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18q=DCC,DPCgenes

naturalpassive=frommom
naturalactive=recoveryfrominfxn
artificialpassive=antitoxorhumanAbs
artificialactive=vaccine
intrachaindisulfidebonds=atN,Ctermini(globulardomains)cleavedextracellularlyby
procollagenpeptidases
INTERchaindisulfidebondatCterminusbetween2proalphachins>triplehelixformation
sleepNTs
1. Serotonin=startssleep
2. Ach=higherduringREMsleep.Erections
3. NE=lowerduringREM
4. DA=arousal,wakefulness
Increasedwarfarinamt(viainhibitionofP450)=higherINR
Tolterodine=mAchRantagonist
Bartholinglandcyst=transitionalepiormetaplasicsqepi
Staphscaldedskinexotoxin=targetsdesmosomes(granulosalayer),+Nikolskysign
RistocetinactivatesGP1b
ifplateletaggregationoccurswithnlblood=vWFdef
ifplateletaggregationdoesnotoccurwithnlblood=gp1bdef
tizanidine=agonistofalpha2inCNS
riluzole=glutamatereleaseinhibitor,glutamateRblocker,NaCblocker
IgAdef=willhaveantiIgAIgE
Yerseniapestis=prairiedogs,SWunitedstates
bubonicplaque=hemorrhagicLAN
pneumonicplague(onlyformstransmissibleinair),septic
brucellosis=undulatingfever
tularemia=LANwithulcerationatsite
tickbites(dermacentor)orhandlingofanimalcarcass
intracellularorganism;requirescysteineinculture;granulomaresponse

intracellularbacteria=Th1response
koilocytes=HPV16,18infection(notdysplasiaorcarcinoma)
ASD=fixedsplittingandmidsystolicejectionmurmuratLuppersternalborder
Auriculartemporaln
Auricularbrofvagus
Greaterauricular
Lesserocciptital
Vestibularcoch

Anteriorhalfofexternalearcanal
Posteriorhalf
Lowerpartofauricle
Upperpartofauricle

Lacunarligament=medialtofemoralcanal
Type2DM=Hyperglycemic,hyperosmoticnonketoticstate;osmoticdiuresis;hypernatremia
seenasbodytriestocompensate
Sociallearning=modeling=observationallearning=behaviorisacquiredbywatchingotherpeople
andassimilatingtheiractions
Sulfonamides(TMP,SMX)=displacebilirubinfromitsalbumincomplex=increasedserumconc
offreebilirubin=kernicterus
Russelbody=cytoplasmicinclusionofAbsinplasmacells
inducers=decreasewarfarineffect=decreaseinefficacy
oxybutinin=antiMusforurgeincontinence
pleomorphicgiantcellnests=anaplasticthyroidCA
increasedRBCturnover=folatedefprone
urticaria=dermaledema
nocardiacanresultinpulmnodules,brainabscess
microvilli=actinfilamentsonly(9+2)
nerveterminalscontaindyenein,kinesin
CoA=pantothenicacid=B5
B12def=subacutecombinedmyelopathy

Splenicavesselstopancreatictail,gastricfundus
SMAstartsdistaltocommonbileduct
Histoplasmosisisnotcommunicablebyperson
MMCsareonlybetweenmeals.Stomachileumonly.
Thyroglobulin=proteincomplexthatstoresT3/T4incolloid.
MaxTmbyglucosecarriersinkidney=375mg/min
correlatestobloodglucoseof>200mg/dL
berryaneurysm=subarachnoidspace
arthusreaction=swellingandinflammationatinoculationsitewithinaday=secondaryimmune
responsetoknownimmunogen(boostervaccine)
typeIIIhsresponse
HBV=eosinophilicgroundglassinclusions(accumulationofHBsAg)
HCV=lymphoidaggregateswithinportaltractsandfocalareasofmacrovesicularsteatosis
HighBP=arteries/arterioleshypertrophiedanddecreaseddensityofa/arterioles
GBS=autoimmuneattackofmyelin(peripheral)
albumincytologicdissociationinCSF
severeanemia=increasedHRandhighSV(incsymefferenttoheart,decreasedSVR)
Mo=IL1,IL6
Th2=IL6
Deductible=outofpocketexpense
Pyruvatekinasedef=noATPforNA/Kpump=cellswells,lysis
Mallorybody=cytoplasmicinclusionsofcytoskeletalintermediatefilaments(alohuse;lookfor
steatosis)
Councilmanbody=apoptoticbodies;duetoviralinfection(anytype)
Viralinclusions=groundglassnuinclusionsofHBsAg
Incidencedoesnottakeintoaccountdeaths(duetonewinfectioncontraction)
M3activationofBV=NOmediatedvasodilation

SMAcanprovidebloodtoceliactrunkvesselsviainferiorpancreatoduodenalaanastomosis
withsuperiorpancreatoduodenala
Chronictransplantrejection=graftvasculardisease(arteriolosclerosis)
intimalthickeningduetofibroblasts
pneumonicplague=cough
bubonicplague=buboes(withhemorrhagic)
combinedvariableimmunedef=onsetlaterinlife
menetrierdisease=proteinlosingdisease=hyperplasia?ofenlargedrugalfolds=increased
proliferationofmucusproducingcellsofstomachbutlackofparietalcells
atherosclerosis=RFforAAA
HTN=RFforaodissection
Nonbullousimpetigo=s.auruesorspyogenes
Bullousimpetigo=s.aureus
Static,highstrengthexercise=liftingweights=contractionofskeletalmcompressesitsBVs
Dynamicexercise=running=vasodilationofarterioles
IncompensatedHF,COwillbecompensated(willbeatnllvlandnotdecreased)
Profundabrachiia=deepbrachiala
AllssRNAvirusescarrytheirownRNAdependentRNApol
Albinismgenemtnsshowlocusheterogeneityif2differentgenesinacross=nloffspring
HMBstain=humanmelanomablack
r.ricketsii(RMSF)=intracellularinfectionofECsvasculitis
BPHandHTN=txwithnonselectivealpha1blocker
Amaurosisfugax=transientvisionlossinoneeye=atherosclerosis
Psoriaticarthritisjoint=RAjoint
IfbodycannotdobetaoxidationofFAs,thennoATP=nogluconeogenesis,increased
proteolysis(lookforNH3production)

Docusate=stoolsoftener
Bulkforminglaxative=psyllium,methylcellulose=waterretentiononbowel
Irritantlaxative=castoroil,senna,bisacodyl=decreasedwaterreabsformbowel+stimulate
secretion
Lubricatinglax=mineraloil,glycerin=coatingfecalcontentsanddecreasingwaterreabsfrom
stool
Osmoticagent=MgOH,sorbitol,lactulose,PEG
Seroconversion=presenceofpathogenspecificAbsinblood
Ammoniumistoxictostomachepi
Aldosteronedef=decreaseinECFsolute,ECFvolumeloss=intracellularfluidshift=hypoosmolar
intracellular
Sporadictumorvsheritabletumor.Heritabletumor=mtningeneinallbodycells
Primarysyphilisdx=microscopy
Secondarysyphilisdx=serology
Latent=serology
Tertiary=CSF
Vancdirectlyinhibitsglycopeptidesyn(NOTcrosslinking)
Febrileneutropenia(<500)=invasiveaspergillus
MVP=defectinconnectivetissue
V3jawandtensortympanim.

Topreventdumpingsyndrome=eatmealslowincarbs(theyactasosmotic)
Splenectomypt=susceptibletocapsularbacteria
RNAvirusesreplicateincytoplasm(exceptforinfluenza)
M3presentonBVs
Atstartofmuscleexercise,creatinePstoresusedforenergy(asmusclesmyoglobinisnotwell
oxygenatedyet)
Tightjxns(occludentes)destroyedincrohn
Mtusenonstndgeneticcode

Alzaffectsbasalforebrainandcerebralcortex
Intramembranousossification=calvarium,facialbones,clavicles,maxilla/mandible,pelvis
Organofcorti=containsthehaircells
damagehere=lossofthatfreqofsound
HUSvsTTP
HUS=mainlyinkids,afterGIinfxn,ARF
TTP=vascularbedsofCNSinvolved
T4,T3=lipidsoluble,passthroughplacenta
Atypicalpneumonia=interstitialopacities
PCP=atypicalpneumonia;methanaminestainorFlAbtest
Lynchsyndrome=riskforalltypesofGIcancers
DMD=onsetwithin5yo
Allergytofood=typeI=intradermaledema,dilatedlymphatics
SLErash=IgGdepositionatd/ejxn
Microblistersattipsofdermalpapillae=dermatitisherpetiformis
Alz=granulovacuolardegenerationandhiranobodies(intracytoplasmicinclusions)
Triploid16=abortion
Amitriptyline=strongantiMuseffect=txforParkinson
Serumsickness=rash,fever,polyarthalgias/arthritis;rxntodrug;txwithsteroidandH1blocker
Areawithincardiacloop=work
HashimotothyroiditisNHLBcell
Intestinaltypeofgastriccancer=lookforheapedupedges
Esophagealvaricesdrainintoazygosv
Genuofinternalcapsule=corticobulbarfibers(motorfxntolowerface)

Spleniumofcorpuscallosum=alexiawithoutagraphia
Listeriosis=spontaneousabortion
Antiangiogenic=endostatin,thrombospondin
FHH=increasedPTH
IschemicTubularnecrosis=settingofhypotension
RASHTN
Toxoplasma=crescentshape
PancreaticCA=lookformigratorythrombophlebitis
HfrcellstransferchromosomalDNA
Hyperventilate=increasedPaO2
DeepinspirationincreaseHR
BloodtypeApositive=AAorAO
Tuberoussclerosis=corticaltubers(glioneuronalhamartomas),subependymalnodules,
subependymalgiantcellastrocytomas,whitematterheterotopia
hamartin,tuberinproteinsaresuppressors;makesaGTPaseproteinGDPbound
latestageoffollicularphase=granulosacellsincreaseexpressionofLHreceptors
decreasedcompliance=decreaseddistensability=increasedelasticrecoil(elasticity)
Aoaneurysm=fistulawithSVC
Leukocyteesterasetest=presenceofPMNs
Nitritetest=testpresenceofenterbacteraceiae(gramnegentericrods),whichdonitratenitrite
Taysachs=startlemyoclonus
TrophozoitesinCSFwithsignsofacutemeningitis=nargleria
Fasciola,clonorchis=liverfluke
Paragonimus=lungfluke

AdenosineregulatesCoBFbasedonO2consumptioninheart
Nephroticsyndrome=increaseinbloodLDLproteins(notHDL)
ToconfirmPCOS,doprogestinchallenge=giveandwithdrawprogesterone=inducesmenstral
bleeding
ABObloodincompatibilitybetweenmomandfetus=nohydropsfetalis(IgMdoesnotcross).
Rarely,IgGisproducedifmomistypeOandfetusisAorB
Prerenalazotemia=BUN:Cr>15,FeNa<1%,urineosm>500
duetodecreasedrenalperfusion=lookforlowBP
chronicbronchitis=hypersecretionofmucus
bronchiectasis=abnldilationofbronchi(duetoinfectionorcongenitalkartegeners)
itocells=fatcontainingcellsinspaceofdisse.StorageofvitaminA
mediannrunsthroughpronatorteres.
Flexordigitorumsuperficialis=notpiercedbyanynerve
CINisveryslowprogressing
Bacteriathatdonaturaltransformation(uptakeofextracellularDNA)=haemphilus,strep,
neiserria,helicobacter
Unstableangina=slowlydevelopingthrombusofarupturedplaque
Goodpasture=IgGagainstBM
Abwillalsoreactagainstalltype4collagen
usedtoincreaseappatite=cannabinol,megestrolacetate
nonproliferativesynovitis=crystalinducedoracutebacterial
medulloblastomashowsneuronalandglialdifferentiation
M200220m
M201130
Piriformism.=exitspelvisthroughgreatersciaticforamen
Obduratorinternusm.=exitspelvisthroughlessersciaticforamen

Pulmabscesscanshowairfluidlvl
RhoD=IgGantiRhoD
Primaryhyperaldosteronism=euvolemia,eunatremic
HPVskinwarts=strains14
Reactivearthritis=enthesitis,dermal(keratodermblennorrhagicumhyperkeratoticvesicleson
palmsandsoles;cicinatebalantisserpiginousannulardermatitisofglanspenis)
ADHincreasesureatransportersinmedullaryportionofcollectingduct
Hypokalemiaecg=decreasedamplitude,broadTwave,prominentUwave,PVCs,STdepression
Caseouspericarditis=tb
M200359
Chlamydiaacquiredthroughvagina;conjunctivitis,pneumonia,stacattocough,
vacuoleswithreticulatebodiesinepithelialcells;eosinophilia
T1=sympatheticinnervationofface
Toxo=intracellularparasite.ControlledbyTh1cells
adenoCaoflung=mostcommoninnonsmokersandwomen;a/wlungscarringduetoprevious
granulomatousdisease/lungdamage
rheumaticfever=fibrousbridgingbetweenthickened,calcifiedleaflets
endocarditis=vegetations
VIPoma=VIP=stimulatespancreaticHCO3,Clsecretion;VIPactivatesAC
Varicoseveinthrombosis=limitedtosuperficialvenoussystem
EBVtumors=highproliferativeindex
Ventricularpseudoaneurysm=pronetorupture
Ventricularaneurysm=thrombis
Gastrulation,notochordformation=3rdweek

5HT1Apartialagonist=buspirone
5HT1b/dagonist=triptans
5HT2blockade=cyproheptadine,atypicalAps
5HT3blockade=ondansetron
CF=canpresentasmeconiumileus(airfluidlvlsinRLQproximaltoblockage)
Mixedlymphocytic,histiocyticinfiltrationwithgranuloma=subacutedeQuervainthyroiditis
TotalbodywaterD2O
ECFvolumeinulin,mannitol,sucrose,Na
Serumalbuminplasmavolume
RBCbloodvolume
Corticalkidneyscarring=DM2orHTNlongterm
Wedgeshapednecrosis=acuterenalinfarct(embolus)
Diffusecorticalnecrosis=DIC
Shortened4th,5thmetatarsals=pseudohypoparathyroidism
DecreasedIuptake=blockageofNISproteinorlowTSH
SLEmalarrash=IgGsubstratevasculitisfollowedbycomplementmediatedlysisofBVs
Inectopicpregnancy,thereisdelayedtransportofblastocyst,soitimplantsinampulla
Krukenbergtumor(metstoovaries)=primarytumorisinstomach
AR=SBPslincreased(increasedpreload);DBPdecreased(lesspressuregradientdifference
betweenLA,LV)
Staphaureus=moreacuteIE
Otherstaphs(viridans,epidermidis)=moresubacute
Viridansstrep=previouslydamagedvalves
HCMtx=betablocker
Theophylline=substratemetabolizedbyP450
BloodtoLVduringdiastole
SeverelylowMg(malnutrition,alcoholism)=decreaseinPTHsecretion
AcutelydecreasedMg=increaseinPTHsecretion

Whendophototherapyforneonataljaundice,needtogiveriboflavin(riboflavinbecomessoluble
withlight=peedoff)
Pericardialknock=constrictivepericarditis
WBClysed=releaseofenzymes=DIC
Berksonbias=choosinghospitalptsasctrlgrp
Ergotalkaloid=stimulatesalphaRandserotoninR
H1agonistshaveantiMuseffects(BVdilation=antiMuseffect)
844chart
treacherCollinsdisorderin1stand2ndarches
alzmostpronouncedinhippocampus,temporoparietallobes
chronicpainthatstarts30minaftermealmesentericischemia
septicshock=impairedtissueoxygenation=anaerobicglycolysis
diazepams=bindtoallostericsiteonGABAreceptor
barbiturates,alcohol,zolpidem=increasedurationofGABAopening
butonlyzolpidemsharesallostericbindsitewithdiazepam
LVhypertrophypresentswithS4atapex
Caseseries=studycollectsdetailedinformationaboutpplwhoarebelievedtohavethesame
disease.Givesdescriptionofcommonelementsthatdefinedisease.
Crosssectionalstudy=assessesprevalenceofdiseaseindefinedpopulation.chisqtest
Diptheroid=nlnontoxicfloraldiphtheria
toxicvsnontoxicdifferentiatedviaELEKtest:filterpaperwithantitoxinAbsarecultured
withsamplebacteria.Ifbacteriaproducediphtheriatoxinwillseeprcepitationlinesingel
bartonellahenselaepustuleatsite,tenderregionalLAN,stellategranulomaswithcentral
necrosis
unpasteurizedmilk=brucellosis

raloxifenecanbeusedosteoporosis
ifaspirationpneumoniawithabscessbacteroides(notklebsiella)
PML=JCvirusinfectsoligodendrocytesinbrain,eosinophilicviralinclusions,seeninICpts
(AIDS,natalizumab)
SSPE=onsetbefore18yo.Gray+whitematteraffected
MS=type4hs
Calsequestrin=CabindingproteininSRofskeletalandcardiacm
Aspirin=salicylate
Digoxin=riskofcardiacarrhythmias
Downsyndrome=endocardialcushiondefects=derivedfromneuralcrest(defectivemigrationof
neuralcrestcells)
UColitisriskforfamilytohaveUColitisorCrohnandviceversa
RedurinewithoutRBCsonUA=myoglobinuria.Urinedipstickwillbe+forblood.
Tx=hydration,alkalinization
dipsticktestsforperoxidaseactivity
kartegners=defectivedynein
RElesioninbrain=toxo,primaryCNSlymphoma,oneofthetumors?
Steroidspromotelivergluconeogenesis,glycogenesis
Cardiacreperfusioncanpresentasarrhythmia,Comicrovasculardysfxn,myocardialdeath
ptx=superoxidedismutase,freeradicalscavengers
aerobicexercise=O2maximallyusedbymuscle=tendencyforhypoxia=upregulationofVEGF
inmuscles
amyloidassociatedprotein(AA)=asecondaryamyloidosis(autoimmunedisease,chronicinfxn)
beta2amyloid(Abeta)=alz
beta2microglobulin(Abeta2M)=longtermhemodialysis
transthyretin(ATTR)=primaryamyloidosis(cardiacdeposition)
AL=lightchain

benzosusedinsettingofliverdysfxn=LOT(lorazepam,oxazepam,temazepam)
thiazidediureticsinteractionwithLi:thiazidelimitsNareabsinDCT=stimulatesPCTNa/Li
reabs
jarischherxheimerrxn=releaseofendotoxin(fromspirochetes)duetocelldeathfromtx.Acute
febrilereaction,headache,myalgias,within24hrsoftx
UColitisincreasesriskofadeonCAmorethanCrohns
Chickenpox=transitionfrommaculetopapuletovesicularlesionbeforecrusting
Cryptosporidium=directlysisofcellsofbrushborder
Campylobacter=poultry
HTLVpresentation=skinlesions,LAN,HSM,hypercalcemia
Gerstmannsyndrome=angulargyrus=dominantinferiorparietallobe
Temporooccipitalpathway=whatpathway(processescolors,faces,letters,othervisual
stimuli)
Parietooccipitalpathway=where(analyzesspatialrelationships)
Coronarysinus=connectedtoRA=ifRAdilated,thensinusisdilated
CD15=RScells,granulocytes
CD16=FcreceptoronNKcells,PMNs,Mo
IL5forIgA,eosinophilsynthesis
Steroids=increaseosteoclastdifferentiation,decreaseosteoblastactivity,inhibitintestinalvitD
action,increasePTHlvls
Mycolicacids=mycobacterium
ParaneoplasticsyndromeswithEPOproduction=HCC,RCC,pheo,hemangioblastoma,uterine
myomata
Linesofzahn=platelets
postmortemclot,thebloodandplasma(platelets)separateanddonotinterdigitate
travelersdiarrheatx=fluoroq

majorsourceofbloodsupplytonasalmucosa=maxillaryasphenopalantinea
prosopagnosia=inabilitytorecognizefaces(nlperceptionbutnomeaning)
asomatognosia=lackofknowledgeaboutonesonebody(hemineglect)
acetaminophenmetaboliteNAPQIdepletesglutathionestores
rothspot=smallwhitespotssurroundedbyhemorrhagebilaterally
serumamyloidassociation(SAA)proteinmadeinresponsetosystemicinflammation
SAAAA
barbiturates,AlOH,benzo,phenothiazines,MAOi=decreaseamtofREMsleep
withdrawalofoneoftheabove=bodycompensatesformissedREMsleep=REM
rebound=increaseinnumber,intensityofdreams
nightterrors=stage4sleep.
Nightmares=REMsleep.Enduponawakening
Ecadherins(adherensjxn)mtn=cancermets
Entamoebahistolytica=causesflaskshapedulcerationofmucosa/submucosaespatcecum,
ascendingcolon
Electroconvulsivetherapy=sideeffectofacuteconfusion,anterogradeamnesia,retrograde
amnesia
Macularlesion(dressen)=affectcentralvision(peripheralFoVintact,centralFoVisblank)
Pglycoprotein(intestinal,renalepi,BBBendothelium)=atypeofMDRprotein=ATPdependent
effluxpump
Xanthelesmas=geneticconditionorinsulinresistance(increasedVLDLproduction)
Temporallobedamage=receptiveaphasia,personalitychanges
Fructose,glucose,galactose=reducingsugar=detectbyCureductiontest
urinedipstick(usesglucoseoxidase)=detectforglucoseonly(notfructoseorgalactose)
eateggsfromstooloftapewormcarrier=neurocysticercosis
earinfectedundercookedpork(containslarvalcystsNOTeggs)=tapeworm(taeniasis)
postexposureptxforrabies=inactivatedvaccine(rabiesdoesnotreleasetoxin)

gastricerosion=limitedtomucosaonly(doesnotpenetratemuscularismucosa)
gastriculcer=limitedthroughtosubmucosa(doesnotpenetratemucularispropria/externa)
cocaine=blocksreuptakeofNE=tachy+vasoconstrictionofCoBVs=ischemiaofheart=switch
toanaerobicmetabolism=glycolysismajorsourceofATP
rightgonadalvdirectlytoIVC
nfowleri=entryviacribiformplate.CSF=yellowwhitetograycolor
pentoxifylline=lowersbloodviscosityandimprovesRBCflexibility.txforintermittent
claudication
beta1selectiveblockerathighdose=varyingdegreesofAVblock
sacrococcygealteratoma=containall3germlayers;arisefromprimitivestreak
duringgastrulation,epiblastmigratesthroughprimitivestreak=yieldsendoderm,mesoderm,
notochord
epiblastcellsthathavenotmigrated=yieldectoderm
decreasedanteriorwallmotion=MIsign
hammanssign=crunchingsoundsimultaneouswithheartbeat=airinmediastinum
paraesophagealhernia=GEjxnisnotdisplaced
greenish,badsmellingdiarrhea+abdpain=cdifficile.
FalselyhigherA1cwithlowrateofRBCturnover(duetob12/folatedef)
n.meningitides=spreadinairdroplets
JVP=cardiactamponadeortensionpneumothorax
Constrictivepericarditis=chronicdisease.Sxstaketimetoshow
PtwithGCA,thenlikelyhasPMR(lookformusclepain)
Hepaticsteatosis=accumulationofTGs.DecreaseinFAoxidationsecondarytoexcessNADH
production(incaseofalcoholexcess)
Facialplethora,highHct=PCV

DlCO2acrossrespepiis20xDlO2.So,evenifalittlebloodflowtoalveoli,PACO2should
equilibrate
Intruncusarteriosus,interventriculardefectalsoispresent
MEN1mayalsopresentwithangiofibromas,lipomas
Mammaryductectasia=dilatedlargeductswithinflammationandfibrosis.Ductsbecome
clogged=periductalinflammation.Noriskforcancer
FXMR=XLAD.MVPandAorootdilation
HIVptwithoral/pharyngealcandidiasistx=azole
APGAR=appearance,pulse,grimace,activity,resp
Evaluation
0pt
1pt
HR
0
<100
Resp
None
Irregular,shaooe,
gasps
Color
Blue
Pale,blueextremities
Tone
None
Weak,passive
Reflexirritability
None
Facialgrimace

2pt
>100
Crying
Pink
Active
Activewithdrawal

%ofpredictedTLC=volume
RLshuntsarenot(oronlyminimally)correctedwith100%O2=soPaO2willbe~sameas
breathingroomair.
Great/lessersaphenousvv=superficialvvoflowerlimbs
Giardia=infectssmallintestine;flagellatedcrescentshapedprotozoa
lmycforsmallcelllungCA
caserseries=descriptivestudythattracksptswithknowncondition(exposure,RF,disease)to
documentnaturalhxorresponsetotreatment.cannotquantifystatisticalsignificance.
Crosssectionalstudy=prevalencesurvey.Usessurvey
Methicillinhaspenicillinase
EctopicpregnancyD/C=decidualchangesinendometrium(duetoprogesteronesecretion)butno
embryonicortrophoblastictissue(villi)withinuterus

MolarpregnancyD/C=enlargedchorionicvilliandavascularedematousstroma
Viridansusessucrosedextrans.
SBEadherestopreviouslydamagedvalves(whichhavefibrinplateletaggregates)
acuteBEs.aureus.Nopreexistantvalvedamageneeded
subendothelialcollagen,GAGsformsubendothelialfibrouscapoveratherosceltoricplaque
newonsetafib=acutepulmedema
ureaisabsfrommedullarycollectingductintomedullaryistandthinLoH
976
immediatehs=typeI
Abmediatedhs=typeII
immunecomplexmediateddamage=typeIII
DKA:osmoticdiuresis=freewaterloss(hyperkalemia),urlossofNa,K(hyponatremia),
metabolicacidosis(Kshiftoutofcell)
MOA
Noninfalmatory
(enterotoxin)

Stool
NofecalWBCs,No
RBCs

Dysenteryor
inflammatory

Inflammatory
(invasionor
cytotoxin)

FecalPMNs+/RBC

Entericfever

Penetration

Fecalmononuclear

Waterydiarrhea

Ex
Cholera,ETEC,B
cereus,S,aureus,
Giardia,
Cryptospordium,
cyclosopa
Shigella,salmonella,
campylobacter,
EIEC,Yersinia,
clostridum,entoemba
Salmonellatyphi

Homocystinuria=defectincystathioninesynthase/B6def
increasedactivityofhomocysteinemethyltransferase/B12methionine
couvoisiersign=choledocholithiasisorPDAC
essentialHTN=increasedsympathetic(beta1)stimulation
histoplasmosis=cavitarypulmdisease,calcifiedhilarLNs

vWFdisease=increasedBT,increasedaPTT
temporallobeabscess=staphinfxn
temporallobehemorrhage=HSV
arthroconidia=dermatophytes
hyphaewithrosettesofmicrocondia=sporothrix
macrocondiahistoplasma
pseudoappendicitis=Yersiniaenterocolitica(contaminatedmilk).Growsat25C
cyclobenzaprine=centrallyactingmusclerelaxant.SimilarSEsasTCAs=antiMussideeffects
Enzyme
TroponinI,T
CKMB
LDH

Elevatedby
36h
48h
24h

Peak
16h
18h
36d

RETRUNTONL
710d
23d
814d

M201088
Neurosyphilissign=PARESIS(personality,affect,hyperactiveReflexes,eyes:ARpupils,
Sensoriumdefects,Intellectualdecline,Speechdeficiency)
Acuteinterstitialnephritis=renalist
Pureredcellaplasia=inhibitionoferythropoeiticprecursorsbyIgGorTccells.a/wthymomas,
lymphocyticleukemias
ITP=episodicbleeding.Mucocutaneous(petechiar,purpura,epistaxis)
vWD=easybleedingfromskin,mucosa
cavernoushemangioma=AVmalformation=tendencytobleed
listeriatx=ampicillin
grpBstreptx=ceftriaxone
hyalinecartilagepronetoinfectionlackofBVs=noimmuneresponse
benzouseifpthasliverdamage=LOT(lorazepam,oxazepman,temazepam)
tbtestdeemedpositivefor
5mmifimmunocompromised,recentexposure,
10mmifimmigrant,prison,homeless,healthcareworker,

15mmifnoRFs
DMtypeIINVIVOglucagonlvlsdonotincreaseasplasmaglucoselvlfalls.Epinephrine
secretiondoesincrease
Actinomycescancausecervicofacialmycetoma(lumpyjaw)
FibratesactivatePPARalpha
OnlyDCscandocrosspresentation
ChiariII=herniationofpartsofhindbrain,cerebellarvermis,4thventricleintoforamenmagnum
ChiariI=herniationofcerebellartonsilsintoforamenmagnum
only.Asymptomaticsymptomaticwithcoughing
Inactivityofskeletalm=decreasedmetabolism=decreasedO2consumption=increasedmyoglobin
saturation,intracellularPO2.DecreasedBVs.Decreasedtissuelvlsofadenosine(inactive
m=decreasedconsumptionofATP)
Severecoarctation=collateralBF
subclavianacollateralflowthroughinternalthoracic(mammary)aaanteriorintercostal
aa:anastomosewith:posteriorintercostalaa(brofdescendingAo)
leukoplakia=highriskfororalcancer
lichenplanus=lymphocyticinfiltrationbutnotpremalignant
squamouspapilloma=HPV6/11inoral
frictionalkeratosis=keratosisoforalmucosasecondarytobiting
SCDhemolysis=intra/extracellularly
measles=matrixprotein(forviralassembly)
SSPEcomplicationofinfectionofmeasleswithabsentmatrixprotein(preventsenveloped
virionsfromforming)=accumulationofviralnucleocapsidswithinneurons,oligos
B12defDC,corticospinal/spinocerebellartracts
FreidrichsDC,corticospinal/spinocerebellartracts
VitEdefDC,spinocerebellartracts
TypeIIerror(beta)=pofconcludingthereisnodifferencebetweengrpswhenonetrulyexists
Power=abilityofstudytodetectdifferencebetweengrpswhensuchadifferenceexists
RAcancauseidiopathicistpneumonia
Identification=adoptionofcharacteristicsoractivitiesofanotherperson

Blocking=transientinabilitytoremember
Introjection=superego,beinglikeparents
hPL=linearincreasethroughoutgestation
CRH=rapidincreaseonlynearendofgestation
AodissectionprogressesdistallytoinvolvemajoraaofAo(likerenalaainfarc,pain)
BRCA1=17
BRCA2=13
P53=17
Acidicstool=lactosemalabs(bacteriabreakdownlactoseacidicendproducts,H2gas)
Estrogenfeedbackduringovulatorycycle:estrogenlvlsslowlyincrease(duetonegative
feedbackontoLH,FSHafterestrogenreachescertainlvlpositivefeedback)
Necrosis=multunugiantcellrxn
Alcoholwithdrawal=tactilehallucinations
MDD=decreasedN3sleep,decreasedREMlatency,increasedREMsleep
Neruoblastomaarisesfromparavertebralsymchainoradrenalmedulla.Crossesmidline(unlike
Wilmstumor)
GERDhisto=basalzonehyperplasia,elongationoflaminapropriapapillae,feweosinophils,
PMNs
DKA=increasedglucosemadeviaincreasedlipase(TGglycerol+FAs)andglycerolkinase
(glycerolG3Pglucose)
Acetazolamide,diuretics=hypokalemia
Allergendesensitization=smallamtsofallergenintroducedsubcutaneouslyovertime=anti
allergenIgGincreases,antiallergenIgEdecreases
Lumbarpuncture:
skinsuperficialfascia/deepfascia
supraspinousligamentinterspinousligamentligamentumflavum
epiduralspaceduraarachnoidsubarachnoid(sampled)
epiduralanesthesia=insertedinepiduralspace
spinalanesthesia=insertedintosubarachnoidspace

acinarsalivaryglands:
mucous=sublingual
mucous,serous=submandibular
serous=parotid
succinylcholine=nAchRdepolarizationblockade=NainandKout=peakedTwaves
defecationreflexevokedwhen:
1. InternalanalspinchterrelaxesPelvicsplanchnicn(parasym,S24),
2. Externalanalspinchtercontractspudendaln(sym,S24)
3. Consciousurgetodefecate
Highaltitudechanges(longterm):Hctincreases,PaO2decreases,SaO2decreases
CD25=Treg,Th
CD34=HSC,HEVs
CD152(CTLA4)=Treg(completeswithCD28forB7binding)
Systemicamyloidosis=restrictivecardiomyopathy,nephroticsyndrome,organomegaly,
macroglossia
Yshapeduterus=bifiduterus
Creatinineisslsecreted(10%moreissecreted)
Connsyndrome=primaryhyperaldosteronism
Addisondisease=primaryadrenalinsufficiency
Nelsonsyndrome=extremehyperpigmentation.PtswhohavehadadrenalectomytotxCushing
disease
ZEsyndrome=highgastrin,highacid,highsecretin
AVnode=3rdintercostalspace
Ovulationdate=periodcyclelength14
CLsurvivesfor14d
TBskintest:tuberculin(outersurfaceprotein)andmycolicacids
Atherosclerosisofextremity=weakerpulsethere
ScreensforrecentAlOHuse=serumGGT,serumethylglucuronide

Majorvirulencefactorofstreppyogenes=proteinM=inhibitsphagocytosis,complement
activation,promotesbacterialadherence
Ligamentumarteriosum=inferiortoleftsubclava
Matchingisusedtoctrlconfounding
PAH=irreversiblechange.RVhypertrophycanremodelphysiologically
TCAsinhibit:
mAchR(central,peripheral)
alpha1R
cardiacfastNachannelsarrhythmiasDEATH
presynapticNE,5HTreuptaketransporters
H1receptors
briefpsychoticd/o=completeresolutionofsxs
moodsxsarenotpresentinanytypeofprimarypsychosis
constrictionofefferentarteriole=increasedhydrostaticpressure,increasedGCosmoticpressure
(whichisreachedearlier)
COdecreasesO2carryingcapacityofblood.CausesLEFTshift
Warfarin,heparinoverdosewillcauseincreaseinbothPT,aPTT
Highpitchedtinklingbowelsoundsofabdomen=smallintestineobs.Ifdistendedabd,thenobs
isatjejnum/ileum
Staphaureus=bacterialpneumoniaWITHpulmabscess
PCWP=LApressure=measureofLVpreload.PCWPdoesnotaccuratelymeasureLVEDPin
settingofMS
Tularemia=rupturingpustule,ulcer,regionalLAN
Neurocystercosis=taeniasoliumeggs(hyperdensespots)
Toxo=RElesions,seizures,cystsfromundercookpork(MC)orcatfeces
Metatarsalstressfx=anorexianervosa
PoxvirusreproducesinCYTOPLASM
TranscriptionfromproviralDNA=viralDNAintegratedintohost(retroviruses)

Suddencardiacdeathinnonhospitalsettingandolder=ischemicheartdisease
PyruvateDHyieldsacetylCoA
LactateDHyieldslactate
ARDS
1. Acuteexudativephase(d16):PMNsaccumulateinlungBVs,releasechemokines,O2
radicals,proteasesthatdamagealveolarepi;vascularinjury,increasedpermeability;
intrapulmonaryshunting.Lookforbilateralinfiltrates,opacity
2. Fibroproliferativephase(d714)
Septicarthritis=petechialrash,tenosynovitis,lowgradefever,joint
Ngonhorraeisnotanintracellularpathogenperse(butmaybeintracellularafterphagocytosis)
growsonchocolateagar,Thayermartin
dependentpersonalityd/o=subordinationofpatientsownneedstoneedsofothers,getothersto
assumeresponsibility,cantexpressdisagreement
pinkishsputum=saureus
red,thicksputum=klebsiella
CAPtx=macrolide
CoarctationofAo=LVH
Distaltocoarctation=dilation
Metoprolol=SEofdyslipidemia(highcholesterol/LDL,lowHDL)
Russelbodies=accumulationsofIgwithincells
Creatinineisozymes:MB(heart),MM(skeletalmuscle),BB(brain)
Connsyndrome=primaryhyperaldosteronism
StomachcancersmainlyadenoCA
Primaryhypothyroidism=baselineTRH,TSHlvlshigh.ExogenousTRH=higherbaselines
Acutebacterialprostatitis=ecoli
Megestrol=progestationalagent;usedtostimulateappetiteincachexia
TypicalAPsmaybeusedforD2inhibitionatCTZ

Internalcapsule:
anteriorlimb=frontopontinefibers
genu=corticobulbarfibers
posteriorlimb=corticospinalfiberstocontralateral
brucella=caseatinggranulomatous;cattleorunpasteurizeddairy.Intermittentfever
vibriovulnificus=fromshellfish.Fever,chills,hypoTN,fluidfilledblistersmnecrosis
neurocystercosis=transmittedfromfecalsource(anotherpersonORselftransferfromperianal
eggs)
criduchat=VSD
androgeninsensitivitysyndrome(tfem)=undescendedtestes.Sparsepubichair
muellerianagenesis=nlpubichair
PAHisfiltered(nonsaturatable)andsecreted(saturatable)
Parainfluenza=croup=laryngeotracheobronchitis=sealcough,inspiratorystridor
RSV=wheezing
Panicdisorder=recurrent,UNEXPECTEDpanicattacks
SIADH=euvolemichyponatremia
HCVinfection=asymptomatic,percutaneoustransmission(notreallysex)
3hydroxy3methylglutarylCoA(HMGCoA)lyase=mtenzymeinvolvedinketogenesisfrom
HMGCoA(fromleucinedegradationorHMGCoAsynthase)
anteriorintercondylararea=ACLattachment
medialcondyleoftibia=attachmentofsemimembranousm
styloidprocessofheadoffibula=bicepsfemorisattachment
renaltubularnecrosis=ATN=progressivelyincreasingcreatinine,muddybrowncasts
ileum=attailofpancreas;horizontalfigure8
ifdialysisptwhodevelopsbleeding=thinkuremicplateletdysfxn
typicalpneumonia=PMNsrespond
atypicalpneumonia=Tcellsrespond

seminoma=PLAP(placentalalkalinephosphatase)expression
nonsensemtninDNA=entiregenestilltranscribedbutprematurestopcodon(affectstranslation)
rubella=germanmeasles
rubeola=measles
antacidsdecreaseGIabsoffluoroq
loracarbef=2ndGcephalosporin
totxosteoLYSIS=cincalcet
totxosteCLASTICactivity=bisphosphonates
Aostenosis=weakS2sound,weakperipheralpulses
Repeatedepisodesofstableangina=focalfibrosisandsubendocardialmyocardialvacuolization
(ofdamagedmycotes)
Kussmaulssign=increaseinJVPwithinspiration;chronicpericarditis,restrictive
cardiomyopathy,RHF,tricuspidstenosis,(rarely)tamponade(butptwillbehypotensive)
Pulsusparadoxus=corpulmonale(canresultfromacuteasthmaattach),chronicpericarditis,
tamponade(butptwillbehypotensive)
Pericardialknock=shortlyafterS2;chronicpericarditis
Toxicmegacolon=Cdifficile,infectiouscolitis,ucolitis
Zenckerdiverticulumcause=abnlspasmordiminishedrelaxationofcricopharyngealm
Nitroprusside,nitroglycerin?releaseNO,CN
Blastsinperipheralbloodleukemia
MCkidleukemia=ALL
TcellALL=largeanteriormediastinalmass(compressesophagus,SVC)
lunghamartomas=popcorncalcifications;madeofhyalinecartilage,fat,smoothm,respepi
anklesprain=inversionofplantarflexedfootdamagetoanteriortalofibularligament
reducedO2saturation=rightshiftofO2dissociationcurve

flowvelocity:Ao,largevessels>venacavae>largeveins>smallarteries>arterioles>small
veins>venules>capillaries
encephalitis=abnlbrainfxn(vsmeningitis=lethargy)
ataxiabutnodysmetria=cerebellarVERMISlesion
HEV=hepeviridae
Ureasepositiveorganisms=PUNCH(proteus,ureaplasma,nocardia,Cryptococcus,helicobacter),
KSS(klebsiella,sepidermidis,ssaprophyticus)
Exotoxinduetolysogenicconversion=COBEDS(choleratoxin,OAgofsalmonella,botulinum
toxin,erythrogenictoxinofstreppyogenes,diphtheriatoxin,shigatoxin)
Ursodiol=bileacid+decreasedChosynthesis/secretion/GIabs
Allotype=geneticallyinheritedmarkers(duetoAAsequencedifferences)withinconstant
domainsofheavy,lightchainsofIg
Idiotype=AgrecognitionportionofIg
Isotype=majorclassofIg(MDGEA)
Granuloma=Mo
FDPs(fibrindegradationproducts)=generatedfromdegradationoffibrinogenorfibrin
Ddimer=degradationoffibrinonly
Pneumoniaaftereyeinfection(redeye)innewborn=chlamydia
chlamydiapneumonia=lookforeosinophilia,staccatocough(inspirebetweeneachsingle
cough)
arcuateline=horizontallinebelowumbilicusthatdemarcateslowerlimitofposteriorrectus
sheath
abovearcuaterectusabdominismiscoveredbyanterior/posteriorsheaths
belowarcuaterectusabdominismiscoveredbyanteriorsheathonly
recurrentotitismedia(spneumo)brainabscess(masswithREborder)
ATM=increasedofcancer(leukemia,lymphoma).BecarefulofusingXray,CT(inducesDNA
damage)
Fungaltoenail(onychomycosis)tx=terbinafine
DM2=nonketotic,hyperosmolarcoma

Microsatelliteinstability=strandslippageduringDNAreplicationduetodinucleotiderepeats
Herpeszosterencephalitis(AIDSpt)presentsacutelyfollowingvesiculareruption
Liposarcoma=pleomorphiclipocytes,unencapsulated
Lipoma=homogenouslipocytes,encapsulated
alol/ilol=betaandalphablocker
gastricacidsecretioncontrolledbysecretin,GIP,CCK(allareinthesmallintestine)
infectedRBCs(malaria)=noMHConsurface=NKcellsclear
subcutaneousrheumatoidnoduleshisto=fibrinoidnecrosissurroundedbyepithelioidcells
thrombolytics,tPAcleavefibrinogen,fibrin=prolongedPT,aPTT
polysaccharideAgs(eitheronorganismorwithinvaccine)doesnotactivateThcells=onlyB
cellscanreact=noclassswitching=onlysIgMmade
smallcelllungcancer=mayproduceSVCsyndrome
GHandhGH(synbyplacenta)=reduceinsulinsensitivity
HBV=PAN;myalgias,renalfailure
HCV=cryoglobulinemia
StonewithincysticductdoesNOTcausejaundice
Aostenosis=decreasedpulsepressure
Arteriosclerosis=increasedpulsepressure
Theophyllinetoxicitysign=sinustachy,tremors,agitation,seizures
Arterioles=largestcontributortoR
Posteriordisplacementofelbow=ulnarndamage
Mediannanteriorinterosseousn,palmarcutaneousn
Mediannentershand
1. Abovetunnel:
a. Palmarcutaneousnpalmarsurfaceofthumb
2. Undertunnel:

a. recurrentbr(innervatesthenarmuscles)
b. palmardigitalbr(innervatespalmarsurfaceofpalm,fingertipsoflateral3.5
digits,+innervateslateral2lumbricalm)
deeptoinfundibulopelvic(suspensory)ligament=ureter
commonvariableimmunedeficiency=lowgammapeak
alzdementia=MEMORYproblems
vasculardementia=motorproblems
homocystinuria=increasedthrombosis,DVT
CMV=intranuclear(cowdey?)andcystoplasmicinclusions
Osteitisfibrosacystica(duetohyperparathyroidism)=lookforfibrosis
Manytransfusions(thalessmia)=Feoverload=hemosiderosis,restrictivecardiomyopathy(LHF,
RHF)
Albinism=AR
RETgeneencodesreceptortyrosinekinase?
PlasmaosmolaritymonitoredbyosmoreceptorsinOVLA>ADHsecretionasneeded
deQuervain=subacte,GRANULOMATOUS,TENDER,afterviralillness
dermiscontainsskinappendages(hairfollicles,sweatglands)=containepithelialstemcells
reepi=ingrowthofepidermalcellsfromunderlyingskinappendages+intactepialongwound
metstobone
1. osteoblasticlesion=prostatecancer
2. osteolyticlesion=lung,renal,thyroidcancer
3. osteolytic,osteoblastic=breastcancer
upperrectum,superiorpartofmiddlerectum=inferiormesentericLNs
middle/lowerpartofrectum=inferiormesentericLNsorinternaliliacLNs

proximaltoanaldentateline=inferiormesentericandinternaliliacLNs
distaltoanaldentateline=horizontalsuperficialinguinalLNs
superiorportionofbladderexternaliliacLNs
inferiorportionofbladderinternaliliacLNs

prostate,seminalvesicles,vasdefinternaliliacLNs(alsoexternal,sacralminor)
testes,epididymislumbarnodes
deepinguinalLNs=drainpoplitealLNs,superficialinguinalLNs,glanspenis
kinkyhair=menkesdisease.ATPdependentcoppereffluxproteininGItractdefect=noserum
Cu/ceruloplasmin=impairedlysyloxidase
otherCudependentenzymesthatareaffected=cytCoxidase,tyrosinase
mixedconnectivetissuedisease=antiRNP.Tx=steroids
anaphylatoxins=causemastcelldegranulation,respdistress,shock
histamine=causeslesstoxicsigns(swelling,itchiness,vasodilation)
GIpolyps
Type
Hyperplastic

Description
Sawtoothglandularepiwith
proliferationofgobletand
columnarcells
Pedunculated
Pedunculated,sessile
Sessile

Tubularadenoma
Tubulovillousadenoma
Villousadenoma
milestones
Age
Grossmotor
12mo
standswell
walksfirststeps
independently
throwsball
18mo
runs
kicksball
2yr

3yr

walksup/down
stairswithboth
feetoneachstep
jumps
walksup/down
stairswith
alternatingfeet
ridestricycle

Progressiontocancer
No
Low
Int
High

Finemotor
2fingerpincergrasp

Language
Saysfirstwords
(otherthanmama
anddada)

Social/cognitive
separationanx
follow1stepcommand
withgesture

understandsmine
beginspretendplay

follows2stepcommand
parallelplay
beginstoilettraining

knowsage/gender
imaginativeplay

buildtowerof24
cubes
removesclothing

builds6cubetower
copiesaline

turnpages

copiesacircle
usesutensils

1025word
vocabulary
identifies>or
=1bodypart
50+word
vocab
2word
phrases
3word
sentences
speech75%
intelligible

4yr

balancesand
hopson1foot

copiesasq

5yr

skips
walksbackwards

copiesatriangle
tiesshoelaces
independent
dressing/bathing
printsletters

identifies
colors
speech100%
intelligible
countsto10
5word
sentences

cooperativeplay

hasfriends
completestoilettraining

diverticulosis=acutebleed
diverticulitis=intermittentbleed;LLQappendicitis
chlamydia=intracellular.VisualizedbyI,Giemsa,FlAbstains
hducreyi=pleomorphic,gramvariable
SLEcanhavejointpain.Willhaverenalsxs(unlikeRA)
MS=type4hsautoimmune;initiatedbyTh1
Prematureinfantsgiven100%O2=riskforretinopthy;highO2=vasoconstrictionofretinal
BVs=ischemia=increasedVEGFproduction
BronchioalveolarCAonCXR=appearsaspneumonialikeconsolidation
Smallcellcarcinoma=neuroendocrinecells=containsecretorygranulesonEM
Oldperson:REMsleeppercentthesame(20%),deltasleep(N4followedbyN3)vanishes
Acutegastritis=patchesofredmucosa,petechiae,and/orulcers;a/wuremia
Icelldisease=misshapenlongbones,restrictedjointmvmts,cloudedcorneas,hyperplasticgums,
elevatedserumacidhydrolase/glycosylase
SSRIstake68wkstohaveeffect;givebenzoshortterm
Diazoxide=Kchannelopener
alsoopensKatpchannelsinpancreaticbetacells=noinsulinrelease
CHFpleuraleffusion=shouldaffectbothsides
Bacterialeffusion=yellowgreenfluid,PMNs,highprotein
Chylothorax(exudative)pleuraleffusion=lymphaticfluidsecondarytodamageofthethoracic
duct(largetumordamagesductortrauma)
1. pleuralprotein:serumproteinof>0.5

2. pleuralLDH:serumLDHof>0.6
3. orpleuralfluidLDH>2/3upperlimitofNl
SSTinhibitssecretionofGH,TSH

Body
Body
compartment
TBW

Percentofbody
weight
60%

Fractionof
TBW
1.0

Measurement

Intracellular
fluid
ECF

40%

2/3

TBWECF

20%

1/3

Istfluidvolume
Plasma

16%
4%

(75%ofECF)
1/12(25%of
ECF)

Substance
D2O
Tritiatedwater
Antipyrine
RadioNa
Inulin
Mannitol/sucros
e

ECFplasma
Radioalbumin
Evansblue

TypeII,IIIhs=complementactivation
Pagetdisease(osteitisdeformans)source=paramyxovirusesinosteoclastsofaffectedbone
Doxycycline=CNSpenetration.Fecallyeliminated
Loefflerendocarditis=endomyocardialfibrosiswithmyocytenecrosisandeosinophilic
infiltrate/eosinophilia
Hereditaryhypertrophiccardiomyopathy=subaorticstenosis
LGV=primarylesionisshallow,painlessulcer.LANdrainingLNs,painful.
Granulomainguinale=primarylesionispainless,granulomatous,bleedseasily.

SDH=doesNOTcrossmidline,crossessuturelines,crescentshaped
CTscanbrightsignal=Ca(bone),iodine/barium,Fe(ifconc)
Hepatogastricligamentcut=betteraccesstoepiploicforamen(bordershepatoduodenalligament)
Klebsiellapneumonia=greaterriskforlungabscess,empyema
Suddenheadache,neckstiffnessberryaneurysmorAVM
Hereditaryhemorrhagictelangiectasia(oslerweberrendu)=AD=recurrentnosebleeds
(telangiectasiainnasalmucosa),melena(GItelang),AVMsinbrain/lungs/liver,seizures
(cerebralAVMs)
redlesions,increasedHct,platelet
Pwave=Nainfluxofatrialm(phase0)
QRS=Nainfluxofventriclem(phase0)
ST=Cainflux,NaCinactiveinventricle(phase2)
T=ventricularrepolarization(phase3)
Uwave=repolarizationofpapillarm
AIDSpneumonia(espifCD4<200)=PCP(extracellularatypicalfungus)
Internalurethralsphincter(atsmoothmatneckofbladder,lumbarsplanchnics)closedto
preventurination,closedduringejaculation
prostateisimmediatelyinferiortospinchter
prostateresection,portionofsphincterisremoved=retrogradeejaculation
lumbarsplanchincs=L1,L2
pelvicsplanchnics=S2S4
PCV=hyperviscositybuddchiarisyndrome
Pagetsdiseaseofnipple=underlyingbreastadenoCA
TouchingmucosaofpharynxonLorRside=gagreflex
stimulationofCN9ononeside=elicitsgagreflexonbothsides
deathwithinfirst3daysofMI=duetofatalarrhythmia(acutefibrinouspericarditisdoesnot
usuallycausedeath)
pregnantwomenwithmonolikeillnessbutnegativeheterophiletestthinktoxo
sulfonylurea(glipizide)=sulfadrug

marfansyndrome:MVP,cysticmedialnecrosisofAo,defectinfibrillin(microfibril)
amnioticfluidentersmaternalcirculationviatearinuterineorcervicalvv
canresultinDIC,candepositinpulmBVs(=pulminfarcts)
valproicacid=thrombocytopenia
gynecomastiainmencanpresentasfirm,rubbery,mobilemassinoneorbothbreasts
chronicmeningitis=lymphocytes,plasmacells,Mo,fibroblasts;TBmostcommoncause
nervewithintonsillarfossa=CN9
reactivenonspecificlymphadenitis=hyperplasiaofgerminalcentersoflymphoidfollicles
nodularsclerosingsubtypeofhogkinslymphoma=commoninkids,youngadults;lacunarRS
cells
externaliliacadoesnotentertruepelvis
siacticn=tibialn+commonperonealn
Noflumbosacralplexus
Sciaticn
Femoraln
Obturatorn
Inferiorglutealn
Superiorglutealn

Motorloss
Weakextensionofthigh,loss
ofkneeflexionandfoot
dorsiflexion
Weakhipflexion,lossof
kneeextension
Weaknessofthighadduction
andmedialrotationofthigh
Weaknessofhipextension
andlateralrotationofthigh
Lossofthighabduction;
trendelenburggait

Sensoryloss
Posteriorthigh,lateralleg,
entirefoot
Anteriorthigh,medialleg,
foot
Medialthigh

causesofgastricadenoCA:chronichelicobacterpylori(strongestRF),AlOH,nitrate,pernicious
anemia,tobacco
clawtoesandclawhammertoesaffectlateral4toes
1. clawtoes=hyperextensionofMTPjointandflexionofPIP/DIP=digitalflexorsand
extensorsoverpowertheweakenedlumbricalandinterosseim
2. hammertoes=hyperextensionofMTP,flexionofPIP,extensionofDIP=digitalflexors
andextensorsoverpowertheweakenedlumbricalandinterosseim
1sttrimesterpainLESSbleedingwithpassageoftissueclots=spontaneousabortion(duetochr
abnl)
C3deficiency=increasedsusceptibilitytoimmunecomplexdiseases(soincreasedriskoftypeIII
hs)
Phrenicnrunsontopofanteriorscalenem
Mumpsvirusspreadsfromcelltocellbysyncytiaformation(protectsfromextracellularAbs)
Ticlodipine(clopodogrelclass)=neutropenia
Bordetellapertussis=pertussistoxin=inhibitsGiGsallowed=increasedinsulinsecretion
also,lymphocytosispromotion,blockadeofimmuneeffectorcells,increasedhistamine
sensitivity
ifselflabeledbulimicptwhoisyoung=checktomakesurethereisnoDM
2genelociforalphachain
cisdeletion=aa/
transdeletion=a/a
capsularorganisms:streppneumo,klebsiella,HiB,pseudomonas,neiserria,cryptococcus

RAS=donotgiveACEi/ARBs=furtherdecreasesGFR
Hereditaryhemochromatosis(AR)=bronzediabetes
CMV=deafness
Rubella=deafness
DKA=ratioofhydroxybutyrate:acetoacetateincreases
Extrafusalmfibers=constitutebulkofcontractingmbelly=producemuscletension
Intrafusalfibers=filamentstowhichspindleafferentsareattached;withstretching,spindle
afferentsproduceimpulsesviaIafibersstimulatealphamotorneuron
Medialumbilicalfold=elevationofparietalperitoneumthatcoversthemedialumbilicalligament
(remnantofumbilicala,whichinfetus,arisesfrominternaliliaca)
FetalcomplicationsduetomaternalDM=macrosomia,respdistresssyndrome,transpositionof
greatarteries
LowCD4countinHIVpt=noTh2cellsforclassswitching=AbsmadeareIgM
Tetracycline,fluoroqnotusedinkidsduetosideeffects
Oldage=decreasedFEV1/FVC
Pituitaryadenomaismainlyhyperfunctioning(prolactinoma)orcouldbehypofunctioning
(decreasedsecretionofreleasinghormones)
ATN=donotgiveKsparringdiuretics
ATN(atypeofintrinsicazotemia)=hyperkalemia,increasedserumH+,volumeoverload
Ksparringdiuretics=worsenshyperkalemiaandthemetabolicacidosis
mannitoliscontraindicatedinANuria,notOLIGOuria
Condition
Nl
Betathalminor
Betathalmajor
SCtrait
SCD

HbA
98%

Absent

Absent

HbA2
2.5%

~nl
~nl

HbF
<1%
~nl

~nl

HbS
Absent
Absent
Absent

Regulationofrenalbloodflow
1. afferentarteriole(myogenicmechanism):reflexvasoconstrictionthatoccurswhen
perfusionpressureincreases

2. efferentarteriole(RAAS)
subclavaavertebralaa
wilsondisease=Cuaccumulatesinliver(micronodularcirrhosis),depositionofCuinbasal
ganglia(espcaudate,putamenEPSsigns)
transposonscanresultinmanyAbxresistancegenesonaplasmid
DR3/DR4=greatestriskforDM
DR3/DR3=greatriskforDM
DR2/DR4=intrisk
Prematureventricularcontractionreducespreload,SVinproportion(soEFstaysthesame)
Rheumaticfever=pancarditis,arthritis,subcutaneousnodules,chorea,erythemamarginatum
Ringworm(tineacorporis)=oftenfrominfectedcat/dog.Circularlesionwithcentralclearing.
Mastitiscanresultinabscess(cloudy,yellowfluid)
Kidneytubulehisto
1. glomerulus=simplesqepi,fenestrated
2. PCT=brushborderlikeepithelium(ofmicrovilli)
3. ThinsegmentofLoH=simplesq
4. DCT=cuboidalepi
5. CD=cuboidalepi
Lossoffxnmtninmelanoma=CDKN2(encodesforsuppressorproteinofcyclinD)
Gainoffxnmtninmelanoma=BRAF
Manifestationsofischemicheartdisease
1. Leftsidedchestpainradiatingtoshoulder
2. Jawpainorepigastricgain
Atypicallabimarkers=isolatedincreaseinAST(ASTisincardiactissuetoo;ALTisonlyin
liver)
Flareupofcrohnsdisease=oralsteroid
FlareupofUcolitis=steroidsuppository;maintenanceofremission=mesalamine
EDGFRkrasbrafMEKMAPK
Typevcollagen=hair,placenta

Scarletfever=redrashwithsandpaperliketexturethatblanchesunderpressure,strawberry
tongue(seeninKawasakitoo)
feverandrash=pyrogenicexotoxin
streppyogenesalsoproducesMprotein(antiphagocytic),hyaluronicacidcapsule
familialgestationalhyperthyroidism=increasedresponsivenessofTSHRtohCGorLH
hCGlevelsdoublesevery2d(forfirst10wksofpregnancy)thendeclinestotoalvl1/10thof
thepeaklvlforremainder
meckelsinileum
GFRismaintainedatequilibrium(inspiteofconditions)
IxodestickvectorforHGA,borrelia,babesia
HGApresentssimilartoRMSFbutNOrash
SteroidsinhibitCaabs,promoteosteoclastactivity,inhibitosteoblastactivity
Waterismostly(2/3ofvolume)absatPCT(eveninpresenceofADH)
ADPKDtx=ACEi
currantjellystool=intussusception
atheroscleroticplaquecanbecomedystroficallycalcified(indicatessevereplaque)
clubbingoffingers(newboneformationinsubperiostealspace)=lungadenoCA
ascaris=humanfecaleggs
toxocara=dog/catfecaleggs
amyloids:
AA(acutephasereactant)
AL(lightchain,MM,lymphoma)
ACal(calcitonin)
preeclampsiaincitingevent=placentalischemia
atVmax,anincreaseinsubstrateconcdoesnotincreaseVmaxstudyenzymeactivityatthis
lvl
monoclonalproliferationofTcellsorBcellsmalignancy

monoclonality=singlealleleforvariableregionofthereceptor
glomerularautoregulationisnotperfectifperfusionpressuredrops=thenGFRwillbesl
decreased(evenafterstabilizationmechanisms)
inducersofG6PDdefanemia=infections,drugs(dapsone,antimalarials,sulfadrugs),DKA,
favism
DM=morelikelytodiefromMI
Reactivearthritisfollowsfromnongonoccalarthritisseewhichorg
Mo,PMNsreleaselysosomalenzymes=tissuedamageandabscessformation
mAchR+nAchRblockade=botulism
mAchRblockade=TCAoverdose

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