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Abstract
This paper provides examples of using small injection tests on
tight gas wells in Jonah field to determine reservoir pressure
and transmissibility.
Prior to Mini-Falloff (MFO) test application in Jonah field,
reservoir pressure and permeability of each sand body were
obtained from log-derived correlations; these correlations in
the presence of depletion have been determined to be invalid.
The incorrect reservoir pressure and permeability will
generally result in wrong fracture geometry and pre-frac rate
prediction. The MFOs were designed as small injection tests
prior to fracture stimulation to correct these anomalies.
The After Closure Period following the MFO injection and
shut-in contain the reservoir pseudo-linear and pseudo-radial
flow periods. Analysis of the pseudo-radial flow period
provides reservoir transmissibility (kh/) and initial reservoir
pressure (Pr) in a manner similar to a Horner analysis. These
two-reservoir parameters play a crucial role in the
optimization of fracture design and rate prediction. For a tight
gas sand, the amount of time required to reach pseudo-radial
flow was thought to be quite large. However over sixty
percent of all the valid tests performed so far reached pseudoradial flow within a shut-in time of 24hrs.
A total of eighteen MFO tests were performed in the Jonah
field Lance formation from April to October 2003. Two of the
tests were invalid due to extremely high depletion and surface
pressure gauge malfunction. The remaining sixteen valid data
sets show various ranges of depletion in twelve sands tested
(0.36 0.52psi/ft) while the two remaining sands were overpressured (> 0.7psi/ft). Permeability results in general ranges
from 0.004 to 0.08md. The Jonah field log-derived
correlations were validated and improved with the MFO
results.
Introduction
The Jonah field is located in Sublette County, WY,
approximately 70 miles north of Rock Springs as shown in
Figure 1. The field is a large, structurally complicated wedge
shaped fault trap located in the northwestern part of the Green
River Basin. Production is primarily from over-pressured and
tight sandstones in the latest Cretaceous Lance Formation. The
Lance formation in Jonah field is composed of a stacked
sequence of fluvial channel sands inter-bedded with associated
over-bank siltstone and floodplain shale deposits as shown in
Figure 2. Gross interval thickness ranges from 2,800 ft to
more than 3,600ft. Within this interval the net-to-gross ratio
varies from 25 to 40%. Sandstone bodies occur as individual
10 to 20ft thick channels and stacked channel sequences
greater than 200ft in thickness in some cases. The main
reservoir issues are low permeability and small pay section
across a large gross interval.
One of the objectives of the Jonah field 2003 infill-drilling
program was to determine whether or not some sand bodies
were depleted. The question was addressed by the use of the
MFO technique. This technique determined the reservoir
pressure and transmissibility of individual sand bodies.
The use of MFO technique to determine reservoir pressure
and transmissibility is not a new idea. Gu et al1 and
Abousleiman et al2 comprehensively covered the after-fracture
closure application of radial flow from impulse fracture
injection. The theory and analysis of impulse fracture are
based on an instantaneous-source solution to the diffusivity
equation. The restriction is that the decline time (shut-in)
should be long enough to apply the impulse solution.
Ken Nolte3 further developed the techniques (field
application and analysis) in 1997 and it is currently known in
the industry as the Mini-Fall Off (MFO) test. The after-closure
pressure behavior is independent of the physical properties
governing fracture propagation and depends only on the
previous spatial and temporal history of the fluid loss, the
fracture length, and the reservoir parameters. The late-time
behavior becomes pseudo-radial flow and provides reservoir
transmissibility (kh/) and initial reservoir pressure (Pr) in a
manner similar to more traditional methods for a well test.
A MFO test consists of:
1. A small-volume water injection to create a short fracture
and
2. A shut-in period (decline time) afterwards to record
pressure falloff.
SPE 90455
t c
1
16
, =
ln 1 +
16
.
4 t tc
2
(2)
kh
= 251,000(
Vi
)
mR t c
(3)
SPE 90455
q (bpm) 5x10 6
kh
( pc pr )
(4)
SPE 90455
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
SPE 90455
G s l o pe >>
<<P res s u re
P re s s d eriv >>
ps i
ps i
9000
S p u rt % =0
P * =1 3 5 3
m 3 / 4 =1 3 5 3
m G c =6 6 0 ; fc =1 . 6 3
m G c . fc =1 0 7 5
E ffic ie n c y = 0 . 0 7
P s e u d o _ p o is s o n =0 . 3 4
ISIP
8000
1100
1000
900
800
700
Pclosure = 8215psi
600
7000
500
400
6000
300
200
100
5000
0
10
20
30
40
G fu n c tio n
res_press
4940
match range
Rate(bpm)
Pres(psi)
4000
1.2
4920
1.0
3000
0.8
2000
0.6
4900
late-WBS diagnostic:
linearly increasing
values of "res press"
begins at ~ 1000 min
and eff stress ~ 3000 psi
4880
0.4
1000
0.2
0
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
time (min)
4860
50
100
150
200
( t- t_c) / t_c
res_pr match
match dp_R
4913
kh /
8851
C_L / C_R
4.6
2.6
250
SPE 90455
<<P re s s d i ff
<<P re s s d i ff(T C )
S l o p e (T C ) >>
<<P re s s d e ri v
<<P re s s d e ri v (T C )
S l o p e >>
p s i P g De riv
10000
0.9
0.8
1000
100
Tp
=0 . 0 0 7 4
M a tc h d e r = 6 1 1 0 p s i
P Cl
=8 2 1 5 p s i
P re s
=4 9 1 3 p s i
k h / m u = 4 . 6 0 m d . ft/ c p
M a tc h d e r+ P re s > IS IP !
10
1
0.7
0.6
100
10
f(t) = 1 / F l^2
Well Stage
A Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Log Derived
MFO Analysis
Pay Height for Volume
Pumping Decline
Continuos Sand Pumped
Rate
Time
Time
(ft)
(bbls)
(bpm)
(min)
(min) K (md) Pr (psi) K (md) Pr (psi)
17
8.53
1.1
9.4
1400 0.0079 6535
0.008
4862
21
23.4
3 - 0.75
17
1500 0.0033 5961
0.025
4778
22
8
2 - 0.5
10
1380 0.0102 5282
0.02
5040
19
10
2 - 0.05
12.5
1500 0.0106 4397
0.054
4410
Test Effective
Yes
Yes
Yes - but still in transitional flow
Yes
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
23
22
8
20
13.46
21
11.8
13
3 - 0.5
1 - 0.5
2.2 - 0.75
3 - 2.1
11.3
10.75
14
12
1300
1400
1400
50
0.0007
0.055
0.017
0.0351
5875
5374
5057
4873
0.006
0.049
0.082
0.057
7076
4443
4860
3025
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
26
21
12
26
10.6
17.4
14.5
10
2.5 - 0.75
3 - 0.75
2.5 - 0.6
2.5 - 0.6
12
10
10
10
1450
1250
16
NA
0.0015
0.0144
0.0008
0.0125
6168
5612
5276
4719
0.004
0.031
-
4700
4503
-
Yes
Yes
No - too depleted for effective analysis
No - pressure gauge malfunction
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
22
28
17
11.7
8.3
16.4
2.5 - 0.6
2 - 0.5
3 - 0.75
10
10
10
1050
80
816
0.0071
0.0062
0.0577
6991
6377
5864
0.0066
0.00885
0.025
7104
3719
3793
Yes
Yes
Yes
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
22
24
14
7.4
8.8
10.8
2 - 0.5
2 - 0.5
2 - 0.5
12
12
10
1060
550
930
0.0098
0.0115
0.0288
6951
6344
5486
0.006
0.005
0.046
6430
5408
5131
Yes
Yes
Yes
SPE 90455
Pressure vs Depth
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
3500.0
-500.0
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
3500.0
4000.0
4500.0
5000.0
Permeability(MFOvsLog)
0.0900
0.0800
0.0700
0.0600
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
8124
8296
8431
8959
9107
9143
9353
9772
9783
9794
10285
10372
10580
10647
11587
11647
0.0000
Klogmd
Kmfomd
Klogmd