Definitions of Statistics terminology

ANOVA: Acronym for analysis of variance

Variability occurs in a set of values. Variability is the amount of distribution of values
away from central tendency. Measures of the deviation of values from the central
tendency can include the variance and the standard deviation.

Variance is the average of the squared deviations from the arithmetic mean.
The standard deviation is a square root from variance value. The standard deviation
is a measure of the variability of values around the mean and is meant to be used
with values that are normally distributed (e.g., follow a normal curve)
The standard normal curve is a bell-shaped curve.

Non normal (skewed) data can sometimes be transformed to give a graph of normal
shape by performing some mathematical transformation (such as using the variable's
logarithm, square root, or reciprocal). Some data, however, cannot be transformed
into a smooth pattern. The data for height and weight are "positively" skewed
because such measures do not approach zero.

Counterfactual reasoning
We understand what is going on in the world by constructing alternative scenarios
which in fact didn't occur. For example:
If Napoleon had won the Waterloo battle, history would have had an entire different
course
If you had conscientiously followed my prescription, your condition would have not
worsened so much. This fact hadn't occur if I behaved differently.

Population: The whole set is called population.

Samples: A sub set of the population is called Sample.
Random Samples: random samples taken from the populations samples truly
representative of the population.
Relative frequency: frequency / total frequency
Percentage frequency: frequency/total frequency x 100 0/0

Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of quantitative (statistical) analysis.[1] It involves
the analysis of two variables (often denoted as X, Y), for the purpose of determining the empirical
relationship between them.[1]
Bivariate analysis can be helpful in testing simple hypotheses of association, however, by itself, it
cannot determine causality. Bivariate analysis can help determine to what extent it becomes
easier to know and predict a value for one variable (possibly a dependent variable) if we know
the value of the other variable (possibly the independent variable).

What Does the Correlation Coefficient Mean?

Pearsons Correlation Coefficient returns a value of between -1 and +1. A -1 means
there is a strong negative correlation and +1 means that there is a strong positive
correlation. This can initially be a little hard to wrap your head around (who likes to
deal with negative numbers?).