DCC5143 FLUID MECHANICS

Civil Engineering Department

UNIT CONVERSION
mm cm m km
10 100 - 1000
mg cg g kg

Small to big divide

Big to small - multiply
1000 liter = 1 m3
m2 cm2
1m 100 cm
1m2 (100 cm)2
1m3 (100 cm)3

1 kg/m3 g / cm3
1 kg x 1000 g x (1 m)3
m3
1kg (100 cm)3
0.001 g/cm3

Exercise
1.

36 km/hour to m/s

2.

64 kg/m3 to gm/cm3

3.

463 liter/hour to m3/s

4.

10 l/s

DCC5143 Fluid Mechanics (4 cr)

Fluid Characteristics
Measurement of Pressure
Hydrostatic Force
Buoyancy and Stability
Hydrodynamics
Flow Measurement and Bernoulli Equations
Fluid Flow
Momentum Equations

Assesment

Test (2) 20%

Quiz (2) 10 %
Assignment (1) 10 %
Presentation (1) 10 %
Total = 50%

TOPIC 1
FLUID CHARACTERISTIC

HYDRAULICS
Hydraulics (from the Greek word for water) is the
study of the problems of the flow and storage of
water, but is often applied to other liquids.
Fluid -

FLUIDS MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is the section of applied mechanics
concerned with the statics and dynamics of liquids and gases.
Fluid mechanics is study about behaviour
of fluid when
there is changes on it.

GASES
STATIC

DYNAMICS

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID AND

GAS

There are three states of matter: solids, liquids and gases.

Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
Fluids do not resist a change in shape. Therefore fluids assume
the shape of the container they occupy.
Liquids may be considered to have a fixed volume and therefore
can have a free surface. Liquids are almost incompressible.
Conversely, gases are easily compressed and will expand to fill a
container they occupy.
We will usually be interested in liquids, either at rest or in motion.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID AND GAS

LIQUID

GAS

Particles are close together with no

regular arrangement

Well separated with no regular

arrangement

Vibrate, move about, and slide passed

each other

Vibrate and move freely at high speed

Follow shape container

Fills any space

Fixed volume

No definite volume

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

DENSITY ()
(rho) is mass per unit volume, units kg/m3
SPECIFIC WEIGHT ()
w is the weight per unit volume, units N/m3
weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
SPECIFIC GRAVITY ( @ SG)
or relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of water.
SPECIFIC VOLUME (v/m @ 1/)
The volume per unit mass , units m3 /kg.

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

MASS AND WEIGHT?
MASS (m)
Mass is defined as the amount of matter an object has,
unit kg.
WEIGHT (W)
Weight of an object on earth depends on the force of attraction
gravity between object and earth, unit N.

DENSITY
The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually denoted as . Typical
values are:
Water: 1000 kg/m3;
Mercury: 13600 kg/m3;
Air: 1.23 kg/m3;

SPECIFIC WEIGHT
The weight of a unit volume a substance, usually denoted
as . Essentially density times the acceleration due to
gravity:
=g

Relative Density (Specific Gravity)

A dimensionless measure of the density of a substance with
reference to density of some standard substance, usually
water at 4C:
relative density =
density of substance/density of water
=
specific weight of substance/specific
weight of water

Problems - Properties
a)

If 6 m3 of oil weights 47 kN, find its specific weight,

density, and relative density.
(Ans. 7.833 kN/m3, 798 kg/m3, 0.800)

b)

Calculate the relative density, density and specific

weight of an oil which are 7.3 m3 in volume and
6500kg in mass.
(Ans. 0.89, 890.41 kg/m3, 8734.93N/m3)

Problems - Properties
c)

A rectangular container size 250 x 300mm x1500mm and has a mass

30kg
Calculate ;
i) Density
ii) Weight
iii) Specific weight
iv) Specific gravity
v) Specific volume

d)

A liquid volume is 1500 liter fill up a cylinder with diameter 50 cm. If

the weight of the liquid is 20 N
Calculate ;
i) Density
ii) Specific weight
iii) Specific gravity
iv) Specific volume
v) High of the cylinder

Problems
1.

Define each characteristics below including its SI unit:

a) Density
b) Gravity specific
c) Weight
d) Specific weight
e) Dynamic viscosity
f) Kinematic viscosity

2.

A specific gravity for a liquid is 0.87. What is the density for the
liquid?

3.

150 N of oil is placed into a container with volume 0f 0.017 m3.

Calculate the density of the oil.

4.

A dynamic viscosity and specific gravity for a liquid is o.495 kg/ms

and 0.9 respectively. Calculate the kinematic viscosity for the
liquid.

5.

A fluid with mass of 7500 kg fill an open cylinder container with

200cm diameter and 300cm height. Calculate the;
a) Density
b) Gravity specific
c) Specific volume

6.

A liquid has a volume 1500 liter fill up into a cylinder has a

diameter 100 cm. The weight of the liquid is 0.5 kN. Determine;
a) Density
b) Specific weight
c) Specific gravity
d) Specific volume
e) Height of cylinder

7. 8540 N fluid completely fills into a rectangular container . The container

has a length of 110 cm, width of 80cm and height of 150 cm. Calculate
the fluids
a)
b)
c)
d)

Mass
Density
Specific weight
Specific gravity

8. Gives three (3) differences between fluid and gas.

Specific Volume, Vs
Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid
occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a fluid is
called specific volume.
Specific Volume Vs = Volume of fluid/ Mass of Fluid
Or
Specific Volume Vs = 1/ Density
SI Unit m3/kg
Vs = 1 /

Dynamic viscosity (Absolute

Viscosity)
The dynamic viscosity is the ratio of volume to density.
SI Unit Pascal second @ Ns/m2 @ kg/ms
= v / or
= dc/dy

Kinematic Viscosity ( nu)

The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to
mass density.

Viscosity of liquids decreases with increase in temperature.

Viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature.

units m2 /s ec

Type of Fluids
Ideal fluid incompressible and is having no
viscosity
Real Fluid A fluid without viscosity
Newtonian Fluid the shear stress is directly,
proportional to the rate of shear strain
Non Newtonian Fluids the shear stress is not
proportional to the rate of shear strain
Ideal Plastic Fluid shear stress is more than the
yield value and shear stress is proportional to the
rate of shear strain.

 Isipadu dan jisim minyak mentah masingmasing ialah 8.7 m3 dan 7200kg. Nilai
kelikatan dinamik 1.3 x10-3 Ns/m2. Tentukan :
Ketumpatan bandingan
Ketumpatan
Berat tentu
Kelikatan kinematik

QUESTION 1
Define each characteristics below including its SI unit:
a. Density ,
b. Specific Weight ,
c. Specific Volume ,Vs
QUESTION 2
Fluid with a mass 7500kg filled an open cylinder case with
200cm in diameter and 300 cm height. Calculate :
a. Density ,
b. Specific Weight,
c. Specific Volume ,Vs
d. Differential Density @ specific gravity,

End of Chapter