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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT
DEPATMENT OF CHEMICAL, METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

COURSE NAME: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER


COURSE CODE: CET40YT

EXTENDED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER


(MOD. TE6E/EV)

COMPILED BY MOLELEKOA MOSESANE (2015)


REVISED BY DR RKK MBAYA (2016)

Table of Contents
1.

INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................3

2.

THEORY............................................................................................................................................4

3.

START UP..........................................................................................................................................6

4.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.....................................................................................................7

5.

CALCULATIONS..............................................................................................................................7

6.

DATA SORTING................................................................................................................................7

1. INTRODUCTION
The accessory mod. TE6E/EV comprises a long horizontal rod, which is heated at one end to provide
an extended surface (cylindrical pin) for heat transfer measurements. Thermocouples at regular
intervals along the rod allow the surface temperature profile to be measured. By making the diameter of
the rod small in relation to its length, thermal conduction along the rod can be assumed to be onedimensional and heat loss from the tip can be ignored. The measurements obtained can be compared
with a theoretical analysis of thermal conduction along the bar combined with heat loss (heat
transferred) to the surroundings by the modes of free convection and radiation simultaneously.

Figure 1: The experimental set-up.

The bar (1) is manufactured from a solid cylindrical brass bar with constant diameter of 10mm and is
mounted horizontally with support at the heated end and steady at the tip. The bar is coated with a heat
resistant black paint which provides a consistent emissivity close to unity and is positioned to avoid the
influence of adjacent surfaces. The thermal conductivity, k of the brass rod is approximately 121
W/m.K at the typical operating temperatures. The heated end of the bar is mounted co-axially inside a
plastic housing (2) which provides an air gap and insulates the area occupied by the heater to minimize
heat loss and prevent burns to the operator. The rod heated by a cartridge type electric heating element
(3) which operates at low voltage for increased operator and is protected by a thermostat to prevent
damage from overheating.
The heating element is inserted co-axially into the end of the rod and is rated to produce 20
Watts @ 24 VDC into the rod. The lead from the heating element is connected to the DC outlet socket
marked OUTPUT 3 on the mod TE6/EV. Eight thermocouples are attached to the surface of the rod at
equal intervals of 50mm giving an overall instrumented length of 350mm. Thermocouple T1 measures
the temperature at the hot end of the rod and T8 measures the temperature at the tip.
Thermocouple T9 is mounted adjacent to the heated rod to measure the ambient temperature. All
temperatures are measured using type K thermocouples each fitted with a miniature plug for direct
connection to service unit mod TE6/EV. The heating section incorporates a safety thermostat; if the
voltage is set too high, the current to the heater will be disconnected until the temperature falls. In this

situation, the display shows voltage but no current. The voltage supplied to the heater should be
adjusted so that the temperature T1 is maximum 80 degrees Celsius.

2. THEORY
Where it is required to cool a surface by convection, the rate of heat removal can be improved by
increasing the area of the surface. This is usually achieved by adding extended surfaces called fins or
pins. A temperature gradient exists along each fin or pin due to the combination of the conductivity of
the material and heat lost to the surroundings (greater at the root and less at the tip).
The temperature distribution along the fin or pin must be known to determine the heat transfer from the
surface to its surroundings. Since radiation and natural convection from the surface occur
simultaneously, both of these effects must also be included in the analysis.

Figure 2: Sectioning of a brass cylindrical rod with thermocouples.

By considering the steady-state energy balance for an extended surface of uniform material and cross
Sectional area, the following equation can be derived:
2

d (x , t)
d x2

d(x ,t)

dt

- m2 ( x ,t )= 1

... (1)

Where:
( x , t )=T ( x ,t )Ta

, (K)..... (2)

1 /m2
HP
). (3)
m 2=
,
Ak
=

k
=diffusivity ( m2 / s ) ..... (4)
c

Where:
t = time, (s)
x = distance, (m)
T(x, t) = temperature at the position x and time t, (K)
Ta = ambient air temperature, (K)
k = conductivity of the rod, (W/m.K)
H = convection heat transfer coefficient, (W/m2.K)
c = heat capacity of the rod, (J/kg K)
= density of the rod, (kg/m3)

A = cross-section area of the rod, (m2)


P = cross-section perimeter of the rod, (m)
D = diameter of the rod = 0.010, (m)
L = length of the rod = 0.350, (m)
Since H, P, A and k are constant for a given rod with fixed power input, m^2 must be constant and
therefore m must be constant. When the heat transfer of the rod reaches a steady-state condition, the
above equation can be simplified as the following:
d 2 ( x , t)
d x2

- m2 ( x ,t )=0 ..... (5)

Where:
(0)

= T1 Ta or T(x) = T1, x = 0, (T1 = temperature at the end of the heater)

d ( L )
=0
dx

Or

dT (x)/dx

= 0, x = L, (L= length of the rod = 0.350m)

Assuming that the diameter of the pin is small in comparison with its length, then heat loss at the tip
can be assumed negligible (at the tip x =L).
Therefore, the solution is:
( x )

= (0)

cos h[m( Lx )]
[cos h(mL)]

....... (6)

Or
(x )

TxTa
=
T 1Ta

(0)

cos h[m(Lx )]
[cos h(mL)]

(7)

The purpose of the experiment is to observe the temperature gradient along the extended surface and to
show that the term m is constant t at all positions along the surface.
The following theoretical analysis uses the empirical relationship for the heat transfer due to natural
convection by W.H. McAdams in the publication of Heat Transmission, third edition, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1959.
The average convective heat transfer coefficient Hcm can be calculated using the following simplified
empirical relationship:

Hcm = 1.32 [(Ts -Ta)/D] 0.25, (W/m2.K).. (8)


Where:
Ts = average surface temperature of the rod (K) (Determined from temperatures T1 to T8 + 273)
Ta = ambient air temperature = T9 + 273, (K)
The average radiative heat transfer coefficient Hrm can be calculated using the following relationship:
Hrm F (Ts4 Ta4) / (Ts-Ta)... (9)
Where:
a = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 56.7x10-9, (W/m2.K4)

= emissivity of the surface = 0.95 (dimensionless)


F = view factor, F=1
The heat flow along an extended surface is dependent on the conductivity of the material from which
the pin (or fin) is constructed, namely:
1 /m 2
HP )... (3)
m 2=

Ak
Rearranging the equation:
k = HP/Am2.... (3.1)
Where:
H = overall heat transfer coefficient due to convection and radiation.
P = perimeter of the pin = D
A = cross-sectional area of the pin = D2/4
The value for m can be obtained from the relationship:
TxTa
=
T 1Ta

cos h[m( Lx )]
.... (7)
[cos h(mL)]

Using measured values for Tx, T1, Ta, L and x


Overall heat transfer coefficient H due to convection and radiation from the rod to its surroundings can
be calculated as follows:
H = Hcm + Hcr, (W/m2.K) ... (8)
The total heat loss from the rod can be calculated as follows:
Qtot = HAs (Ts Ta) .... (9)
Where:
As = DL, (Total area of the extended surface)
L = Length of rod, (distance from T1 to T8), (m)
D = diameter of rod, (m)

3. START
UP

Position the accessory mod. TE6E/EV beside the unit TE6/EV on a suitable table,
Reduce the output voltage of the unit TE6/EV to zero,
Connect the plug of the mod. TE6E/EV with the socket OUTPUT 3 available on the rear side of
the unit mod. TE6/EV,
Switch on the display of the unit TE6/EV to visualize temperature T11, the temperature at the
end of the road. Check that the temperature indicated is approximately ambient temperature,

Switch the other display to visualize V and adjust the voltage to 12V, for instance, with the
respective knob (voltage control),
At the end of the test, set the voltage control knob to zero,
Disconnect the service unit mod. TE6/EV from the electrical supply when not in use,
Disconnect the accessory mod. TE6E/EV from the service unit when not in use,
The accessory should be covered to prevent build up of dust on the heat transfer surface (only
when the surface is at room temperature),
The cylindrical rod should not be cleaned to avoid damage to the black coating.

4. EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE

Set the heater voltage to 10 Volts ( adjust the voltage control potentiometer to give a reading of
10 Volts on the display of the service unit),
Allow the temperatures to stabilize (why?),
Record the voltage and current supplied to the heater, the temperature at each position along the
rod (T1 to T8) and the ambient air temperature T9 (what is the general trend?).
Set the heater voltage to 12 Volts then allow the temperatures to stabilize and record the voltage
and current supplied to the heater, the temperature at each position along the rod (T1 to T8) and
the ambient air temperature T9,
Repeat the readings with the heater voltage set to 14 volts then 16 Volts (perform a comparative
study).

5. CALCULATIONS
1. For each position along the rod, use the corresponding measured temperatures to find the value
of m which satisfies equation (7):

Find the average value of m then use this value to calculate the theoretical temperature Tx at
each position along the rod,
Repeat this procedure for each set of temperature readings and observe that the value of m
remains constant (within the experimental errors),
Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated values for m
and measured values for T1 to T9, x and L.
For each set of measurements, plot a graph of measured surface temperature Tx against position
x along the extended surface and draw a smooth curve through the points,
Plot the theoretical temperature profile which you have calculated using the average value for
m and compare the curve with your measured values,
Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated values for Qin,
Ts, Ta, Hcm, Hrm, H and Qtot and measured values for L, D, T1 to T9, V and I.
Compare the measured power Qin to the heater with the calculated heat loss Qtot from the rod.

2. For each set of readings derived results are tabulated under the following headings:

Note: Use corresponding measured values for Tx, T1 to T9 and x to find the value of m which
satisfies the relationship exhibited by equation (7):
Note: The value for m can be found by iteration using a suggested starting value of 7.4
Calculate the thermal conductivity of the rod using the experimental value of m
The suggested thermal conductivity of brass rod k is 121 W/m 2.K. Compare your calculated
value for K with the suggested value and comment on any difference in the two values.

6. DATA SORTING
For all the readings taken and final calculations, the findings should be presenting in the form of the
following table:
Table 1:
Raw Data Presentation
Description
Heater Voltage
Heater Current
Temperature at heated end x = 0
Temperature at x = 0.05 m
Temperature at x = 0.10 m
Temperature at x = 0.15 m
Temperature at x = 0.20 m
Temperature at x = 0.25 m
Temperature at x = 0.30 m
Temperature at tip where x = 0.05 m,
Temperature at ambient air

Symbol
V
I
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9

Value

Units

Symbol
Qin
Ts
Ta
As
Hcm
Hrm
H

Value

Units

Table 2:
Final calculations / Estimations
Calculation
Heat flow (Power to Heater)
Average surface temperature of the rod
Ambient temperature
Heat transfer area (Surface area)
Heat transfer coefficient (natural convection)
Heat transfer coefficient (radiation)
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Total heat transferred to surroundings

Qtot

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