Complete Notes On 9th Physics by Asif Rasheed

XSAS
IDEAL SCIENCE
ACADEMY
(CONTACT #
0344 -78
46 394 )
9 CLASS
PHYSICS NOTES
TH
1) PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES &
MEASURMENTS
2) KINEMATICS
3) DYNAMICS
NOTES OF PHYSICS 9TH CLASS
ENGLISH
MEDIUM
Page
Ideal Science Academy
COMPLETE FIRST THREE

CHAPTER PROBLEMS,SHORT
AND LONG QUESTIONS
IDEAL SCIENCE
ACADEMY
ASIF RASHEED BS
HONS PHYSICS

3
Unit No 1
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1 Define Physics?
2 Ans: The branch of science which deals with the study of matter and
energy and their mutual relationship is called Physics.
(2) Write names of the branches of Physics?
Ans: (1) Mechanics
(2) Heat & Thermodynamics (3) Sound (4) Light
(5) Electromagnetism (6) Atomic and Molecular Physics (7) Nuclear Physics (8)
Plasma Physics (9) Solid Physics
Why do we study physics?
We study physics to under stand the laws of nature and how nature effects the
human action.
(3) Define Plasma?

Ans: The state of matter at a very high temperature comprising the ions and
electrons is called plasma.
(4) Name the branches of physics overlapping the other branches of
science?
Ans:
(1) Astrophysics
(2) Geophysics
(3) Biophysics
(7) Who studied the freely falling bodies?

Ans: Galileo studied the freely falling bodies
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:
Mechanics:
It is the study of motion of objects, the causes and effect.
Heat:
It deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat.
Sound:

Light (Optics):
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It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties
and applications.
It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of
optical instruments.
Electricity and magnetism:
It is the study of the changes at rest and in motion, their effects and their
relationships with magnetism.
Atomic physics:
It is the study of the structure and properties of atom.
Nuclear physics:
It deals with the properties and behaviour of nuclei and the particles within the
nuclei.
Plasma physics:
It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter The fourth
state of matter.
Geophysics:
It is the study of the internal structure of the earth.
System international units:
A world-wide system of measurements is known as system international units
(SI). In SI, the units of seven base
quantities are meter, kilogram, second,
ampere, Kelvin, candela and mole.
vernier callipers:
An instrument used to measure small lengths such as internal and external
diameter or length of a cylinder etc is called vernier calipers.
Least count of vernier calliper is 1/10 cm or 0.1 cm which is also called vernier
constant.
Screw gauge:
A screw gauge is used to measure small lengths such as diameter of a wire,
thickness of a metal sheet etc.
The least count of micrometer screw gauge is 0.01 mm.
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Physical balance

Physical balance is a modified type of a beam balance used to measure small
masses by comparison with greater accuracy.
MEASUREMENTS
Why a standard unit is need to measure a quantity correctly.
Ans:
Various units have been in use in different times in different parts of the
world. The fast means of communication systems have changed the world into
a global village. Due to this reason an international system of units for mutual
business became essential.
The eleventh general conference of weights and measures recommended that
all the countries of world should adopted a system of same kind of standard
units, consisting of seven base units known as international system of units (SI)
and derived units.
Q: What is meant by base and derived units? Give three examples of
derived units and explain how they are derived from base units.
Ans:
Base Units:
The units of base quantities are called base units.
Examples:
Kilogram (kg), meter (m), second (s), Ampere (A)
Derived Units:
The units of derived quantities which are derived from base
units are called derived units.
Examples:
Unit of Area: m2.
Unit of Volume: m3
Unit of Density: Kg m-3
Unit of speed: meter per second (ms-1),
Unit of weight: Newton
Unit of force: Newton,
Unit of Pressure: Pascal
Q : How they are derived from base units:
These units are obtained by multiplication, division or both of base units.
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Unit of Area: length x breadth

Unit of length x unit of breadth
Meter x meter
mxm
: m2
Unit of Volume: length x breadth x height

Unit of length x unit of breadth x unit of height
Meter x meter x meter
mxmxm
: m3
Unit of Density: Mass
Volume
Unit of mass
Unit of volume
Q: What is the number of base units in System International (SI)?
Ans.
There are seven base units which are given below
Number Physical Quantity Unit Symbol
1. Length Meter (m
2. Mass Kilogram(kg
3. Time Seconds (s
4. Electric current Ampere( A
5. Temperature Kelvin( K
6. Intensity of light Candela(cd
7. Amount of substance(Mole mol
Q: Where multiples and sub-multiples of units are used? Describe
some standard prefaces which are internationally used.
Ans. Multiples and sub-multiples of units are used to make very large and very
small mathematical calculations easier. The multiples and sub-multiples are
obtained by multiplying or dividing with ten or power of tens.
The terms used internationally for the multiples and sub-multiples for different
units are called prefixes.
Q: What is the use of vernier calipers?

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Q1.7 What is meant by its vernier constant?

Ans.
A vernier calliper can be used to measure lengths accurately up to one
tenth of a millimetre.
Least Count/Vernier Constant
The minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of vernier
scale or vernier calipers is called least count.
Least count of vernier calliper is 1/10 mm or 0.1 cm which is also called vernier
constant.
Q: Explain the statement A micrometer screw gauge measures more
accurately than a vernier caliper?
Ans.
Least Count: The minimum length which can be measured accurately is
called least count of any measuring device.
The least count of micrometer screw gauge is 0.01 mm and that of Vernier
calliper is 0.1. cm. So a micrometer screw gauge measures more accurately
than a vernier calliper.
Significant figures:
All accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression are
called significant figures. It reflects the precision of a measured
value of a
physical quantity.
RULES TO FIND THE SIGNIFICANT FIGURE IN A MEASUREMENT:
(i) Digits other than zero are always significant.
27 have 2 significant digits.
(ii) Zeroes between significant digits are also significant.
(iii) Final zero or zero after decimal are significant.
275.00 have 5 significant digits.
(iv) Zero used for spacing the decimal points is not significant.
Here zero is place holders only.
0.03 has 1 significant digit.
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0.027 has 2 significant digits.

(v) In whole numbers that end in 1 or more zero without a decimal point. These
zeroes may or may not be significant. In such cases, it is not clear which zero
serve to locate the position value and which are actually parts of
measurements. In such a case, express the quantity using scientific notation to
find the significant zero.
APPLICATION OF PHYSICS
Physics play an important role in our daily life. We hardly find a device where
physics is not involved. Consider pulleys make it easy to left heavy loads.
Electricity is not used only to get light and heat but also mechanical energy
that derives fans electric motors ctc.Consider the means of transportation such
as car and aeroplanes domestic appliances such as air conditioners
refrigerators vacuum cleaners washing machine and micro wave ovens
etc.Similarly the means of communication such as radio T V telephone are the
result of application of physics. These devices made our lives much comfortable
and easier than the past.
BOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
Q: 1.5
Estimate your age in seconds?
Ans :
My age is sixteen years. Its value in seconds
16 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 504576000 seconds.
Q1.6: What role SI units have played in the progress of science?
Ans : SI units are very easy to use because their addition, multiplication and
division is very easy . These can be written in terms of multiples of ten.
1.7 SEE ABOVE.
Q1.8: what do you under stand by zero error of measuring
instruments?
Ans: When the zero of virnier scale is not coinciding with the zero of main
scale,then instrument has zero error
Q1.9: why is the use of zero error in a measuring instrument?
Ans: By the use of zero error the observation taken can be correct, to get
correct observations
Q1.10: What is stop watch? What is the least count of mechanical stop
watch you have use in laboratory?

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Ans: The stop watch is used to measure small intervals of time. Its least count
is about 0.1 seconds.
Q1.11: We need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Ans: Small time interval are measured o calculate instantaneous time rate of
change of variable.
Q1.12: What is meant by significant figures of a measurement?
Ans: All the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression
are known as significant figures.
Q1.13: How is precision is related to the significant figures in a
measured quantity?
Ans: More is the number of significant figures, when the measuring instrument
used has small value of its least count. The small value of least count the large
is the value of precision. For example reading taken by screw gauge has more
precision than reading taken by meter rod or verneir scale.
CHAPTER: 1
Physical quantities and measurement
(Problems)
P1.1) Express the following quantities using prefixes.
Solution:
(a) 5000g
As 1000g = 1kg so 5000/1000
=5kg Ans
(b)2000000w
As 106 = mega
So 2000000 w
2 x 106
=2MW
(c) 52 x 10-10 x kg
since 1kg =1000g or103g
=52 x 10-10 x 103g
= 52 x 10-10+3g
= 52 x 10-7g
= 5.2 x 101 x 10-7g
= 5.2 x 10-7+1g
= 5.2 x 10-6g
=5.2ug Ans
-8
(d) 225 x 10 s
=2.25 x 102 x 10-8s
= 2.25 x 102-8s
=2.25 x 10-6s
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= 2.25 us ANS
10

P1.2) How do prefixes micro, nano and pico related to each other.
As we know that,
Micro =10-6
Nano = 10-9
Pico = 10-12
1 p= 1/1000n
1 p= 1/1000000
1 n= 1/1000
1 n = 1000 p
1 = 1000n
1 = 1000000p
P1.3) Your hair grow at the rate of 1mm per day find their
growth rate in nms-1.
As milli = 10-3
Nano = 10-9
1m = 10-6 n OR 1m = 1000000n
By multiplying m on both sides
1mm = 106 nm OR 1mm = 1000000nm
As we know that
One day = 24 hours
One hour = 60 minutes
One minutes = 60s
So
One day = 24 x60 x6
= 86400 s
So the growth rate in nms-1 is
= 1000000nm/86400s
= 11.57nms-1 Ans
P1.4) Rewrite the followings in standard form:
Solution:
27
(a)
1168 x 10
Solution:
27
11.68 x 10
27
(b)
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1.168 x 10 x 10
1.168 x 10 3-27
24
1.168 x 10
ANS
11
5
32 x 10
Solution:
1
5
3.2 x 10 x 10
3.2 x 10 1+5
6
3.2 x 10
25
(c) 725 x 10
5
3
7.25 x 10
x 10 g
2
7.25 x 10 x 10 x 10 -5+3
7.25 x 10 2-2g
0
7.25 x 10
7.25g ANS
8
(d) 0.02 x 10
Solution:
0.02 x 10-2 x 10-8
2 x 10-2-8 (as we know that powers are added up)
2 x 10-10 ANS
P1.5) Write the following quantities in scientific notation:
Solution:
(a) 6400km
6.4x103km ANS
(b) 380000km
3.8x105 ANS
(c) 300000000ms-1
3.108ms-1
(d) Seconds in a day:
24x60x60s=86400s
8.64x104s ANS
P1.6) Question on book:

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12
As the zero of Vernier scale is on right so zero error will be positive

and if its 4th division is conceding with the main scale then the zero
error=0.01x4=0.04
Zero error= +0.04cm
And zero correction= -0.04cm
P1.7) A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular scale. The pitch of
the screw gauge is 0.5mm. What is its least count?
Solution:
Least count= pitch of screw gauge/no. of divisions in circular
0.5/50=0.01mm
0.01x10-3m
1x10-5m
1x10-5x100cm
1x10 -3cm
0.001cm ANS
P1.8) Which of the following quantities have three significant figures?
Solution:
(a)
3.006m
(b)
5.05x10-21kg
(c)
0.00309kg
(d)
301.0s
P1.9) What are the significant figures in the following measurements?
(a)
1.009m (It carry all of them 4)
(b)
0.00450kg
0.00450
It has 3 significant figures
(c)
1.66x10-27kg
1.66x10-27kg
It has 3 significant figures.
(d)
2001s
It has 4 significant figures.
P.10) A chocolate wrapper is 6.7cm long, 5.4cm wide. Calculate its
area up to reasonable number of significant figures.
Solution:
Area= length x width
=6.7cm x 5.4cm
Unit # 2
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= 36.18cm2
Area in significant figure= 36cm2
13
Kinematics
Define Mechanics and its types.

The branch of physics, which deals with the study of motion of bodies, is called
Mechanics. It has two types:
I) Kinematics
ii) Dynamics
Define Types of Mechanics.
Kinematics:
It is study of motion of bodies without reference of force and mass.
Dynamics:
It is study of motion of bodies with reference of force and mass.
Q2.3 (i) difference between rest and motion?
Define Rest
If a body does not change its position with respect to some observers then it is
said to be in the state of rest.
Define Motion
If a body is changing its position with respect of some observers then it is
said to be in the state of motion.
Name the types of motion
a. Translatory Motion
b. Linear motion
c. Circular motion
d. Random motion
e. Rotatory Motion
f. Vibratory Motion
What is the motion butterfly? Executed by

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14
Flight of butterfly is irregular motion. Therefore its motion is called random

motion.
What is type of motion of free falling bodies?
Freely falling bodies move downward in straight direction under the force of
gravity. Therefore their motion is called linear motion.
What is the type of motion of a man moving in circular track?
His motion is circulatory motion.
Q2.3 (iii)What is the difference between distance and displacement?
Define Distance
The path between two points is called distance. It is scalar quantity.
Define Displacement
The shortest distance between two points is called displacement. It is a
vector quantity.
Q2.3 (VI) what is the difference between Scalar and Vector? OR
What are Scalar and Vector Quantities?
Scalars are those quantities which are described by a number with suitable
unit without direction.
Vectors are those quantities which can be described by a number with
suitable unit and with direction.
Q2.3 (iv) What is the difference between Velocity and Speed?
Define Velocity
(Part of 2.4
The distance covered by a body in a unit time in a particular direction is
called velocity.
OR
The rate of change of displacement is called velocity. It is denoted by v. It is
a vector quantity.
1.
Positive
Acceleration
If the velocity continuously increases then the acceleration will be positive.

2.
Negative
acceleration
If the velocity continuously decreases then the acceleration will be negative.

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15
Define Uniform Speed

If a body covers an equal distance in equal interval of time in a particular
direction, the body is said to be uniform Velocity.
Define variable velocity
If a body does not cover an equal distance in
equal interval of time in a particular direction,
the body
is said to be in variable velocity.

Define relative velocity
When two bodies are in motion then the velocity
of
one
body
relative to other is called relative velocity.

Define Instantaneous velocity
The velocity of a body at any instance of time is called instantaneous
velocity.
Define Average velocity
Average velocity of a body can be obtained by dividing the total
displacement with total time taken.
Vav = Displacement/Time =
d
t
Can a body moving with certain velocity in the direction of East can
have acceleration in the direction of West?
Ans:
Yes, if the velocity of the body decreases, then it will have acceleration in
the opposite direction, that is, in the direction of west.
Does speedometer of a car measures its velocity?
It measures only speed but not velocity.
Part of 2.4
Define Acceleration.
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is denoted by a. It is
a vector quantity.
Define Uniform Acceleration
If velocity of a body is changing equally in equal intervals of times then its
acceleration will be uniform.

its acceleration will be variable.
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16
Define Variable Acceleration

If velocity of a body is not changing equally in equal intervals of times then
Define Average Acceleration
The average acceleration can be obtained by dividing total change in
velocity with total time taken.
aav = Change in Velocity/Total Time
=(Vf Vi)t
Define Gravitational Acceleration
The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration. It
is denoted by g. Its value
is 10 meter per second per second (10 ms-2)
2. A body is thrown vertically upward. What is gravitational
acceleration?
Ans :
It is 10 meter per second per second (-10 ms -2)
3. What is acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity?
Ans :
The acceleration will be 0.
4. What consideration should be kept in mind while using equation of motion
for free falling bodies?
Initial velocity should be taken as zero.
Acceleration will be taken as (g) instead of (a)
Part of 2.4
Define Speed
The distance covered in unit time is called speed.
Speed = Distance/Time
v = S/t
The unit of speed is meter per second (ms-1) or m/s
5. Q#2.7 /Can a body moving at a constant speed have
acceleration?
Yes, if it is moving in circular path, it can have acceleration.
6. A body is moving with uniform velocity, what will be its
acceleration?

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17
Its acceleration will be zero.

7. A body is moving with a uniform speed. Will its velocity be
uniform?
Yes, if it moves in straight line and does not change its direction.
8. Can a body moving with a certain velocity in direction of
East, have Acceleration in the direction of West?
Yes, if its velocity will decrease, it has acceleration in the direction of west.
9. Does speedometer a car measure its velocity?
No, it only measures the speed.
10.
Why a stone and a piece of paper when dropped from the
same height, reach the ground at the same time.
Because both have same gravitational acceleration.
11.
What type of change will occur in three equations of motion
under the action of gravity?
Acceleration (a) will be replaced with gravitational acceleration (g) in all
equations.
And distance (s) will be changed in to height (h)
Describe the different types of motion in detail?
Motions of bodies are of three types:
Q2.3 (v) What is the difference between linear and random Motion?
Q2.3 (ii) What is the difference between Circular and Translatory
Motion?
i) Translatory Motion: A motion in which each particle of a body has exactly same motion is
called Translatory Motion. It
may be of many kinds for examples:
a. Linear Motion: If a body moves in straight line its

motion is called linear motion. e.g. motion of free falling bodies, a man
walking on a straight path
b. Circular Motion: If a body moves in a circle its motion is
circular motion. e.g. motion of stone attached to thread and
whirled.
c. Random Motion: If a body moves in irregular manner its
motion is called random motion. e.g. motion of butterfly.
called

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18
ii) Rotatory Motion: Motion is said to Rotatory, when the object rotates on its own axis.
Examples: Rotatory motion of a planets on its axis, wheels of a vehicles,
spinning top, ceiling fan etc.
iii)
Vibratory Motion: When a body moves to and fro about a point and repeats its motion then
its motion is called vibratory
motion. e.g. Motion of simple Pendulum, motion
of tuning fork, A ruler. Place one inch of it on a desk,
and the other 11 off
the desk. Flick the end off the desk and watch it vibrate.
Q2.10 How can a vector quantity be represented graphically?
Ans: When a vector is represented graphically, its magnitude is represented by
the length of straight line and its direction is represented by the direction of the
arrow head . Here is an example
Q2.11 Why vectors quantities can not be added and subtracted like
scalar quantities?
Ans ; In addition of vector quantities, not their magnitude but their direction
also involved therefore vector can not be added like the addition of scalar.
Q2.12: How are vectors quantities are important to us in our daily life?

19
Ans: in our daily life vectors quantities are completely explained only when
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their direction are also considered Q2.13 Derive equation of motion for
uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion?
Three equations of motion are three equations of motion under the action of
gravity are
Vf = Vi + at
S = Vi t +
2aS = Vf
Vf=Vi+gt
1
2
at2
h=Vit+ 2 gt2
Vi 2 2gh = Vf
Vi
Q2.14 : Sketch the velocity time graph for the motion of the body?
Motion Graphs
For body moving at constant velocity:

The graph of straight line parallel to the X axis shows that the body is moving
with constant velocity
a)

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20
b) Q 2.7 Distance time graph for a body start from rest
uniform velocity-- time graph
Derivation of Equation of Motion (Graphically)

First Equation of Motion
Consider an object moving with a uniform velocity u in a straight line. Let it be,
given a uniform acceleration at time, t = 0 when its initial velocity is V i. As a
result of the acceleration, its velocity increases to V f (final velocity) in time t
and s is the distance covered by the object in time t. The figure shows the
velocity-time graph of the motion of the object.
Slope of the Vf - t graph gives the acceleration of the moving object.
Thus, acceleration = slope = AB = BC/AC

21
Where BD=Vf, CD=Vi, AC= OD=t BC=BD-CD

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(Average,acceleration(aav)= ChangeinVelocity/time)
Slope=AB= Vf - Vi/ t
a = Vf - Vi / t
Vf Vi = at
Vf = Vi + at ........................................................(1)
Second Equation of Motion

Let Vi be the initial velocity of an object and 'a' the
acceleration produced in the body. The distance
travelled s in time t is given by the area enclosed
the velocity-time graph for the time interval 0 to t.
Distance travelled
S = area of the trapezium
ABDO
Total aera of OABD=
area of rectangle ACDO +
area of ABC
= OD x OA +
Where,
1
2
(BC x AC)
OA=VI, OD=t, BC=BD-CD,

1
2
= t x Vi +
= Vi t +
1
2
AC=t, BD=Vf, CD=Vi
(Vf - Vi ) x t
(Vf - Vi ) x t
(vf = V i + at I eqn of motion; vf - vi = at)
by
S = Vit +
1
2 at x t
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S = Vi t +
22
1
2
2 at .
Third Equation of Motion

Let 'vi' be the initial velocity of an object and a be the acceleration produced in
the body. The distance travelleds in timet is given by the area enclosed by
the speed (v) - t graph.
S= area of the trapezium OABD.
=
1
( )
2
(OA + BD) x AC
1
( )
2
where OA=Vi, BD= Vf, AC=OD=t
(Vi + Vf)t ....(1)
But we know that a =( Vf - Vi )t

Or t = (Vf - Vi )a
Substituting the value of t in eq. (1) we get,
s=
1
( )
2
(Vi + Vf)( Vf Vi)a =
1
( )
2
(Vf + Vi)( Vf Vi)a
2as = (Vf + Vi) ( Vf - Vi )

(Vf + Vi)( Vf - Vi) = 2as
v 2 - Vi
[using the identity a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)]
= 2as........... Third Equation of Motion
Acceleration Due To Gravity Or Free Falling Objects

23
Galileo was the first scientist to observe that, neglecting the effect of air
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resistance, all bodies in free-fall close to the Earths surface accelerate

vertically downwards with the same acceleration: namely 9.8 m/s 2
Example
If a ball is thrown vertically upward, it rises to a particular height and then falls
back to the ground. However this is due to the attraction of the earth which
pulls the object towards the ground
Characteristic Of Free Falling Bodies
1. When a body is thrown vertically upward, its velocity continuously decreases
and become zero at a particular height During this motion the value of
acceleration is negative and Vf is equal to zero
(a = -9.8m/s2 , Vf = 0).
2. When a body falls back to the ground , its velocity continuously increases
and become maximum at a particular height During this motion the value of
acceleration is positive and Vi is equal to zero (a = 9.8m/s 2 , Vi = 0).
3. Acceleration due to gravity is denoted by a and its value is 9.8m/s 2 .
4. Equation of motion for the free-falling bodies be written as,
Vf = Vi + gt
h = Vi t +
2gh = Vf
1
2
Vi
gt2
2
CHAPTER: 2
KINEMATICS
1
P2.1) A train moves with a uniform Velocity of 36 km h
for 10S. Find
the distance travelled by it. Solution:
1
(Velocity) V= 36 km h

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(Time) t= 10 m s
(Distance) S= ?
Formula: S= Vavx t
= (10) x (10)
S= 100 m ANS
24
1
= 36x1000/60x60= 36000/3600= 10 m s
P2.2) A train starts from nest. It moves through 1km in 100S with
uniform acceleration. What will be its speed at the end of 100 S?
Solution:
(Distance) S= 1km =1000 m
(Time) t= 100 S
(Velocity)Vi= 0 m/s
Vf=?
By using formula:
1
S= vit+ ( 2 )
at
1000= 0(t)+
1
2
1000=
1
2
2
a (100)
a (10000)
2x1000/10000=a
2
A= 0.2 m s
ANS
Now by using first equation of motion:
Vf= v ;+at
Vf= 0=(0.2)(100)
1
Vf= 20 m s
ANS
2
P2.3) A car has a Velocity of 10m/s. At accelerate at 0.2 m s for half

minute. Find the distance travelled during this time and the final
Velocity of the car.
Solution:
(Initial Velocity) Vi= 10m/s
2
(Acceleration) a= 0.2m/ s
1
2
minutes= 30s
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(time) t=
25

(final velocity) Vf= ?
S=?
st
By using 1 equation of motion:
Vf= Vi+at
Vf= (10)+(0.2)(30)
Vf= 10+6
1
Vf= 16m s
By using 3rd equation of motion to find s:
2
2
2aS= V f -V ;
2
2
2aS= V f -V ;
2
2
2(0.2)= ( 16 ) - ( 10 )
0.4 S= 256-100
S=
156
)
0.4
S= 390m ANS
P2.4) A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a Velocity of 30m/s. it
takes 3s to reach the highest point. Calculate the maximum highest
reached by the ball. How long it will take to return to the ground?
Solution:
(Initial Velocity) Vi= 30m/s
(Time) t1= 3s
(Height) S=?
Time required returning to the ground t2=?
2
g = -10m/ s
The value of g will be negative because the ball will be decelerating.
Now by using the 2nd equation of the motion:
1
2
S= vit+ ( 2 ) (10) ( 3 )
= 90+(-5)(9)
= 90-45
Height S= 45m ANS

1
26
2
P 2.6) A train starts from the nest with an acceleration of 0.5m s .
Page
Find its speed in km h

when it has moved through 100m.
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 0
2
Acceleration a= 0.5 m s
Distance s= 100m
Final Velocity Vf=?
To find the final Velocity we have to find the time. By using 2 nd equation of
motion:
2
S= vit+1/2 a t
By putting the values:
2
100= (0)t+1/2(0.5) ( t )
2
100= (0.5) t
2
100= 0.25 t
100
0.25 =400
t 2 = 400
Taking square root on both sides:

t2 = 400
T= 20s
Now for Vf, we have formula:
Vf= Vi+at
Vf= 0=(0.5)(20)
1
Vf= 10m s
Now to convert 10m/s into km/h, we will multiply it with 3600 nad divide it by
1000.
So,
Vf= 10 x
1
Vf= 36 km h
3600
1000
ANS
P2.8) A cricket ball is hit vertically upward and returns to the ground
6s later. Calculate:
Maximum height reached by the ball
Page
i) Initial Velocity of the ball

:Solution
s 2 /Acceleration g = -10m
Time t= 6s
Time for upward= t1= 6/2= 3s
?= Height= s
?Initial Velocity= Vi
Final Velocity= Vf= 0
:By using 1st equation of motion
Vf= vi+gt
O= vi+(-10)(3)
O= vi-30
vi=30
s1 Vi=30m
:By using 3rd equation of motion
v i 2 - V f 2 =2aS
2x(-10) x s= 0 (30)
20s= -90020s= 900
S= 900/20
S= 45m
27
ANS
P2.9) When brakes are applied the speed of train decreases from the
96km/h to 48km/h. In 800m how much distance will it cover before
coming to rest? (Assume the retardation is constant)
:Solution
:The situation can be divided into two parts. The parts 1 data is as follows
Initial Velocity Vi= 96 km/h
= 96x1000/3600= 26.66m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 48km/h
= 48x1000/3600= 13.33m/s
Distance s= 800m
Acceleration a=?
By using 3rd equation of motion:
2
2
2aS= V f - V ;
2
2
2a(800)= ( 13.33 ) - ( 26.66 )
Page
1600s= -533.35
a= -533.35/1600
1
a= -0.33m/ s
vi= 48km/h= 13.33m/s
vf= 0 m/s
s=?
Again by using 3rd equation of motion:
2
2
2aS= v f v i
28
2
2
2(-0.3)s= ( 0 ) - ( 13.33 )
-0.6s= -177.688
S= -177.688/-0.6
S= 266.53m
P2.10) In problem 2.9 find the time taken by the train to stop after the
application of brakes.
Solution:
Initial Velocity Vi= 96km/h= 26.667m/s
Final Velocity Vf= 0m/s
2
Acceleration a= -0.33m/ s
Time t=?
Formula Vf= vi+at
O= 26.677+(-0.33)t
-26.66= -033t
T= -26.667/-0.33
T= 80.80
Vf-vi=at
0-26.677/-0.3344=t
T=80s ANS
P2.11) A car moves with uniform Velocity of 5s it comes to rest in the
next 10s/ Find deceleration and total distance covered by the car?
Solution:
1
Initial Velocity Vi= 40m s
Time t = 10s
Final Velocity Vf= 0
Retardation a=?
Total distance S=?

vf vi
a= ( t )
a= 0-40/40
2
a= -4 m s
ANS
Distance travelled in 1st five seconds.
S 1 = vxt
= 40x5
S1= 200m
Average Velocity for next 10 seconds.
1
Vav= 40+0/2= 20m s
S2= Vav*t
= 20x10
s 2 = 200m
Page
29
As we know that:
Total distance S= S1 + S2
= 200+200 = 400m ANS
Chapter # 3
Dynamics
1. FORCE
The Force is an agent which produces or tends to produce a motion in a body
or it stops or tends to stop the motion of a body. In simple words we can also
say that force is an agent which changes or tends to change the state of an
object.
UNIT
The unit of a Force in M.K.S System is Newton
2. MASS
The quantity of matter contained in a body is called mass. It is a scalar
quantity.
F = ma
m = F/a
Page
FORMULA
30
UNIT
The unit of mass in M.K.S System is Kilogram (kg).
3. WEIGHT
The force with which earth attracts other bodies towards its centre is called
weight. It is a vector quantity.
FORMULA;
W = mg
UNIT
The unit of weight in M.K.S System is Newton (N).
INERTIA
Definition
Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state.
Examples
Cover a glass with a post card and place a coin on it. Now strike the post card
swiftly with the nail of your finger. If the stroke has been made correctly, the
postcard will be thrown away and the coin will drop in the glass.
If a moving bus stops suddenly, the passenger standing in it feels a jerk in the
forward direction. As a result he may fall. It is due to the fact that the lower
part of the standing passengers comes to rest as the bus stops. But the upper
portion remains in motion due to inertia.
Difference between Mass and Weight
Mass
1. The quantity of matter present in a body is called mass.
2. The mass of a body remains constant everywhere and does not change by
change in altitude.
3. It is a scalar quantity.
31
Weight
Page
4. Mass can be determined by a physical balance.

1. The force with which the earth attracts a body towards its centre is called
the weight of the body.
2. The weight of a body is not constant. It is changed by altitude.
3. Weight is always directed towards the center of the earth. So it is a vector
quantity.
4. Weight can be determined by only a spring balance.
MOMENTUM
The quantity or quality of motion is called momentum and it is denoted by P
MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION
It is the product of mass and velocity.
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
P = mV
where:
p is the momentum
m is the mass
v the velocity
LAW OF MOTIONS
Newton formulated three laws of motion in his book.
NEWTON FIRST LAW OF MOTIONS
Newtons first law of motion is also known as the Law of Inertia.
STATEMENT
Every body continues its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line until
it is acted upon by an external or unbalance force to change its state of rest or
uniform motion.
This law consists of a two parts

(a) When body is at rest
Page
EXPLANATION
32
(b) When body is moving with uniform velocity

(a). When a body is at rest
Newtons Law states that when a body is at rest, it continues its rest unless we
apply a force on it. When we apply a force, it changes its state of rest and
starts moving along a straight line.
(b) When body is moving with a uniform velocity
Newtons Law states that when a body is moving, it moves in a straight line
with uniform velocity, but when we apply an opposite force, it changes its state
of motion and come to rest.
Examples
If a bus suddenly starts moving, the passengers standing in the bus will fall in
the backward direction. It is due to the reason that the lower part of the
passengers which is in contract with the floor of the bus is carried forward by
the motion of the bus, but the upper part of the body remains at rest due to
inertia and so the passengers fall in backward direction.
If a bus suddenly stops moving, the passengers standing in the bus will fall in
the forward direction. It is due to the reason that the lower part of the
passengers which is in contract with the floor of the bus is stopped with the
bus, but the upper part of the body remains moving due to inertia and so the
passengers fall in forward direction.
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
STATEMENT
When a force acts on an object it produces an acceleration which is directly
proportion to the amount of the force and inversely proportional to the product
of mass
EXPLANATION
33

Page
When we push a body with greater force then its velocity increases and change
of velocity takes place in the direction of the force. If we apply a certain force F
on a mass m, then it moves with certain velocity in the direction of the force. If
the force becomes twice then its velocity will also increase two times. In this
way if we go on increasing the fore there will be increase in velocity, which will
increase the acceleration.
DERIVATION
According to the Newton`s Second law of motion when a force acts on an
object it produces an acceleration which is directly proportion to the amount of
the force.
aF
and inversely proportional to the product of mass
a
1
m
Combining both.
a
F
m
A = constant F/m
a=k
F
m
If the Value of constant K is 1

F
m
Page
a=
34
so,
or
F = ma
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Statement:
To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction
EXPLANATION
According to Newtons Law of Motion, we have:
F(action) = F(reaction)
The negative (-) sign indicates that the two forces are parallel but in the
opposite direction. If we consider one of the interacting objects as A and the
other as B, then according to the third law of motion:
F(AB) = F(BA)
F(AB) represents the force exerted on A and F(BA) is the force exerted on
B.
Examples
We walk on the ground, we push the ground backward and as a reaction
the ground pushes us forward. Due to this reason we are able to move on the
ground.
If a book is placed on the table, it exerts some force on the table, which is
equal to the weight of the book. The table as a reaction pushes the book
upward. This is the reason that the book is stationary on the table and it does
not fall down.
FRICTION
35
Definition
Page
The force, which resists the motion of one surface
on
another surface, is known as

friction.
Explanation
Suppose a wooden block is placed on a table and a spring balance is attached
on it. If we apply a very small force of magnitude F by pulling the spring
gradually and increase it, we observe that the block does not move until the
applied force has reached a critical value. If F is less then critical value, the
block does not move. According to Newtons Third Law of motion an opposite
force balance the force. This opposing force is known as the force of friction or
friction.
CausesofFriction
If we see the surface of material bodies through microscope, we observe that
they are not smooth. Even the most polished surfaces are uneven. When one
surface is placed over another, the elevations of one get interlocked with the
depression of the other. Thus they oppose relative motion. The opposition is
known as friction.
Factors on which Friction Depends
The force of friction depends upon the following factors:
1. Normal Reaction (R)
Force of friction is directly proportional to normal reaction (R), which act upon
2. Nature of Surfaces
Page
surface.
36
the body in upward direction against the weight of the body sliding on the
Force of friction also depends upon the nature of the two surfaces. It is denoted
as u and has constant values for every surface. It is different for the two
surfaces in contact.
Coefficient Of Friction
The coefficient of friction is a number which represents the friction between
two surfaces. Between two equal surfaces, the coefficient of friction will be the
same. The symbol usually used for the coefficient of friction is
Greek letter
, where 0 1 .
The maximum frictional force (when a body is sliding) is equal to the coefficient
of friction the normal reaction force.
F=R
Where is the coefficient of friction and R is the normal reaction force.
This frictional force, F, will act parallel to the surfaces in contact and in a
direction to oppose the motion that is taking/ trying to take place.
Advantages of Friction
1. We could not walk without the friction between our shoes and the ground. As
we try to step forward, we push our foot backward. Friction holds our shoe to
the ground, allowing you to walk.
2. Writing with a pencil requires friction. We could not hold a pencil in our hand
without friction.
3. A nail stays in wood due to friction
4. Nut and bold hold due to friction
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
37

Page
1. In any type of vehiclesuch as a car, boat or airplaneexcess friction means

that extra fuel must be used to power the vehicle. In other words, fuel or
energy is wasted because of the friction.
2. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the amount of energy remains
constant. Thus, the energy that is lost to friction in trying to move an object
is really turned to heat energy. The friction of parts rubbing together creates
heat.
3. Due to the friction a machine has less efficiency less than 100%.
4. Due to friction machine catch fire.
Laws of Friction
Statement
The value of limiting friction increases proportionally with the increase in
normal reaction. Hence, liming friction F(s) is directly proportional to the
normal reaction.
F(s) < R (Here < represents the sign of proportionality dont write it in the
examination paper.)
=> Fs = R .. (i)
u = F(s)/R
u is the constant of proportionality, which depends upon the nature of the
surfaces of the two surfaces in contact. It is known as the coefficient of friction.
It is only a number without any unit. We know that the normal reaction is
directly proportional to the weight of the block, therefore,
R = W = mg
Substituting the value of R in equation (i)
=> Fs = mg
Rolling Friction

38
When a body rolls over a surface, the force of friction is called rolling friction.
surfaces in contact are very much less.
Page
Rolling friction is much less than the sliding friction. This is because the
LONG QUESTIONS
Question: Explain the Law of Conservation of Momentum?
This law states that
When two or more bodies collide with one another the total momentum of the
system remains the same, provided no external force acts upon them.
Explanation: The law of conservation of momentum is a fundamental law of nature, and it
states that the total momentum of an isolated system of objects (which has no
interactions with external agents) is constant. One of the consequences of this
is that the of any centre of mass system of objects will always continue with
the same velocity unless acted on by a force outside the system.
Consider two balls of masses m 1 and m2. They are initially moving with
velocities u1and u2 in same direction on a straight line. If u 1 > u2, then the balls
will collide. Let their velocities becomes v1 and v2 after collision.
Total momentum of balls before collision =
m1u1 + m2u2
Total momentum of balls after collision =
m1v1 + m2v2
According to Law of conservation of momentum

Total Momentum before collision
m1u1 + m2u2
Total Momentum after collision
m1v1 + m2v2
Rockets and jet engines also work on the same principle. In these machines,
hot gases produced by burning of fuel rush out with large momentum. The
machines gain an equal and opposite momentum. This enables them to
move with very high velocities.
Question: Define friction and describe the types of friction?

Page
39
Question: What is force of friction? How friction can be reduced?

Friction: The force, which resists the motion of one surface on another surface, is known
as
friction.
Methods to reduce friction: i) Sliding parts should be highly polished to reduce friction.
ii) Friction of liquids is less than solids. Therefore oil or grease is applied
between the parts of machinery.
iii) Rolling friction is less then sliding friction. Therefore sliding friction should
be converted to rolling friction by using ball bearings.
iv) Front side of vehicles, aeroplanes and ships are shaped wedge like and
pointed so that minimum friction is offered by air.
Centripetal Force
Definition
The force that causes an object to move along a curve (or a curved path) is
called centripetal force.
Mathematical Expression
We know that the magnitude of centripetal acceleration of a body in a uniform
circular motions is directly proportional to the square of velocity and inversely
proportional to the radius of the path Therefore,
a(c) v2
a(c) 1/r
Combining both the equations:
a(c) v2/r
From Newtons Second Law of Motion:
F = ma
=> F(c) = mv2/r
v = Velocity of object
m = Mass of object
Page
Fc = Centripetal Force
40
Where,
r = Radius of the curved path
Banking of the roads Factors on which Fc Depends:

Fc depends upon the following factors:
Increase in the mass will increases Fc.
It increases with the square of velocity.
It decreases with the increase in radius of the curved path.
When a car takes
Examples
The centripetal force required by natural planets to move constantly round a
circle is provided by the gravitational force of the sun.
If a stone tied to a string is whirled in a circle, the required centripetal force is
supplied to it by our hand. As a reaction the stone exerts an equal force which
is felt by our hand.
The pilot while turning his aero plane tilts one wing in the upward direction so
that the air pressure may provide the required suitable Fc.
Centrifugal Force
Definition
A force supposed to act outward on a body moving in a curve is known as
centrifugal force.
Explanation
Centrifugal force is actually a reaction to the centripetal force. It is a wellknown fact that Fc is directed towards the centre of the circle, so the
centrifugal force, which is a force of reaction, is directed away from the centre

41
of the circle or the curved path.
Page
According to Newtons third law of motion action and reaction do not

act on the same body, so the centrifugal force does not act on the
body moving round a circle, but it acts on the body that provides Fc.
Examples
If a stone is tied to one end of a string and it is moved round a circle, then the
force exerted on the string on outward direction is called centrifugal force.
The aeroplane moving in a circle exerts force in a direction opposite to the
pressure of air.
When a train rounds a curve, the centrifugal force is also exerted on the track.
Vertical motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that
passes
over
frictionless
pulley
Consider two bodies A and B of masses m 1 and m2 respectively, let m1 is

greater than m2. the bodies are attached to the opposite ends of an
inextensible string. The string passes over a frictionless pulley. the body A
being heavier must be moving downward with some acceleration. Let this
acceleration be a. At the same time, the body B attached to the other end of
the string moves up with the same acceleration a. As the pulley is frictionless,
hence tension will be the same throughout the string. Let the tension in the
string be T.
Since the body A moves downwards, hence its weight m1g is greater than the
tension T in the string.

42
Net force acting on body A=m1g-T

m1g-T = m1a
Page
According to the Newtons law of motion:

..... ...... 1)
As body B moves upwards, hence its weight m2g is less than the tension T in
the string.
Net force acting on body B = T m2g
According to Newton law
T- m2g = m2a ......
.....
2)
Adding Eq.1and Eq 2 , we get acceleration a.

a= (
m1m 2
m1+m 2 )g
Divide Eq. 2 by Eq.1, to find tension T in the string.

T=
2m 1m 2
)
m1+m 2 g .....
.....
3)
The above arrangement is also known as Atwood machine. It can be used to

find the acceleration g due to gravity using ,
a
OR
g=
m1+m 2
)
m1m2
Page
43
Motion of two bodies attached to the ends of a string that passes over
a frictionless pulley such that one body moves vertically and the other
moves on A smooth horizontal surface
Consider two bodies A and B masses m1 and m2 respectively attached to the

ends of an inextensible string as shown in the figure above.Let the body A
moves downwards with an acceleration a. Since the string is inextensible,

44
therefore, body B also moves over the horizontal surface with the same
Page
acceleration a. As the pulley is frictionless hence tension T will be the same

throughout the string.
Since body A moves downwards, therefore, its weight m 1g is greater than the
tension in T in the string.
Net force acting on the body A = m1g T
According to the Newtons second law of motion:
m1g T = m1a ... ... ... (1)
The forces acting on the body are:
I.
II.
Weight m2g of the body B acting downwards.

Reaction R of the horizontal surface acting on the body B in the upward
III.
direction.
Tension in the string pulling the body B horizontally on the smooth
surface.
As body B has no vertical motion, hence resultant of vertical forces (m 2g and R)

must be zero.
Thus the net force acting on the body B is T.
According to the Newtons second law of motion:
T = m2a ... ... ... (2)
Adding eqs. 1 and 2, we get acceleration a as:
m
m
g T + T =m1a+ m2a
g = a(m1+m2)
a=
m1
m1+m2
... (3)
Putting the value of a in equations 2 to get tension T as:

T=
m 1m 2
m1+m2
g ... ... ... (4)
FORCE AND THE MOMENTUM:
Page
45
Consider a body of mass m moving with initial velocity Vi. Let a force F acts on
the body which produces an acceleration a in it. This changes the velocity of
the body. Let its final velocity after time t becomes Vf. if Pi and Pf be the initial
momentum and the final momentum related to the body related to the initial
and the final velocity respectively then:
Pi = mvi
and Pf = mvf
Changes in momentum = Final momentum initial momentum
Or Pf Pi = mvf - mvi
Thus the rate of change in momentum given by:
p p
t
=
=m
Since
vf vi
t
mvmv
t
vf vi
t
is the rate of change of velocity equal to the acceleration a
produced by the force F.

pf pi
t
=ma
According to Newtons second law of motion:

F = ma
Or
pf pi
t
=F
Equation also defines the force and states Newtons second aw of motion as:
When a force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body and
will be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body.
SI unit of momentum defined by equation is Newton-second (Ns) which is the
same as kmgs-1.
3.4. What is the law of Inertia?
Ans:
(Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to a change in its
state of motion or rest, or the tendency of an object to resist any change in its
motion including a change in direction).

Page
46
3.5. Why is it dangerous the roof of a bus to travel on?

Ans : The friction or drag force due to air acting on the upper part of the body
of a person standing on the roof of running bus tries to turn over which is
dangerous while the lower part of body remains at rest w.r.t roof of the bus
3.6. Why does a passenger move outward when a bus takes turn?
Ans: When does bus take a turn the passenger sitting inside experienced
centrifugal force and moves out wards
3.7. How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of a
body?
Ans : By using 2
nd
of motion we can write F = ma here
a=
vf vi
t
by
putting this value we can get

F =m
F =
vf vi
t
mvf mvi
t
but F =
final momentuminitial momentum

time
Force = time rate of change of momentum

3.8. What will be the tension in the rope that is pulled from the end by
two opposite forces 100N each?
Ans: When two forces of 100 N each applied on a string then resultant tension
is equal to 100.
3.9. Action and reaction are always equal and opposite. Then how
does a body move?
Ans: Action and reaction force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
These do not act upon the same body. Action force is applied on one body,
which give reactional force acting on other body. Both of these do not
neutralized this is the result of motion.
3.10. A horse pulls the cart. If the action and reaction are equal and
opposite then the how does the cart move?
Ans: The horse applies action force by feet on the road the reaction is given by
road on horse due to which the cart tied to the horse also move.
3.11. What is the law of conservation of momentum?
Ans : When two or more bodies collide with one another the total momentum
of the
system remains the same, provided no external force acts upon them.
m1u1 + m2u2
Total Momentum after collision
Page
Total Momentum before collision
47
According to Law of conservation of momentum

m1v1 + m2v2
3.12. Why is the law of conservation of momentum important?

Ans : by using law of conservation of momentum it is possible to calculate,
force , velocity, acceleration of a body. Most of elementary particles were
discovered by this law.
3.13. When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why?
Ans : according law of conservation of momentum the momentum gained by
fired bullet is neutralized by equal and opposite momentum given to the gun
recoils back.
3.14. Describe two situations in which force of friction is needed.
Ans: The friction between walking person and surface of earth is necessary for
walking.
To stop a moving vehicle force of friction between tyre and road is required if
this is reduced by putting oil on the road then it would be impossible to stop a
vehicles.
3.15. How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lower the friction?
Ans : by oiling the various parts of a matching of friction is reduced which
increase its efficiency
3.16. Describe ways to reduce friction.
Ans: Methods to reduce friction: i) Sliding parts should be highly polished to reduce friction.
ii) Friction of liquids is less than solids. Therefore oil or grease is applied
between the parts of machinery.
iii) Rolling friction is less then sliding friction. Therefore sliding friction should
be converted to rolling friction by using ball bearings.
iv) Front side of vehicles, aeroplanes and ships are shaped wedge like and
pointed so that minimum friction is offered by air.
3.17. Why rolling friction is lower than sliding friction?

Page
48
Ans: the interlocking between ups and down of two surface need not be
ruptured in case of rolling while in case of sliding these are to be ruptured and
result to increase in friction .
3.18. What do you know about the following?
(i) Tension in a string
Ans: Tension in string is to neutralize applied force on the string this prevents
it from moving.
(iii) Limiting force of friction
Ans: The force of friction on the body at rest lying in a rough surface is called
force of static friction its value increases with the increase of applied force .The
maximum possible value of static friction if applied force made grater then it
body starts moving is called limiting force of static friction
(iv) Braking force
Ans: the bracking force is the force between brake pushing and wheel of
vehicle. It is help to stop the wheels.
(v) Skidding of vehicles
Ans: when a force of friction between tyre and road is small then applying
brakes tyre slide over the road .it is called skidding of vehicles
(vi) Seatbelts
Ans: The seat belts provide opposition against falling ahead when vehicle is
stopped suddenly
(vii) Banking of roads
Ans: the outer edge of road is made higher to provide reactional force on tyre
which prevents it from slopping. It is called banking of road.
(viii)
Cream separator
Ans: in a cream separator milk is rotated and lighter particles of cream come at
the axis of rotation and are separated from milk and collected through the
pipe.
3.19. What would happen if all friction suddenly disappears?
Ans: when the frictional force suddenly disappears the motion of the object
would never be stopped.
3.20. Why the spinner of a washing machine is made to spin at a high
speed?
Ans: at very high spinning speed the water and dirt particles are separate from
cloths to clean them inside washing machine.
Chapter No 3
Dynamics

49
P 3.1) A force of 20 N moves a body with an acceleration of 20ms -2

Page
what is its mass?

Solution:
Force F= 20 N
Acceleration a= 20ms-2
Mass m=?
Formula F= ma
m=
F
a
20/2 = 10 kg
Ans
P 3.2) Weight is 147 N what is its mass?

Solution:
Weight w=147 N
Acceleration g = 10ms-2
Mass m=?
Formula W = mg
m=
W
g
147/10 = 14.7 kg Ans

P3.3) How much force is needed to prevent a body of mass 10kg from
falling?
Solution:
Mass m=10kg
Force F=a
The force needed to prevent the body from falling is equal to the weight of the
body

50
F=W
Page
W=mg
F=mg
F= 10 x 10= 100 N Ans
P3.4) Find the acceleration produce by a force of 100 N in a mass of 50

kg?
Solution:
Acceleration a =?
Force F = 100 N
Mass m = 50kg
Formula:
F= ma
a=
F
m
a=100/50 = 2ms-2
P3.5) A body has weight 20N how much force is required to move it
vertically upward with an acceleration of 20ms -2?
Solution:
Weight W = 20N
Acceleration a = 20ms-2
Force F=?
To find out force we have to first calculate the Mass of the body
To find out the mass to use W= mg
m = w/g
m= 20/10
So he net force will take the body upward will be

Net force F = W
F= ma
W = mg
m = 2kg
Net force F = F-W
Page
W = -mg
51
The g will be negative because body is moving upward so
ma m(-g )
ma + mg
m(a +g)
2 (2+10)
Force F= 24N Ans
P3.6) Two masses 52kg and 48kg are attached to the end of the string
that passes over a frictionless pulley. Find the tension in the string
and acceleration in the body? When the masses are moving vertically.
Solution:
m1 = 52kg
m2 = 58kg
T =?
a =?
First we find tension in the string
Formula:
2m 1m 2
T = ( m1+m 2 ) g
T = 2(52) (48) (10)/ 52+48

T = 499.2N
T = 500N approximately Ans
Now we will find the acceleration
Formula:

52
m1m 2
m1+m 2 )g
a = (52-48) (10)/ 52+48
Page
a= (
a= 4x10/100
a= 40/100
a= 0.4ms-2 Ans
P3.7) Two masses 26kg and 24kg are attached to the end of a string
which passes over a frictionless pulley. 26kg is lying over a smooth
horigalal
table .24kg mass is moving vertically downward. Find the
tension in string and acceleration in bodies.

Solution:
m1 = 24kg
m2 = 26kg
T =?
a =?
Formula:
2m 1m 2
T = ( m1+m 2 ) g
T = (24) (26) (10)/24+26

T = 124.8N
T = 125N
Formula: a = (
m1m 2
m1+m 2 )g
= 24x10 / 24+ 26
a = 408ms-2 Ans
P3.8) How much time is required to change 22 Ns momentum by a
force of 20 N?
Solution:

F = 20N
t =?
Page
Pf = 0Ns
53
(Initial momentum) Pi = 22Ns

Formula:
Pf Pi
t
=F
Pf Pi
t
F=
= 0-22/ 20
t = -1.1s
As time cannot be negative to
t = 1.1s ANS
P3.9) How much is the force of friction between a wooden block of
mass 5 kg and the horizontal marble floor? The coefficient of friction
between the wood and marble is 0.6
Solution:
Fr =?
m= 5 kg
u= 0.6
F = mg
5 x 10 = 50 N
Fr =UF
Fr = 0.6 x 50 = 30 N ANS
Formula Fr = UF

Complete Notes On 9th Physics by Asif Rasheed

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XSAS

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COMPLETE FIRST THREE

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(2) Heat & Thermodynamics (3) Sound (4) Light

(3) Define Plasma?

(7) Who studied the freely falling bodies?

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Unit of Area: length x breadth

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Unit of Volume: length x breadth x height

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Q1.7 What is meant by its vernier constant?

0.027 has 2 significant digits.

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As the zero of Vernier scale is on right so zero error will be positive

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Define Mechanics and its types.

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Flight of butterfly is irregular motion. Therefore its motion is called random

If the velocity continuously increases then the acceleration will be positive.

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Define Uniform Speed

is said to be in variable velocity.

relative to other is called relative velocity.

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Define Variable Acceleration

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Its acceleration will be zero.

may be of many kinds for examples:

a. Linear Motion: If a body moves in straight line its

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motion. e.g. Motion of simple Pendulum, motion

of tuning fork, A ruler. Place one inch of it on a desk,

and the other 11 off

arrow head . Here is an example

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For body moving at constant velocity:

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b) Q 2.7 Distance time graph for a body start from rest

uniform velocity-- time graph

Derivation of Equation of Motion (Graphically)

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Where BD=Vf, CD=Vi, AC= OD=t BC=BD-CD

Second Equation of Motion

S = area of the trapezium

area of rectangle ACDO +

OA=VI, OD=t, BC=BD-CD,

AC=t, BD=Vf, CD=Vi

(vf = V i + at I eqn of motion; vf - vi = at)

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Third Equation of Motion

where OA=Vi, BD= Vf, AC=OD=t

(Vi + Vf)t ....(1)

But we know that a =( Vf - Vi )t

(Vi + Vf)( Vf Vi)a =

(Vf + Vi)( Vf Vi)a

2as = (Vf + Vi) ( Vf - Vi )