Quantum Teleportation Cours CERN

Quantum teleportation
GAP Optique Geneva University
Nicolas Gisin
H. Deriedmatten, I. Marcikic, R. Thew, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden
Groupe de Physique Applique-unit dOptique
Universit de Genne
The science and the science-fiction of quantum teleportation

Intuitive and mathematical introduction
What is teleported ?
Q fax? The no-cloning theorem
The teleportation channel: Entanglement
The Geneva experiment
Telecom wavelengths
Time-bin qubits
partial Bell measurement and tests of Bell inequality
Applications: Quantum Key Distribution
Simplifications, limitations
Q relays and Q repeaters
The Geneva Teleportation

experiment over 3x2 km
Photon = particle (atom) of light
Polarized photon
( structured photon)
Unpolarized photon
( unstructured dust)
55 metres
2 km of
optical fibre
2 km of
optical fibre
Two entangled
photons
3
55 metres
2 km of
optical fibre
55 metres
Bell measurement
(partial)
the 2 photons
interact
4 possible results:
0, 90, 180, 270 degrees
5
55 metres
Bell measurement
(partial)
the 2 photons
interact
4 possible results:
0, 90, 180, 270 degrees
ct
e
f
Per
n
o
i
t
la
e
r
r
Co
The correlation is
independent of the quantum
state which may be unknown
or even entangled with a
fourth photon
6
Quantum teleportation
2 bits
U
Bell
EPR
( c 0 0 + c 1 1 ) ( 0 , 0 + 1 ,1 ) /
=
+
+
+
11
( (00, 0, 0 ++ 11,1,1 ) )
2 22
11
((00, 0, 0 11,1,1 ))
2 22
11
((00,1,1 ++ 11, 0, 0 ))
2 22
11
((00,1,1 11, 0, 0 ))
2 22
( c 0 0 + c1 1 )
( c 0 0 c1 1 )
123
( c1 0 + c 0 1 )
123
123
123
( c1 0 c 0 1 )
What is teleported ?
According to Aristotle, objects are constituted by matter

and form, ie by elementary particles and quantum states.
Matter and energy can not be teleported from one place
to another: they can not be transferred from one place to
another without passing through intermediate locations.
However, quantum states, the ultimate structure of
objects, can be teleported. Accordingly, objects can be
transferred from one place to another without ever
existing anywhere in between! But only the structure is
teleported, the matter stays at the source and has to be
already present at the final location.
C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crpeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres and W. Wootters, PRL 70, 1895 (1993)
D. Boschi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1121 (1998)

D. Bouwmeester et al., Nature 390, 575 (1997)
Y-K. Kim et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1370 (2001)

8
I. Marcikic et al., Nature 421, 509 (2003)
A Quantum Fax ?
During a quantum teleportation process, the

original system is destroyed.
According to the basic law of quantum
physics, this is a necessity since it is impossible
to clone an unknown quantum state. If not:
one could violate Heisenbergs uncertainty relations
(Quantum Physics would be deterministic !)
one could exploit entanglement and cloning to signal
faster than light.
(Relativity would have an absolute time).
9
No cloning theorem and the

compatibility with relativity
No cloning theorem: It is impossible to copy an unknown

quantum state,
/
Proof #1:
0 0,0
1 1,1
0 + 1 0,0 + 1,1
( 0 + 1 )( 0 + 1 )
Proof #2: (by contradiction)

Alice
Source of
entangled
particules
Arbitrary fast signaling !
Bob
clones
10
No cloning theorem and the

compatibility with relativity
The first account on quantum cloning was done by E.P. Wigner
in his analysis of earlier work by W.M. Elsasser devoted to a
discussion of the origin of life and the multiplication of organisms.
Wigner has presented a quantum-mechanical argument
according to which ``the probability is zero for existence of
self-reproducing states''.
Todays standard references are:
W. K. Wootters and W. H. Zurek, Nature 299, 802, 1982.
P.W. Milonni and M.L.Hardies, Phys. Lett. A 92, 32, 1982.
The connection to no signaling appeared in:
N. Gisin, Phys. Lett. A 242, 1, 1998.
11
The Quantum Teleportation channel ?
12
Entanglement
A density matrix is separable iff it decomposes in
product states with probabilit coefficients pj>0 :
= j p j jA Bj
is entangled iff it is not separable.
Given a , one knows of no constructive method to
determine wheher is separable or entanglement !
The partial transpose test :
If is seprable, then its partial transpose is
whre
pt
ab ,
a ,b
pt
(this test is exhaustive en dim 2x2)

13
Non-locality: definition
P (a , b | A, B )
probability
Events.
Not under human
control
Experimental settings.
Under human
control
The correlations P(a,b|An,Bm) are local iff there is a random

variable such that:
P(a,b|An,Bm, ) = P(a|An, ) P(b|Bm, )
Historically was called a local hidden variable. Today,
one measures the amount of nonlocality by the minimum
communication required to reproduce P(a,b|An,Bm).
14
Implications of entanglement
The world cant be understood in terms of

little billiard balls.
The world is nonlocal (but the nonlocality cant
be used to signal faster than light).
Quantum physics offers new ways of
processing
information.
15
What
can
carry
the
Q
info
to
be
What can be teleported ?
teleported ?
Photon
Done
Atom
Probably soon !
Molecule
Likely some day
Virus
?? Possibly ??
Large object
Still science-fiction
16
Q communication in optical fibres
Two problems : Losses and decoherence.

How to minimize them ?
The transmission depends on the wavelength
- Lower attenuation : 1310 nm (0.3 dB/km) and 1550 nm
(0.2dB/km) (telecom wavelengths)
Decoherence due to birefringence :

Polarization Mode Dispersion
Time-bin coding with photons at telecom wavelength
17
Time-bin qubits
qubit :
= c0 0 + c1ei 1
0
0 i1
any qubit state can be created and
0 +1
measured in any basis
0 1
2
2
0 +i1
2
= c0 0 + c1ei 1
Alice
1
h
variable coupler
Bob
D0
0
D1
switch
State preparation
switch
variable coupler
Projective measurement
W. Tittel & G. Weihs, Quant. Inf. Comput. 1, Number 2, 3 (2001)
18
Photon pairs source

p
s,i
laser
nonlinear
birefringent
crystal
filtre
Parametric fluorescence
Energy and momentum conservation
p = s + i
r
r r
k p = ks + ki
Phase matching determines the wavelengths and propagation

directions of the down-converted photons
Energy conservation:
each photon from the pair has an uncertain frequency,
but the sum of the two frequencies is precisely that of the pump laser
each photon from the pair has an uncertain age,
but the ages difference is precisely zero
similar to the original EPR state
19
Time-bin entanglement
+
Variable
coupler
2 km
Detectors &
optical fibers Coincidence
+
PDC
B
Photon pair creation in a non-linear crystal
250
V net =96% (PDC)
Parametric down-conversion
After 2x2km
200
Energy and momentum
of optical fibers
rconservation
r r
= c0 0 A 0 B + c1e 1 A 1
i
coincidences [/10s]
Laser
0A
1A
150
p = s +
k p =k s + k i
Robust against
i
decoherence
100
s=1310nm
in optical fibers
p=710nm
50
i=1550nm
0
0
20
R. Thew et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 062304
(2002)
40
60
phase[arb unit]
Noise level
80
100
20
The interferometers
C
1
FM
FM
single mode fibers
Michelson configuration
circulator C : second output port
Faraday mirrors FM: compensation of birefringence
temperature tuning enables phase change
21
Optical circulator
horizontal
vertical
pol.
-45 pol.
PBS@45
port 2
Faraday
effect
PBS@0
port 1
vertical
horizontal
pol.
pol.
+45 pol.
port 3
22
Faraday mirrors
4 Faraday rotator
standard mirror ( incidence)
4 Faraday rotator
FM
r
r R( )m ( R( )mr )
m
r
r
1
m R ( )( R( )m )
Independent of
23
Partially Entangled Time-Bin Qubits
= c0 00 + c1e
i p
11
V= 2c0c1
E = c02 log2 c02 c12 log2 c12
R. Thew et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 062304 (2002)
24
Geneva 1997
25
2- source of Aspects 1982 experiment
26
Photon pairs source (Geneva 1997)

r
se
a
L
m
5n
5
6
F L
KNbO3
Energy-time entanglement
output 1
output 2
p = 655 nm; s,i = 1310 nm
diode laser
crystal
lens
filter
laser
simple, compact, handy

40 x 45 x 15 cm3
Ipump = 8 mW
with waveguide in LiNbO3
with quasi phase matching,
Ipump 8 W
27
test of Bell inequalities over 10 km

Bellevue
an
qu
Genve
R++
R-+
R+R--
F L
er P
las
KNbO 3
qu
7. 3
km
tum
an
ch
8 .1
km
l
ne
FM
APD1 +
APD1-
&
9.3
an
FM
t um
classical channels
10.9 km
4. 5
km
APD 2km
ch
an
n
APD2+
Z
el
FS
FS
Bernex
28
results
1.0
correlation coefficient
0.5
0.0
-0.5
V = (85.3 0.9)%
raw
15 Hz coincidences
Sraw = 2.41
Snet = 2.7
violation of Bell
inequalities by 16
(25) standarddeviations
close to quantummechanical
predictions
same result in the
lab
V = (95.5 1) %
net.
0
1000
4000
7000
10000
13000
time [sec]
29
teleportation setup
InGaAs
&
Ge
A
Creation of a qubit
InGaAs
B
Beam splitter 50:50
I. Marcikic et al., Nature,

421, 509-513, 2003
WDM
RG filter
LBO
WDM
RG filter
Creation of an entangled pair

Creation of a photon
Creation of any qubit
to be teleported
LBO
The Bell measurement
Mode locked Ti:Saphire

Femto-second laser
Pulse width =150 fs
Analysis of the teleported

qubit
Coincidence electronics
3-fold
4-fold
30
Bell state measurement
0 1 1 2 ai 0 A 1 A +i 0 B 1 B + 0 A 1 B 1 A 0 B 1 1 0 2 a i 0 A 1 A +i 0 B 1 B 0 A 1 B + 1 A 0 B
0 1 1 2 + 1 1 0 2 a i( 0 A 1 A + 0 B 1 B )
0112 110 2a 0 A1 B 1
H. Weinfurter, Europhysics Letters 25, 559-564 (1994)

H. de Riedmatten et al., Phys. Rev. A 67, 022301 (2003)
31
32
Teleportation of a time-bin qubit

equatorial states
35
10000
8000
25
20
6000
15
4000
10
2000
3-fold coindences [/500s]
4-fold coincidences [/500 s]
30
2 photons +laser clock

(1310&1550nm)
3 photons+laser clock
Raw visibility :
Vraw=70 5 %
0
4
10
11
phase [a.u]
Fidelity for equatorial states :
1 + Vraw
Feq =
=85 2.5 %
2
33
Teleportation of a time-bin qubit

North&South poles
Initial qubit
300
prepared in :
Time-bin 0 Time-bin 1
coincidences [a.u]
250
F ( 0 .1 ) =
tim e-bin0
tim e-bin1
200
P ( 1,0
)
P ( 1,0 ) + P ( 0,1 )
150
F ( 0,1 ) = 88% 4%
100
F ( 1,0 ) = 84% 4%
50
0
0
delay between start&stop [ns]
2
1
Ftot = Feq + Fp = 85 % 3 %
3
3
34
Bob
Experimental setup
&
InGaAs
Charlie
Ge
55 m
InGaAs
2k
m
1.5
WDM
RG
1 .3
Alice
1.3
WDM
RG
m
1. 5
LBO
LBO
creation of entangled qubits

Charlie:the
Bell measurement
Charlie
Bob:analysis
of the
Bob
teleported qubit, 55 m from
Charlie
2 km of optical fiber
fs laser
Alice:creation
of qubits to
Alice
be teleported
BS
m
2k
2km
fs laser @ 710 nm
coincidence electronics
sync out

421, 509-513, 2003
35
results
Equatorial states
F =
Mean Fidelity
40
F ( 0,1 ) = 78 3%
8000
2
1
F ( 1,0 ) = 77 3%
Fmean = Feq + Fp
3
3
= 77.5 2.5 % mean fidelity: Fpoles=77.5 3 %
30
7000
6000
25
5000
20
4000
15
3000
10
2000
Three-fold coincidence [/500s]
North & south poles
67 % (no entanglement)
1000
0
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
1.0
Phase [arb. units]
Raw visibility : Vraw= 55 5 %
Feq =1+Vraw
2
= 77.5 2.5 %
coincidence[arb unit]
four-fold coincidences [1/500s]
9000
35
C correct
C correct + C wrong
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
time between start and stop [ns]
36
Bob
Experimental setup
&
InGaAs
Charlie
Ge
55 m
InGaAs
2k
m
1.5
WDM
RG
WDM
RG
m
1. 5
LBO
LBO
creation of entangled qubits

Charlie:the
Bell measurement
Charlie
Bob:analysis
of the
Bob
teleported qubit, 55 m from
Charlie
2 km of optical fiber
fs laser
On the
same
spool !
1 .3
Alice
1.3
Alice:creation
of qubits to
Alice
be teleported
BS
m
2k
2km
fs laser @ 710 nm
coincidence electronics
sync out

421, 509-513, 2003
37
Tailoring high dimensional time-bin

entanglement
Rc
TAC
Mode-locked fs Ti:Saphire
f=75 MHz
= 150 fs =710nm
Ge APD
InGaAs APD
=1310 nm
AOM
=1550 nm
=13 ns
d pulses train
LBO
Analysis with 2-arms

interferometer
V=Vmax d1
d
de Riedmatten et al,
Quant. Inf. Comput, 2, 425 (2002)
BS
NLC
Bulk interferometer
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Visibility
WDM
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10
15
Dimension d
20
38
Stabilisation of the interferometers

Idea: verify from time to time the phase
Feedback
Stabilisation period
~ 5 [s]
PIN
Stabilised laser
Switch
BS
WDM
Intensity [arb. units]
Phase
controler
Measuring period
~ 100 [s]
FM
FM
EPR
Source
APD
0
10800
10820
10840
10860
10880
10900
10920
10940
Time [s]
Every 100 s the phase is

brought back to a given value
39
Bell test over 50 km

0 = short path
1 = long path
+ = 1
(0
Alice
+1 A1
25 km SOF
A-1
Type I NLC
Creating photons @ 1.3 & 1.55 m
Bob
25 km DSF
B-1
&
A1
0
1
0
B1
&
1
0
1 p1 A1
0
1p1
Time arrival on A1
0
A
A
0
0
B
B
p
p
1 A1
0
1
0
B
B
0
1
p
p
0
0
A
A
1
1
Pij ( , on
)B 1 + ijV cos( + )
B
Time
arrival
1
B
No single photon interference

because his twin photon gives
information of creation time
Coincidence between Ai & Bj
40
4
S=
V
2
Row visibility after 50 km
Vraw = 78 1.6%
S = 2.21 0.04
Violation of Bell inequalities
by more than 4.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
Correlation Function
Until now no phase control

Correlation function: E ( , ) = V cos( + )
Violation of Bell inequalities depends on visibility:
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0
20
40
60
Phase + [a.u]
80
100
41
S = E ( = 0 , = 45 ) + E ( = 90 , = 45 ) + E ( = 0 , = 45 ) E ( = 90 , = 45 )
E ( = 0 , = 45 ) = 0.533 0.006
E ( = 90 , = 45 ) = 0.581 0.007
S = 2.185 0.012
Violation of Bell inequalities
by more than 15
E ( = 90 , = 45 ) = 0.554 0.005
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0 1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6 0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4 0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2 0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2 -0.2-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4 -0.4-0.4
-0.6
-0.6 -0.6-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8 -0.8
-0.8
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0 -1.0
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4
0.8
1.0
-1.0
0.40.6
0.6
0.8
0.0 0.0 0.2
0.2 0.5 0.4
0.4 1.0
0.6
0.0
0.61.5[h] 0.8
0.8
2.0
Time
E ( = 0 , = 45 ) = 0.518 0.006
Correlation
Function
Correlation
Function
Correlation
Function
With phase control we can choose four different

settings = 0 or 90 and = -45 or 45
Violation of Bell inequalities:
Time [h]
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.0
3.5
Time
[h]
TimeTime
[h] [h]
42
For what could Q teleportation be useful ?
For the physicist s fascination !

For teaching Q physics !
For the secure communications of tomorrow !
If the structure to be teleported contains a message,
then no adversary can intercept it,
since it doesnt exist anywhere inbetween the emitter
and the receiver !
to make the idea practical with
todays technology
Lets exploit this idea
to improve tomorrows
quantum cryptography
43
44
Experimental QKD with entanglement

W. Tittel et al.,
PRL 84, 4737, 2000
pulsed source
to
Bob
D
NL crystal
Perfect correlation in the time domain
counts
Alice
counts
t-to
Perfect correlation in the frequency domain
t-to
45
Simulation of QKD over 50 km
BB84 protocol
0 +1
0 1
0 , 1 basis
0 +1
Alice
25 km SOF
A0
A1
0
1
0
1
0
1 p1
basis
Bob
25 km DSF
Coding
Coding
Passive
choice
and such
that
of coincidence
basis 1 1
always
0 0
A0B0 = 0 and A1B1 = 1
0 1
B0
B1
0
1
1
0
1 p1
1
46

0 +1
0 1
basis
10000
9000
Bit Rate RA0B0+RA1B1

8000
Coincidences [arb.unit]
7000
4000
1400
3500
1200
2500
5000
4000
0.45
3000
2000
0.4
2000
1000
1500
1000
0
1600
1650
1700
1000
1750
0.35
1800
1850
1900
Delay between start & stop [arb.unit]
RA0 B1 + RA1B0
Coincidences between A0 and B0
QBER =
+ RA1B1 + RA0 B1 + RA1B0
A0 B0 B
Coincidences between A Rand
0.3
800
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0.25
600
QBER
0
400
Bit Rate [200 s]
500
12000
0.2
12000
10000
0.15
400
10000
3000
0.5
6000
8000
6000
200
8000
0.1
6000
0.05
4000
4000
2000
2000
0
0
0
4000
4050
1
4100
4150
2
4200
4250
3
4300
Time [h]
0
2800
5
2850
2900
6
2950
3000
3050
3100
Mean value of QBER = 10 %


47

0 , 1 basis
Wrong counts
6000
5000
4000
QBER =
3000
Wrong
(Wright + Wrong )
= 13.3%
2000
1000
0
500
600
700
800
900
De l a y be t we e n s t a r t & s t o p [ a r b. uni t ]
Wright counts

48

W. Tittel et al.,
PRL 84, 4737, 2000
pulsed source
to
Bob
D
NL crystal
D
D
Alice
49

cw source
Alice
Bob
NL crystal
J. Franson, PRL 62, 2205, 1989

W. Tittel et al., PRL 81, 3563-3566, 1998
50
From Bell tests to Quantum cryptography

100% correlation perfect key
Fragile correlation secret key
Alice
Bob
*
W. Tittel et al., PRL 81, 3563-3566, 1998
51
From Bell tests to Quantum cryptography

100% correlation perfect key
Fragile correlation secret key
Alice
Bob
G. Ribordy et al., Phys. Rev. A 63, 012309, 2001

P.D. Townsend et al., Electr. Lett. 30, 809, 1994
R. Hughes et al., J. Modern Opt. 47, 533-547 , 2000
52
Quantum cryptography below lake Geneva
Alice
Att.
Bob
PBS
F.M.
Applied Phys. Lett. 70, 793-795, 1997.

Electron. Letters 33, 586-588, 1997; 34, 2116-2117, 1998.
J. Modern optics 48, 2009-2021, 2001.
53
Pseudo single-photon Q cryptography:

the Plug-&-Play configuration
Bob
Alice
Laser
FR
PM
APD
PBS
PM
APD
Drawback 1:
Drawback 2:
Rayleigh
backscattering
horse attacks
Perfect
interference
(V99%) withoutTrojan
any adjustments
, since:
both pulses travel the same path in inverse order

both pulses have exactly the same polarisation thanks to FM
54
QC over 67 km, QBER 5%
RMP 74, 145-195, 2002,

Quant-ph/0101098
+ aerial cable (in Ste Croix, Jura) !
D. Stucki et al., New Journal of Physics

4, 41.1-41.8, 2002. Quant-ph/0203118 55
Company established in 2001

Spin-off from the University of Geneva
Products
Quantum Cryptography
(optical fiber system)
Quantum Random Number Generator
Single-photon detector module (1.3 m and 1.55
m)
Contact information
email: info@idquantique.com
web: http://www.idquantique.com
56
1.0
I AB = 1 H (QBER)
IAE1-IAB
Shannon Inform ation
0.8
0.6
IAE
0.4
0.2
Bell inequ. violated
Bell inequ. not violated
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
QBER
57
Limits of Q crypto
- distance
- bit rate
Secret bit per pulse
ch
an
n
el l
oss
I AB I Eve ( optical noise )
10-6
10-2
n 0 .1
Detector noise
100 km
distance
58
PNS Attack: the idea
90,5% 9% 0.5%
Alice 0 ph 1 ph 2 ph
QND
measurement of
photon number
0 ph 0 ph 1 ph
Losses
Eve!!!
Bob
Lossless channel
(e.g.
teleportation)
Quantum memory
PNS (photon-number splitting):

The photons that reach Bob are unperturbed
Constraint for Eve: do not introduce more losses
than expected (PNS important for long-distance
QKD).
59
Secret bit per pulse
Qc
ha
nn
- distance
- bit rate
el l
oss
I AB I Eve ( multi photon pulse )

I AB I Eve ( optical noise )
10-6
10-2
Limits of Q crypto
Detector noise
50 km
100 km
distance
60
How to improve Q crypto ?
Effect on
distance
Effect on
bit rate
Feasibility
Detectors
1- source
Q channel
Protocols
Q relays
Q repeater
61
A new protocol: SARG
The quantum protol is

identical to the BB84
During the public discussion
phase of the new protocol
Alice doesnt announce bases
but sets of non-orthogonal
states
even if Eve hold a copy, she
cant find out the bit with
certainty
More robust against PNS attacks !

Joint patent UniGE + id Quantique pending
Phys. Rev. A, 2003; quant-ph/0211131& 0302037
62
SARG vs BB84
Secret key rate, log10 [bits/pulse]
PNS, optimal , detector efficiency , dark

counts D
Perfect detectors
=1, D=0
Typical detector
=0.1, D=10-5
= 0.335
= 0.014
SARG
BB84
Distance [km] 67km = Geneva-Lausanne
63
3-photon: Q teleportation & Q relays
2 bits
Bell
EPR
Classical channel
Charlie
Alice
1
BSM
Bob
3
EPR source
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
Fidelity
0.92
n=1
0.90
n=2
n=3
n=4
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.80
0
50
100
150
200
Distance [km]
250
300
350
64
Q repeaters & relays
*
entanglement
entanglement
entanglement
Bell
measurement
REPEATER
RELAY
J. D. Franson et al, PRA 66,052307,2002

Bell
measurement
??
*
entanglement
entanglement
QND measurement
+ Q memory
65
Conclusions
Q teleportation
with:
= the possibility to teleport the "ultimate

structure" of an object from one place to
another, without the object ever being
anywhere in between
telecom wavelength
two different crystals (spatially separated sources)
from one wavelength (1300 nm) to another (1550 nm)
first time with time-bins (ie insensitive to polarization fluctuations)
over 3x2 km of fiber and 55 meters of physical distance
mean fidelity : 85% both in the lab and at a distance of 2 km
mean fideity 77.5% in a 3x2km quantum relay configuration
Q teleportation raises questions about the meaning of basic

concepts like: object, information, space & time.
Elementary Q processor can extend todays Q crypto systems
66
1.0
I AB = 1 H (QBER)
Shannon Inform ation
0.8
individual
IAE
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
2-way
quantum. Inf. Proc.
suffice
1-way
class. Inf. Proc.
suffice
Bell inequality:
can be
never
violated
violated
0.1
D0
0.2
Alice
and
Bob
separated
or
classical
0.3
QBER
0.4
67
Bells inequality:
(D. Mermin, Am. J. Phys. 49, 940-943, 1981)
Bob
Left
different
Alice
same
Left
Middle
Right
Right
same
different
1/4
0%
1/4
1/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
100 %
0%
100 %
0%
1/4
1/4
3/4 100 %
3/4 1/4
LMR
GGG
GGR
GRG
RGG
GRR
RGR
RRG
RRR
Arbitr. mixture
Quantum
Mechanics
Middle
same
different
if settings
Prob(results =)
100 %
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
100 %
1/3
=1/4
3/4
Alice
Bob
Bell Inequality
Quantum non-locality
68

Quantum Teleportation Cours CERN

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Quantum Teleportation Cours CERN

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Quantum teleportation

GAP Optique Geneva University

The science and the science-fiction of quantum teleportation

The Geneva Teleportation

GAP Optique Geneva University

Photon = particle (atom) of light

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

According to Aristotle, objects are constituted by matter

D. Boschi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1121 (1998)

Y-K. Kim et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1370 (2001)

GAP Optique Geneva University

During a quantum teleportation process, the

No cloning theorem and the

GAP Optique Geneva University

No cloning theorem: It is impossible to copy an unknown

Proof #2: (by contradiction)

Arbitrary fast signaling !

GAP Optique Geneva University

No cloning theorem and the

GAP Optique Geneva University

The Quantum Teleportation channel ?

GAP Optique Geneva University

(this test is exhaustive en dim 2x2)

GAP Optique Geneva University

The correlations P(a,b|An,Bm) are local iff there is a random

GAP Optique Geneva University

The world cant be understood in terms of

GAP Optique Geneva University

Likely some day

Q communication in optical fibres

GAP Optique Geneva University

Two problems : Losses and decoherence.

 Decoherence due to birefringence :

GAP Optique Geneva University

any qubit state can be created and

measured in any basis

W. Tittel & G. Weihs, Quant. Inf. Comput. 1, Number 2, 3 (2001)

Photon pairs source

GAP Optique Geneva University

Phase matching determines the wavelengths and propagation

similar to the original EPR state

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

Partially Entangled Time-Bin Qubits

GAP Optique Geneva University

R. Thew et al., Phys. Rev. A 66, 062304 (2002)

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

2- source of Aspects 1982 experiment

Photon pairs source (Geneva 1997)

GAP Optique Geneva University

p = 655 nm; s,i = 1310 nm

simple, compact, handy

test of Bell inequalities over 10 km

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

GAP Optique Geneva University

According to Aristotle, objects are constituted by matter

During a quantum teleportation process, the

The world cant be understood in terms of

Decoherence due to birefringence :

Phase matching determines the wavelengths and propagation

simple, compact, handy

For the physicist s fascination !