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CHAPTER 22 Guided Reading Strategies 22.4

Modern Chapter 13 Living and Working Conditions

READING THE SECTION As you read the section, look at each statement below. In the
space provided, write which economist or theory would agree with it.

1. Natural laws will govern the economy.

2. The most efficient managers will survive.

3. Population increases will harm human progress.

4. Supply and demand will inevitably produce low wages.

5. Businesses are selfish and will inevitably harm workers to increase profits.

6. A law that makes a great number of people happy is a good law.

7. A full democracy will allow for the creation of a good government.

POST-READING QUICK CHECK After you have finished reading the section, in the
space provided, use the ideas of unions, strikes, and collective bargaining to describe how
workers could improve their conditions.

Unions: ________________________________________________________________

Strikes: _________________________________________________________________

Collective Bargaining: _____________________________________________________

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ANSWER KEY

Post-Reading Quick Check 8. when the revolutionaries would have to

In order to sell more products, cutting prices control the government by force because
was necessary, which meant smaller profits. many people would not accept socialism
This sometimes resulted in businesses selling 9. communism
out to larger ones or even failing. 10. an organization established by Marx in
which workers united to fight capitalism
SECTION 4 successfully
Reading the Section
Post-Reading Quick Check
1. the Physiocrats
Democratic socialists believed that socialism
2. Adam Smith
could develop gradually through education
3. Thomas Malthus
and democratic forms of government. They
4. David Ricardo
believed that when enough people became
5. humanitarians
educated about socialism, they would elect
6. utilitarianism
socialist representatives to their government.
7. John Stuart Mill
Post-Reading Quick Check
1. Unions: By being organized and creating
Chapter 23
associations called unions, workers felt (Modern Chapter 14)
that their protests would be more success- SECTION 1
ful. The unions planned actions and com- Reading the Section
bined the demands of different kinds of Michael Faraday’s discovery: By moving a
workers in the same factory. magnet through a coil of wire, he could gener-
2. Strikes: Workers protested working condi- ate an electric current in the wire.
tions and low wages by refusing to work What is it: a dynamo or electric generator
until their demands were met. What it is used for: to transform mechanical
3. Collective bargaining: Factory owners power into electrical energy in order to run
acknowledged that the union spoke for all machines in factories
the workers. Management and union rep- Thomas Edison’s discovery: developed a more
resentatives discussed wages, hours, and practical use of electricity
working conditions. Agreements were What is it: light bulb that burned for two days
written into contracts lasting for a set without burning out
period of time. What it is used for: a new source of light for
streets, homes, and factories
SECTION 5 Guglielmo Marconi’s discovery: invented
Reading the Section
instruments for sending and receiving radio
1. by changing the ownership and operation
waves
of the means of production What it is: wireless telegraph
2. socialists
What it is used for: to send messages through
3. Utopian socialists believed that people
space without wires
would work for the common good. They Daimler, Benz, and Lenoir’s discovery: devel-
would own all the means of production in oped engines that carried their own supply of
common and share the products. oil or gasoline to power a vehicle
4. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels What is it: an internal combustion engine
5. They said each stage of history involved What it is used for: gasoline-driven automobile
inequality, and therefore struggle, between
those who owned property and those who Post-Reading Quick Check
did not. With the electric light bulb, factories were able
6. the working class to run longer hours and add a night shift in
7. They struggle against the owners, or the order to produce more.
bourgeoisie.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Holt World History: The Human Journey 35 Geography Activities/Guided Reading Answer Key