBearingsusedintheconnectingrodsmallendorbigendholes.
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CONNECTINGRODCAPThepartoftheconnectingrodbigendassemblythatattachestherodtothe
crankpin.
CONNECTINGRODTIPAmountofradial(side)playatthetopoftheconnectingrod.Measurementof
rodtipisonewayofdeterminingtheconditionoftherodbigendbearing.
CONTROLLEDPORTSCAVENGINGScavengingmethodusingportswhicharecontrolledbyvalvesin
additiontothepowerpiston.
COOLANTTheliquidmixtureofantifreezeandwatercirculatedinthecoolingsystemofanengineor
machinery.
COOLINGSYSTEMInanengine,thesystemthatremovesheatbythenaturalorforcedcirculationofthe
coolantandtherebypreventsengineoverheating.Itincludesthewaterjackets,waterpump,radiatorand
thermostat,orcoolingfins,blowerandcowl.
CORE(radiator)Anumberofcoolantpassagessurroundedbyfinsthroughwhichairflowstocarry
awayheatfromthecoolant.
COUNTERFLOWCYLINDERHEADhastheintakeandexhaustpassagesonthesamesideofthe
cylinderhead.
COUNTERWEIGHTWeightsthataremountedonthecrankshaftoppositeeachcrankthrow.These
reducethevibrationcausedbythecrankandalsoreducebearingloadsduetoinertiaofthemovingparts.
CRANKAdeviceforconvertingreciprocatingmotionintorotarymotionorviceversa.
CRANKCASEThelowerpartofanengineinwhichthecrankshaftrotates.Itconsistsofthelowersection
ofthecylinderblock,andtheoilpan.
CRANKCASEVENTILATINGSYSTEMThesystemthatpermitsairtoflowthroughtheengine
crankcasewhentheengineisrunningtocarryouttheblowbygasesandrelieveanypressurebuildup.

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CRANKPINThatpartofthecrankthrowofthecrankshafttowhichtheconnectingrodisattached.
CRANKPINRIDGINGAtypeofcrankpinfailuretypifiedbydeepridgeswornintothecrankpinbearing
surfaces.
CRANKSHAFTThemainrotatingmemberorshaftrunningalongthelengthoftheengine.Portionsof
theshaftareoffsettoformthrowsorcrankstowhichtheconnectingrodsareattached.Crankshaftis
supportedbymainbearings.
CRANKSHAFTAXLESExtensionateachendofthecrankshafttoprovideamountingplaceformain
bearings,andalternatorrotorofmagnetoflywheel.
CRANKSHAFTGAUGEAspecialtypeofmicrometerwhichcanmeasurecrankshaftwearwithout
removingthecrankshaftfromtheblock.
CRANKSHAFTGEARAgearorsprocket,mountedonthefrontofthecrankshaft.Usedtodrivethe
camshaftgearorchain.
CRANKSHAFTWHEELPortionsofanassembledcrankshaft,intheformofwheelsthatprovidea
mountingplaceforcrankpinandcrankaxles.
CRANKTHROWOnecrankpinwithitstwowebs(theamountofoffsetofthejournal).
CRANKWEBTheportionofthecrankthrowbetweenthecrankpinandmainjournal.Thismakesupthe
offset.
CRITICALSPEEDSSpeedsatwhichthefrequencyofthepowerstrokessynchronizewiththecrankshafts
naturalfrequency.Iftheengineisoperatedatoneofitscriticalspeedsforanylengthoftime,abroken
crankshaftmayresult.
CROSSFLOWCYLINDERHEADhastheintakeandexhaustlinesonoppositesidesofthecylinder
head.
CYCLEAseriesofeventswhichcontinuouslyrepeatindefiniteorder.Inanengine,thecycleconstitutes
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thefouroperationsthatcompletetheworkingprocessandproducepower.
CYLINDERAroundholeortubularshapedstructureinablockorcastinginwhichapistonreciprocates.
CYLINDERBLOCKThebasicframeworkoftheenginetowhichtheotherenginepartsareattached.It
includestheenginecylindersandtheupperpartofthecrankcase.
CYLINDERBOREDiameterofcylinderopening.
CYLINDERBORINGBorediameterinacylindermachinedtoacceptoversizepiston.Thisrenewsaworn
cylinder.
CYLINDERDEGLAZINGUseofahonetoslightlyroughenthecylinderwalls.Itproducesacrosshatch
patternwhichaidsinseatingofnewrings.
CYLINDERHEADThepartthatenclosesthecylinderbores,usedtocovertopsofcylinders.Metalsection
boltedontopofblock.Itcontainsthewaterjackets,andonIheadengines,thevalves.Alsoformspartof
combustionchamber.
CYLINDERHONEAnexpandablerotatingtoolwithabrasivefingersturnedbyanelectricmotor,usedto
cleanandsmooththeinsidesurfaceofacylindertoexactmeasurements.
CYLINDERLEAKAGETESTERAtypeofcylindertesterthatforcescompressedairintothecylinder
throughthesparkplugholewhenthevalvesareclosedandthepistonisatTDConthecompressionstroke.
Thepercentageofcompressedairthatleaksoutismeasured,andthesourceofleakageaccuratelypinpoints
thedefectivepart.
CYLINDERSLEEVEAreplaceablesleeve,orliner,putintothecylinderblocktoformthecylinderbore.It
iseitherpressedorpushedintothecylinderblock.
DEADCENTERPointatwhichthepistonreachesitsuppermostorlowermostpositioninthecylinder.At
thesepositions,attheendofthestroke,thecrankandconnectingrodareinastraightline.
DECARBONIZEToremovecarbonbuilduponpiston,combustionchamberandotherparts.

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DECOMPRESSORisthedevicethatopenstheengineintakeorexhaustvalveandretainsitintheopened
position.Thecompressioneffectisthusreducedandhelpseasyrotationofthecrankshaftatthetimeof
starting.
DIPSTICKThemetalstickthatpassesintotheoilsump.Usedtodeterminequantityofoilintheengine
sump.
DIRECTCOOLEDPISTONApistonwhichiscooledbytheinternalcirculationofaliquid.
DISPLACEMENTInanengine,thetotalvolumeoffreshchargeanengineistheoreticallycapableof
drawingintoallcylindersduringoneoperatingcycle.Thespacesweptthroughbythepistoninallcylinders
inmovingfromoneendofastroketotheother.
DOHCENGINEAnenginehavingtwocamshaftsovereachlineofcylinders,oneoperatingintakevalves,
andtheotheroperatingexhaustvalves.Doubleoverheadcamshaftengine.
DRYSLEEVEAcylindersleeve(liner)wherethesleeveissupportedinthecylinderblockmetaloverits
entirelength.Thecoolantdoesnottouchthesleeveitself.
DYNAMOMETERAdeviceforabsorbingandmeasuringthepoweroutput,orbrakehorsepower,ofan
engine.Maybeanenginedynamometer,whichmeasurespoweroutputattheflywheel,orachassis
dynamometer,whichmeasuresthepoweroutputatthedrivenwheels.
ELEMENTFILTERAdisposableoilorairfilterthatusesgauzeorpaperasfilteringmaterial.
ENBLOCKOnepiece,suchasanenginecylinderblockcastinonepiece.
ENGINEAmachinethatconvertsheatenergyintomechanicalenergy(mechanicalactioninacar).The
assemblythatburnsfueltoproducepower,sometimesreferredtoasthepowerplant.
ENGINEDISPLACEMENTVolumeofspacethroughwhichheadofpistonmovesinfulllengthofits
strokemultipliedbythenumberofcylindersintheengine.Resultisgivenincubiccentimetres.
ENGINETUNEUPTheprocedureforcheckingandadjustingthevariousenginecomponentssothatthe
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engineisrestoredtotopoperatingcondition.
ETHYLENEGLYCOLAchemicalcompound(solution)addedtotheenginecoolanttoreduceitsfreezing
pointandtherebyprotectthecoolingsystemagainstfreezingofthecoolant.
EXHAUSTCUTOUTYshapeddeviceplacedintheexhaustpipeofanengineaheadofmuffler.Driver
maychannelexhaustthroughthemufflerorintotheotherlegoftheYwheretheexhaustgasespassout
withoutgoingthroughthemuffler.
EXHAUSTMANIFOLDAhousingwithaseriesofconnectingpipesbetweentheexhaustportsandthe
exhaustpipethroughwhichhotburnedgasesfromtheenginecylindersflow.
EXHAUSTPIPEPipeconnectingexhaustmanifoldtothemuffler.
EXHAUSTPORTTheopeningthroughwhichexhaustgasespassfromthecylinderstothemanifold.
EXHAUSTSTROKEThepistonstrokefromBDCtoTDCduringwhichtheexhaustvalveisopensothat
theburnedgasesareforcedoutfromthecylinder.
EXHAUSTSYSTEMAgroupofpartsconsistingoftheexhaustmanifold,exhaustpipe,muffler,tailpipe
andresonatorifused.
EXHAUSTTUNINGCuttingexhaustpipetosuchlengththatprovidesmaximumefficiency.
EXHAUSTVALVEThevalvewhichopenstoallowburnedgasestoexhaustfromtheenginecylinderinto
theexhaustmanifoldduringtheexhauststroke.
EXPANSIONPLUGAplugthatisslightlydishedoutandusedtosealcorepassagesinthecylinderblock
andcylinderhead.Whendrivenintoplace,itisflattenedandexpandedtofittightly.
EXPANSIONRATIORatioofthetotalvolumewhenthepistonisatBDCtotheclearancevolumewhen
thepistonisatTDC(normallyequaltocompressionratio).
EVAPORATIVECOOLINGSYSTEMAcoolingsysteminwhichtheheatfinallypassestoatmosphere
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byevaporationofthecoolant.Thissystemmaybeeitheropenorclosed.
FAN(cooling)Thedeviceonthefrontoftheenginethatrotatestodrawcoolingairthroughtheradiator
oraroundtheenginecylinders.
FASTIDLEEngineidlespeedwhenthecarburettorfastidlecamisinoperation.Amechanismonthe
carburettor,connectedtotheautomaticchoke,thatholdsthethrottlevalveslightlyopenwhentheengineis
coldsothattheenginewillidleatthehigherrpmaslongasthechokeisapplied.
FHEADENGINEAtypeofengineinwhichsomeofthevalvesareinthecylinderheadandsomeinthe
cylinderblock,givingtheFshapedappearance.
FILTERThatpartintheair,lubricatingoilorfuelsystemthroughwhichair,oilorfuelmustpasssothat
dust,dirtorothercontaminantsareremoved.
FINS(engine)Thinmetalprojectionsonanaircooledenginecylinderandhead,whichgreatlyincrease
theheatradiatingsurfacesandhelpcoolingoftheenginecylinder.
FINS(radiator)Thinmetalprojections,overwhichcoolingairflows,thatcarryheatawayfromthehot
coolantpassagestothepassingair.
FIRINGORDERThenumericalorderinwhichtheenginecylindersfire,ordelivertheirpowerstrokes
beginingwithNo.1cylinder.
FLYWHEELAheavyrotatingmetalwheelattachedtothecrankshaftwhichhelpsevenoutthepower
surgesfromthepowerstrokesandalsoservesaspartoftheclutchandenginecrankingsystem.Actsas
powerreservoir.
FLYWHEELRINGGEARAgearfittedaroundtheflywheelthatisengagedbytheteethonthestarting
motordrivetocranktheengine.
FORGEDPISTONApistonmadebyhammeringhotaluminiumintoamouldofdesiredshape.
FOURSTROKECYCLEThefourpistonstrokesofintake,compression,powerandexhaustwhichmake
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upthecompletecycleofeventsinthefourstrokecycle.
FRICTIONHORSEPOWERThepowerusedupbyanengineinovercomingitsowninternalfriction,
usually,itincreasesasenginespeedincreases.
FUELTANKThestoragetankforfuelonthevehicle.
FULLFLOATINGPISTONPINisonewhichisfreetorotatebothinthepistonpinbossesandinthe
connectingrodsmallend.
FULLFLOWFILTERTypeofoilfilterinwhichalltheoilfromtheoilpumpflowsthroughthefilter.
GASKETAflatstrip,usuallyofcorkorothermaterial,placedbetweentwononmoving,machined
surfacestoprovideatightsealbetweenthemandtherebypreventleakage.
GASKETCEMENTAliquidadhesivematerial,orsealerappliedongaskets,insomeapplications,the
liquidlayerofgasketcementisusedasthegasketitself.
GLAZE(cylinder)Themirrorlike,verysmoothfinishthatdevelopsonenginecylinderwallsduring
engineoperation.
HEATDAMInapistontoplandagroovecutouttoreducethesizeoftheheatpath,allowingthepiston
skirttorunatlowertemperature.
HEATLANDRINGAcompressionringhavingthecrosssectionalshapeoftheletterL,usedastopring.
HELICOILArethreadingdevicetorepairwornordamagedthreads.Itisinstalledinaretappedholeto
bringthescrewthreaddowntotheoriginalsize.
HORSEPOWER(hp)Ameasureofthemechanicalpower,ortherateatwhichworkisdone.Onehorse
powerequals4500m.kgofworkperminute.
IDLESPEEDThespeedatwhichanenginerunswithoutloadwhentheacceleratorpedalisreleased.

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IHEADENGINEAnoverheadvalve(OHV)enginewiththevalvesinthecylinderhead.
IMPELLERFinnedwheelthatproducespressureandflowwhenspuninanenclosedhousingofoilpump
orwaterpump.
INDICATEDHORSEPOWER(IHP)Thepowerproducedwithintheenginecylindersbeforededucting
anyfrictionalloss.
INERTIATendencyofastationaryobjecttoresistmovementortendencyofamovingobjecttocontinue
movinginsamedirection.
INLINEENGINEAnengineinwhichallenginecylindersareinasinglerow,orline.
INTAKEMANIFOLDisacastingattachedtothecylinderheadinthecaseofaoverheadvalveengineor
tothecylinderblockinthecaseofasidevalveengine.Throughtheintakemanifoldfreshchargeentersthe
cylinders.
INTAKESTROKEThepistonstrokefromTDCtoBDCduringwhichtheintakevalveisopenandthe
cylinderreceivesachargeofairfuelmixtureinaSIengineorairaloneinaCIengine.
INTAKEVALVEThevalvethatopenstopermitfreshchargetoenterthecylinderontheintakestroke.
INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE(ICengine)Anengineinwhichthefuelisburntinsidethe
engine.
JACKETSThewaterjacketsthatsurroundthecylindersthroughwhichthecoolantpasses.
KINETICENERGYEnergyassociatedwithmotion.Aninternalcombustionengineproduceskinetic
energy(crankshaftrotation).
LHEADENGINEAtypeofenginewithvalveslocatedinthecylinderblock,thecombustionchamberisL
shaped.
LIGHTLOADTESTThetestappliedtostoragebatteriesduringwhichthevoltageismeasuredwhilethe
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batteryissubjectedtoalightload,suchasthecarheadlights.
LIQUIDCOOLEDENGINEAnenginethatiscooledbythecirculationoftheliquidcoolantaroundthe
cylinders.
LOADTESTAcrankingmotortesttomeasurethecurrentdrawnundernormalcrankingload.
MAINBEARINGSThecylinderblockandcrankcaseunitisprovidedatthebottomwithsplitmain
bearingsforsupportingthecrankshaftjournals.
MANIFOLDIntakemanifoldorexhaustmanifold.Acastingconnectingaseriesofoutletstoacommon
opening.
MECHANICALEFFICIENCYInanengine,theratiobetweenbrakehorsepowerandindicatedhorse
power.
MUFFLERIntheexhaust,adevicethroughwhichtheexhaustgasesmustpassandwhichmufflesthe
sound.
NOLOADTESTAcrankingmotortestinwhichthecrankingmotorisoperatedwithoutload,thecurrent
drawnandthearmaturespeedatthespecifiedvoltagearenoted.
OILCONTROLRINGPistonringdesignedtoremoveexcessoilfromthecylinderwall,usuallybottom
ring.
OILSUMPisfastenedtothebottomofthecrankcase.Thisprotectstheenginefrombelowandisusedasa
reservoirforlubricatingoilinafourstrokeengine.
OPPOSEDCYLINDERSCylinderspositionedoppositeeachotherinthesameplane.
ORINGAcircularcrosssectionalsealingring,whichiscompressedintothegroovetoprovidesealing
action.Sealusedindynamicapplicationwherelittleornorotationalmotionoccurs.Alsousedasastatic
seal.

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OTTOCYCLEThefouroperations,namelyintake,compression,powerandexhaustformacycle.Named
aftertheinventorNikolasOttoandisthebasiccycleforallSIengines.
OVERCHARGINGContinuedchargingofabatteryafterithasreachedachargedcondition.Thisaction
damagesthebatteryandshortensitslife.
OVERHEADCAMSHAFT(OHC)ENGINEAnengineinwhichthecamshaftislocatedinthecylinder
headorheadsinsteadofinthecylinderblock.
OVERHEADVALVE(OHV)ENGINEAnengineinwhichthevalvesaremountedinthecylinderhead
abovethecombustionchamber,thecamshaftisusuallymountedinthecylinderblock,andthevalvesare
actuatedbypushrods.
OVERSQUAREENGINEAnenginewhichhasaborelargerindimensionthanthelengthofthestroke.
PANCAKEENGINEAnenginewithtworowsofcylinderswhichareopposedandonthesameplane,
usuallysethorizontallyinavehicle.
PISTONAcylindricalpart,closedatoneend,whichmovesupanddowninthecylinder.Openendis
attachedtotheconnectingrod.Combustionpressureisexertedonclosedendofpiston,causingconnecting
rodtomoveandcrankshafttoturn.
PISTONCROWNTopofpiston,directlyexposedtocombustionpressureandheat.
PISTONDISPLACEMENTThecylindervolumedisplacedbythepistonasitmovesfromthebottomto
thetopofthecylinderduringonecompletestroke.
PISTONPINAlsocalledwristpin.Thecylindricalortubularmetalpiecethatattachesthepistontothe
connectingrod.
PISTONPINBOSSAstrengthenedsectionofpistonwallextendingtoinsideofpistoncrown.Itsupports
pistonpin.
PISTONPINHOLEMachinedholethroughpistonwallwherepistonpinandretainingcirclipsare
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mounted.
PISTONRINGSRingsfittedintogroovesinthepiston.Thesearetwotypes:Compressionringsfor
sealingthecompressionintothecombustionchamberandoilringstoscrapeexcessoiloffthecylinderwall
andtherebypreventitfromworkingupintoandburninginthecombustionchamber.
PISTONRINGCOATINGSofrelativelysoftsubstancessuchasphosphate,graphite,andironoxideaid
effectivewearinandpreventsrapidwearofthering.
PISTONRINGCOMPRESSORAspecialtoolusedinengineoverhaulworktocompressthepistonrings
insidethepistongroovessothatthepistonandringsassemblymaybeinstalledintheenginecylinder.
PISTONRINGENDGAPDistancebetweenendsofapistonringwheninstalledinthecylinder.The
clearanceismeasuredwithafeelergauge,keepingthepistonatBDC.
PISTONRINGGROOVEGroovesmachinedinthepistonexternalsurfacetoacceptpistonrings.
PISTONSEIZUREOverheatingofpistontothepointwhereitwillnolongermovefreelyinthecylinder.
PISTONSKIRTThelowerpartofthepistonbelowthepistonpinhole.
PISTONSLAPAhollow,muffled,belllikesoundmadebyanexcessivelyloosepistonslappingthe
cylinderwallatdeadcentrepositions.
POPPETVALVEAmushroomshapedvalvewidelyusedininternalcombustionengines.
PORT(cylinder)Inanengine,thevalveportoropeninginwhichthevalveoperatesandthroughwhich
thechargeorburnedgasespass.
POWERRateatwhichworkisdone.
POWERPLANTTheengineorpowerproducingmechanisminthevehicle.
POWERSTROKEThepistonstrokefromTDCtoBDCduringwhichthechargeburnsandforcesthe
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pistondownsothattheengineproducespower.
PRESSURETESTERAninstrumentthatclampsintheradiatorfillerneck,andisusedtopressuretestthe
coolingsystemforleaks.
PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEThesystematicinspection,detectionandcorrectionoffailuresinan
engineorinavehicle,eitherbeforetheyoccur,orbeforetheydevelopintomajordefects.
PUSHRODIntheIheadengine,therodbetweenthevalvelifterandrockerarm.
RADIATORAheatexchangerwhichreducescoolanttemperatureinaliquidcoolingsystem.
RADIUSRIDEInaregroundcrankshaft,iftheradiusofthejournal,whereitcomesuptothecrank
cheek,isnotcutawayenough,thejournalwillrideontheedgeofthebearing.Thecontactiscalledradius
ride.
REBOREToboreoutacylinderlargerthanitsoriginalsize.
RECIPROCATINGENGINEAlsocalledpistonengine.Anengineinwhichthepistonmovesupand
downorbackandforth,asaresultofcombustioninthetopofthecylinder.
RINGEXPANDERAspecialtoolusedtoexpandpistonringsforinstallationonthepiston.
RINGLANDSolidareaofpistonwhichsupportsrings,locatedbetweenringgrooves.
RINGRIDGEAridgeleftatthetopofacylinderasthecylinderwallbelowitiswornbypistonring
movement.
RINGRIDGEREMOVERAspecialtoolusedforremovingtheringridgefromthecylinder.
ROCKERARMInanIheadengine,adevicethatrocksonashaftorpivotsonastudasthecamactuates
thepushrodcausingthevalvetoopen.
RODBOLTSSpecialboltsusedontheconnectingrodtoattachthecap.Sometimeslocknutsareprovided.
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RODSMALLENDTheendoftheconnectingrodthroughwhichapistonpinpassestoconnectthepiston
totheconnectingrod.
RODBIGENDTheendoftheconnectingrodthatattachesaroundthecrankpin.
RPMRevolutionsperminute.
REVERSEFLUSHINGAmethodofcleaningaradiatororanenginecoolingsystembyflushinginthe
directionoppositetonormalcoolantflow.
SCOREDScratchedorgrooved,asacylinderwallmaybescoredbyabrasiveparticlesmovedupanddown
bythepistonrings.
SCRAPERAdeviceinengineservice,toscrapecarbonetc.,fromengineblock,pistonetc.
SCRAPERRINGOnapiston,atypeofoilcontrolringdesignedtoscrapeexcessoilfromcylinderwall
andcauseittoflowdownintothecrankcase.
SCREENAfinemeshscreeninthefuelorlubricatingsystemsthatpreventslargeparticles(dirtand
particlesofdust)fromenteringthesystem.
SCUFFINGAtypeofwearofmovingpartscharacterizedbytransferofmaterialfromonetootherpartand
resultsinpitsandgrooves.
SEALERAthick,tackycompoundusuallyspreadwithabrush,whichmaybeusedasagasketorsealant,
tosealsmallopeningsorsurfaceirregularities.
SEATThesurfaceonwhichanotherpartrests,suchasavalveseat.Also,appliedtotheprocessofapart
wearingintofit,forexamplepistonringsseatafterafewkilometersofdriving.
SEMIFLOATINGPISTONPINisclampedinthepistonpinbossesandfreetorotateintheconnecting
rodsmallendorclampedintheconnectingrodsmallendandfreetorotateinthepistonpinbosses.

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SEVERERINGSPistonringswhichexertrelativelyhighpressureagainstthecylinderwalls,sometimes
bytheuseofanexpanderspringbehindthering.Suchringscanbeusedinanenginehavingexcessive
cylinderwear.
SHROUDAhoodplacedaroundanenginecoolingfantoimprovefan(cooling)action.
SIAMESEDCRANKSHAFTCrankshaftconfigurationwheretworodsaremountedonthesame
crankpin(journal).Onerodisforkedandtheotherrodismountedoninsideofthefork.
SIDEBYSIDECRANKSHAFTCrankshaftconfigurationwhereconnectingrodsaremountednextto
eachotheronthesamecrankpin(journal).
SINGLEPIECECONNECTINGRODhassmallend,rodorshankandbigendasoneunit.Thisisused
inmostofthesmalltwostrokeenginesmeantfortwowheelers.
SPRING(valve)Acoiledwirethatvariesitslengthbyflexing,andtwisting.
SPRINGFREELENGTHThelengthofthespringwhenmeasuredwithoutanyloadonit.
SPRINGMECHANICALPRELOADThelengthorpressureofaspring,measuredwhileitisinthe
installedcondition.
SPRINGRATETheamountofforcenecessarytocompressaspringaspecificdistance,kilogramsper
centimetre,toindicatethestiffnessorsoftnessofaspring.
SPRINGRETAINERInthevalvetrain,thepieceofmetalthatholdsthespringsinplaceandisitself
lockedinplacebythevalvespringretainerlocks.
SPRINGRETAINERLOCKThelockingdeviceonthevalvestemthatlocksthespringretainerinplace.
SQUAREENGINEAnenginehavingtheboreandstrokeofequalmeasurements.
SQUISHTheaction(radialinwardairmotion)insomecombustionchambersinwhichthelastpartofthe
compressedchargeispushed,orsquirted,outofadecreasingspacebetweenthepistonandthecylinderhead.
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STIRLINGENGINEAtypicalinternalcombustionengineinwhichthepistonismovedbythechanging
pressureofaworkinggasthatisalternatelyheatedandcooled.
STROKEInanengine,thedistancethatthepistonmovesfromBDCtoTDCorviceversa.
SUMPAsystemforstoringlubricatingoil,eitherinthecrankcase(wetsump)orinaseparatetank(dry
sump).
SUPERCHARGERAdeviceintheintakesystemofanenginewhichpressurizestheingoingcharge.This
increasesthemassofcharge(airfuelmixture)burnedandthusincreasesengineoutput.Ifthesupercharger
isdrivenbytheengineexhaustgasturbine,itiscalledTURBOCHARGER.
TANKUNITTheunitofthefuelindicatingsystemthatismountedinthefueltank.
TAILPIPEcarriestheexhaustgasesfromthemufflerandexhauststhesameintotheatmosphere.Thetail
pipeendissometimecutonabias(atanangle)toreduceexhaustnoise.
THERMALEFFICIENCYRelationshipbetweenthepoweroutputandtheenergyinthefuelburnedto
producetheoutput.
THERMOSTATAtemperaturesensitivedeviceusedinacoolingsystemtoadjustflowofcoolantas
coolanttemperaturechanges.
THERMOSTATICALLYCONTROLLEDAIRCLEANERAnaircleanerwhichusesathermostatto
controlthepreheatingofintakeair.
THROWARODExpressionusedtodesignateanenginewithaloose,knockingconnectingrodbearing,
oranenginethathasbrokenaconnectingrodandshoweditthroughthecylinderblockoroilpan.
TIMINGIntheengine,referstotimingofvalves,andtimingofignition,andtheirrelationtopiston
positioninthecylinder.
TIMINGCHAINAchaindrivenbyasprocketonthecrankshaft,thatdrivesthesprocketonthecamshaft.
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TIMINGGEARSareapairofmeshinggears(onebiggergearmountedonthecamshaftandanother
smallergearmountedonthecrankshaft)meantfordrivingthecamshaftattherequiredspeedratiobythe
crankshaft.
TOPDEADCENTRE(TDC)Thepistonpositionatwhichthepistonhasmovedtothetopofthecylinder
andthecentrelineoftheconnectingrodisparalleltothecylinderwall.
TORQUEThetwistingforceattheendofthecrankshaftmultipliedbythedistanceofthisforce
applicationfromtheshaftcentre,measuredinkilogrammetersorNewtonmeters.
TORSIONALVIBRATIONBackandforthmotionaroundaturningcentre.Vibrationinarotary
directionthatcausesatwistuntwistactiononarotatingshaft,arotatingshaftthatrepeatedlymovesahead
orlagsbehindtheremainderoftheshaftforexample,theactionsofacrankshaftrespondstothecylinder
firingimpulses.
TUNEDINTAKESYSTEMAnintakesysteminwhichthemanifoldhastheproperlengthandvolumeto
introducearamjetorsuperchargingeffect.
TUNEUPTheprocedureofinspection,testingandadjustinganengineandreplacinganywornpartsto
restoretheenginetoitsbestperformance.
TURBOCHARGERAsuperchargerdrivenbythegasturbinewhichisoperatedbytheengineexhaust
gases.
TWOSTROKECYCLETheseriesofeventsnamelyintake,compression,powerandexhaustallofwhich
takeplaceintwopistonstrokes.AlsocalledTWOCYCLEinashortform.
VENGINEAnenginewithtwobanksofcylinderssetatanangletoeachothertoformaV.
VALVEAdevicethatcanbeopenedorclosedtoalloworstoptheflowofafluid(liquidorgasorvapour)
fromonetoanotherplace.
VALVECLEARANCETheclearancebetweentherockerarmandthevalvestemtipinanoverheadvalve
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engine:Theclearanceinthevalvetrainwhenthevalve,isintheclosedposition.AlsocalledVALVELASH.
VALVEFLOATTheconditionthatexistswhenanenginevalvedoesnotfollowthecamprofile,failureof
thevalvetocloseatthepropertime.
VALVEGRINDINGRefacingavalveinavalvefacingmachine.
VALVEGUIDEThecylindricalpartinthecylinderblockorheadinwhichthevalveisassembledandin
whichvalvestemmovesupanddown.
VALVELIFTERAlsocalledlifter,tappet,valvetappetandcamfollower.Acylindricalpartoftheengine,
whichrestsonacamofthecamshaftandislifted,bycamaction,sothatthevalveisopened.
VALVELIFTERFOOTThebottomendofthevalvelifter,thepartthatridesonthecamlobe.
VALVEOVERLAPNumberofdegreesofcrankshaftrotationthroughwhichboththeintakeandexhaust
valvesareopentogether.
VALVEROTATORDeviceusedinplaceofthevalvespringretainer,ithasabuiltinmechanismtorotate
thevalveslightlyeachtimeitopens.
VALVESEATThesurfaceinthecylinderheadorcylinderblockagainstwhichthevalvesfacecomesto
rest.
VALVESEATINSERTMetalringsinsertedinthevalveseats,usuallyexhaust,theyareofspecialmetal
whichcanwithstandhightemperatureandexhibitminimumwearatthesetemperatures.
VALVESEATRECESSIONAlsoknownaslashloss,thetendencyforthevalves,insomeenginesrunon
unleadedgasoline,tocontacttheseatinsuchawaythattheseatwearsaway,orrecessesintothecylinder
head.
VALVESTEMThelong,thincylindricalsectionofthevalvethatfitsandmovesinthevalveguide.
VALVETIMINGThetimingofvalveopeningandclosinginrelationtopistonpositioninthecylinder.
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VALVETRAINThevalveoperatingmechanismofanengine,fromthecamshaftofthevalve.
VEECYLINDERSCylinderspositionedatanglestoeachotherformingtheshapeoftheletterV.
VIBRATIONDAMPERisattachedtothecrankshaftinordertocontrolthetorsionalvibrationcausedby
thepowerimpulses.
VOLUMETRICEFFICIENCYRatiobetweentheamountoffreshchargethatactuallyentersanengine
cylinderandthetheoreticalamountthatcouldenterunderidealconditions.
WANKELENGINEArotarytypeengine,inwhichathreeloberotorturnseccentricallyinaspecially
shapedhousing.
WETLINERWhenfittedinthecylinderblockhaswaterontheexternalsurfaceoftheliner.Goodcooling
isrealizedbyhavingthewaterindirectcontactwiththeliner.
WRISTPINAcylindrical(solidorhollow)pinthatattachesthepistontotheconnectingrod.

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