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Glasgow, Scotland
July 27-30, 2009
ABSTRACT
The knowledge of the local loss coefficients is
important for the accurate calculation of ventilation
duct pressure loss. In practice, the pressure loss of
ventilation duct is very often forecasted, what causes
the wrong design of the ventilating fan. A large
number of local loss coefficients exist, but the
published data are different. The local loss coefficient
can be estimated experimentally by the measurement
on the real model, or with using of numerical
simulation. The paper presents the using of CFD
simulation for local loss coefficients of ventilation
duct fittings (especially elbows and bends). The
simulation results were compared with published
data.
KEYWORDS
CFD simulation, local loss coefficient
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH METHODS
The simulation software CFD Fluent vs. 6.2 was
used for the calculations. The 3D model was created
in the Gambit software. The number of the control
volume is variable and, for the presented cases, it is
between 500 000 and 2 000 000 cells.
The figure 2 shows the simulation experimental setup. The fitting is placed between two straight ducts
(3 m long on the inlet and 5 m long on outlet). The
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= loc + fr
(6)
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
(1)
F = p1 p2
Case 1
(2)
p fr = F ( L1 + L2 )
(3)
ploc =
w2
2 ( p p fr )
w2
Case 5
(5)
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R/D = 0.5
1,2
1,0
[-]
Idelchik
0,8
0,6
0,4
R/D = 0.75
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
R/D [ - ]
R
R
1 = 9.69 4.24
D
D
(7)
R/D = 1.5
[-]
1,2
A/B = 0,5
1,0
A/B = 1,0
0,8
A/B = 2,0
0,6
R/D = 2.0
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
R/B [ - ]
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1
R 1
R
2 = C1 + C2 exp C3
B
B
2,5
(8)
CFD
Recknagel
2,0
Idelchik
A
A
C1 = 0.069 3.458
B
B
[-]
where
1
1,0
0,5
0,0
A
C2 = 0.092 + 0.046
B
A
C3 = 1.247 + 0.177 ln
B
0,0
0,5
2,5
3,0
3 = 1.11
0,8
2,0
CFD - A/B = 2
1,0
1,5
A/B [ - ]
1,2
1,0
(9)
1,4
0.08
(10)
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
R/B [ - ]
1,4
Idelchik - 5 segments
1,2
Idelchik - simple
Recknagel - 5 segments
1,0
Recknagel - simple
[-]
[-]
1,5
0,8
Hemzal - 5 segments
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
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3,0
R/D [ - ]
0,8
0,4
L = 0.5 m
[-]
0,6
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
R/D [ - ]
L = 1.0 m
L = 1.5 m
3,0
2. 3
2,0
CFD - Case 3
CFD (A/B = 1)
1,0
Idelchik
Recknagel
0,0
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
L = 2.5 m
[-]
4,0
10,0
L/B [-]
CONCLUSION
The paper presents the advantages of the CFD
simulation using for analysis of local pressure loss
coefficient (local resistance) of the duct fittings. In
comparison with standard experimental methods on
situ, the computer simulation doesnt need expensive
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Chysky J., Hemzal, K. Ventilation and airconditioning. Technical guide no. 31 (in czech),
1993, Praha: Bolit Brno. ISBN 80-901574-8
Idelchik I.E. Handbook of Hydraulic Resistence. 3rd
edition, 1993, Betelu House inc. ISBN 1-56700074-6.
Recknagel, H., Sprenger, E., Schramek, E.
Taschenbuch fur Heizung + Klimatechnik
94/95, 1995. ISBN 3-486-26213-0
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is integrated in the framework of CTU
Research Aim MSM 684077001.
FUTURE WORK
The presented simulations were focused on elbows
and bends only. The numerical simulation method in
CFD allows carrying out other analyses. A similar
method can be used for the other ventilation fittings
like transitions, diffusers, cross, branches etc. The
simulation analysis including the literature review
will be continued in the next work.
REFERENCES
ASHRAE Handbook 2001 Fundamentals, 2001,
ASHRAE, Atlanta. ISBN - 1-883413-87-7
Brooks P.J. New ASHRAE Local Loss Coefficients
for HVAC fittings. In ASHRAE Transactions:
1993, Vol.99, Part.2, paper number 3709 (RP551)
Ferstl, K. Ventilation and air-conditioning (in
slovak). 2006, Jaga group, Bratislava. ISBN 808076-037-3.
NOMENCLATURE
A
B
D
F
L
pin
pout
p
pfr
ploc
R
w
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