ACI Concrete International

NOVEMBER 2015 V. 37 No.
11
Sustainability & Resilience

29 The Challenge of Predicting the
Shear Strength of Very Thick Slabs
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Certified
Since 1980, ACI has tested over
400,000 concrete technicians,
inspectors, supervisors, and
craftsmen in 20 different
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When you have a need for
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Ci
Concrete
international
The Magazine of the Concrete Community
NOVEMBER 2015 V. 37 No. 11

SUSTAINABILITY & RESILIENCE
29
The Challenge of Predicting the Shear Strength of Very

Thick Slabs
Results support recommendation to use at least minimum shear
reinforcement
by Michael P. Collins, Evan C. Bentz, Phillip T. Quach, and
Giorgio T. Proestos
38
Quality Control for Concrete Durability
45
Condition Assessment of Launch Pad 39B
A case study provides comparisons of work performed under

performance and prescriptive specifications
by Odd E. Gjrv
Ensuring the historic site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center will
continue to make history
by Richard E. Weyers, Alberto A. Sags, and Jerzy Z. Zemajtis
ALSO FEATURING
25
15
Knowledge to Practice: ACI Foundation
20
Awards at The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition

Fall 2015
Memorial fellowship created to honor ACIs Dan Falconer
Recipients to be honored at the Opening Session in Denver, CO
25
Notable Concrete in Denver
68
Concrete Q&A
Some examples of recent precast construction in the region
Designing Anchors and Their Attachments for Tensile Loading
46
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | NOVEMBER 2015
Ci
November
Concrete international
PUBLISHER
John C. Glumb, CAE

(John.Glumb@concrete.org)
39
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Rex C. Donahey, PE
(Rex.Donahey@concrete.org)
departments
ENGINEERING EDITOR
W. Agata Pyc
(Agata.Pyc@concrete.org)
MANAGING EDITOR
10 On the Move
Keith A. Tosolt
(Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org)
11 News
16 Chapter Reports
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Lacey J. Stachel
(Lacey.Stachel@concrete.org)
24 Education Seminars
44 Whats New, Whats Coming
ADVERTISING
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Network Media Partners, Inc.
(teckman@networkmediapartners.com)
PUBLISHING SERVICES
MANAGER
Barry M. Bergin
EDITORS
Carl R. Bischof (Senior Editor),

Tiesha Elam, Kaitlyn J. Hinman,
Kelli R. Slayden (Senior Editor)
Presidents Memo
54 Industry Focus
At the University of Toronto, laboratory
staff and research assistants participated in a project to construct and load
to failure a specimen representing a
strip cut from a 13 ft (4 m) thick slab.
Engineers from around the globe were
invited to provide predictions of the
shear response of such thick slabs.
For more on the research, see the
article on p. 29.
55 Products & Practice

58 Product Showcase
60 Calls for Papers
62 Bookshelf
63 Meetings
64 Public Discussion
65 Spanish Translation Synopses
66 Membership Application
GRAPHIC DESIGNERS
Gail L. Tatum (Senior Designer),

Susan K. Esper, Ryan M. Jay,
Aimee M. Kahaian
67 Bulletin Board
67 Advertisers Index
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Angela R. Matthews
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

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Tel. +1.248.848.3700
Fax. +1.248.848.3150
Copyright 2015 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
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Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
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NOVEMBER 2015 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com
IN
Ci
Concordancies
n this months Presidents Memo,

guest author Johan L. Silfwerbrand
calls for a common strategy toward
meeting the numerous challenges faced
by our industry. He concludes that
working on a common concrete code
would be one of the most important
parts of that strategy (see p. 7). In the
interim, it remains worthwhile to
compare existing codes against each
other, using data from numerical models
and/or laboratory tests as benchmarks.
This months CI includes such an
assessment, conducted by a team of
researchers at the University of Toronto
and focused on the shear capacity of
thick, slab-type elements (see p. 29).
This work provides strong evidence
that the ACI 318 Code overestimates the
contribution provided by plain concrete
in resisting shear forces in slab-type
elements. Further, because it allows that
contribution to increase with concrete
strength up to a 10,000 psi (69 MPa)
limit, the Code may be inadvertently
encouraging the use of high-strength
concrete in lieu of shear reinforcement.
In many cases, the elements are mass
concrete placements, and the heat of
hydration of high-strength mixtures
could force the use of external and
internal cooling, easily negating any
savings in shear reinforcement. The
research also shows the significant
benefit of using minimum reinforcement
in the form of headed deformed bars. Of
course, deep elements with top mats of
reinforcing bars will already contain bars
(standees) that effectively act as shear
reinforcement but probably dont meet
the Codes anchorage requirements.
Additional study of standees might
provide value to the industryeven if
its little more than confirmation that
existing elements are not totally dependent
on the shear capacity of the concrete alone.
Rex C. Donahey
American Concrete Institute

Board of Direction
President
Directors
Sharon L. Wood
Dean A. Browning
JoAnn P. Browning
Cesar A. Constantino
Alejandro Durn-Herrera
Augusto H. Holmberg
Kimberly Kayler
Past President
Board Members
James K. Wight
Anne M. Ellis
William E. Rushing Jr.
Vice Presidents
Executive Vice President
Michael J. Schneider Khaled W. Awad
Technical Activities
Committee
Cary S. Kopczynski
Kevin A. MacDonald
Fred Meyer
Michael M. Sprinkel
Roberto Stark
David M. Suchorski
Ronald Burg
Educational Activities Certification Programs

Committee
Committee
chair
chair
Trey Hamilton III
Frances T. Griffith
secretary
chair
George R. Wargo
staff liaison
staff liaison
Matthew R. Senecal
Kathryn A. Amelio
John W. Nehasil
Michael C. Brown
JoAnn P. Browning
Catherine E. French
Fred R. Goodwin
Larry Kahn
Neven Krstulovic-Opara
Kimberly E. Kurtis
Tracy D. Marcotte
Jan Olek
Michael S. Stenko
Andrew W. Taylor
Eldon G. Tipping
Cesar A. Constantino
Joe Hug
Antonio Nanni
Ronald L. OKane
William D. Palmer Jr.
Lawrence L. Sutter
Lawrence H. Taber
Scott Tarr
Ronald Vaughn
David W. Whitmore
Khaled W. Awad
Roger J. Becker
William Ciggelakis
J. Mitchell Englestead
Brian Green
Augusto H. Holmberg
Joe Hug
Warren E. McPherson Jr.
Thomas L. Rozsits
Xiomara Sapon
Michael M. Sprinkel
Pericles C. Stivaros
David M. Suchorski
Janet White
ACI Staff & Departments
Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (Ron.Burg@concrete.org)

Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (John.Glumb@concrete.org)
ACI Foundation:
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Certification:
Information Systems:
Chapter Activities:
Marketing and Business Development:
Engineering:
Member/Customer Services:
Event Services:
Professional Development:
Finance and Administration:
Publishing Services:
ann.daugherty@acifoundation.org
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acimemberservices@concrete.org
conventions@concrete.org
donna.halstead@concrete.org
lori.purdom@concrete.org
claire.hiltz@concrete.org
barry.bergin@concrete.org
Sustaining Members
See pages 8-9 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members.
To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI website at
www.concrete.org/membership/sustainingmembers.aspx.
February 2-5, 2016
Visit ACIs World of Concrete booth

Central Hall 4213
Learn more about ACIs publications,
education, and certification.
Other features:

Talk to industry experts

Dedicated contractors section
Membership discounts
Recursos en espaol
#ACIatWOC
President's
Memo
International Cooperation
is the Goal
y first experience with

ACI was at the Spring
Convention in 1989 in
Atlanta, GA. I was in the United
States as a post-doc and had the
pleasure of spending 6 months
in Austin, TX, and UrbanaChampaign, IL. My supervisor
Sven Sahlin introduced me to
his friends Jim Jirsa and Mete
Sozen and they introduced me to
ACI. Since then I have tried to
attend every second convention
Guest author
and I think the reception you
Johan L. Silfwerbrand, FACI
experience when you arrive as a
European to ACI is very positive and rather different from the
conditions at various conferences elsewhere.
I am thinking not only of the official recognition given to
international attendees at the Opening Session and the
invitation to the Presidents Reception but also the welcome
from kind individuals. ACI is almost like a very big family.
During my first conventions, everyone seemed to be astonished
that I had made the long trip from Sweden to North America
for such a short visit, but more recently, the astonishment has
vanished concurrently with the decreasing air ticket prices.
However, the journey is still very long; you just pay less for
every hour you spend in the air.
Another difference between ACI conventions and most
international conferences is ACIs focus on committee
meetings. Having fixed dates for committee meetings at least
twice a year facilitates ongoing activities within each committee,
and the travel throughout the United States and Canada
required of members does not seem to impair the efficiency.
In many other volunteer organizations, the process of finding
meeting days is very time-consuming and often slows a
committees progress. Compared to European concrete
organizations, I also think that ACI is much better at attracting
students and young professionals. Young professionals play
important roles as Committee Secretaries or even Chairs,
Speakers, and Session Moderators.
Personally, I am engaged in the work of both ACI and fib
(the International Federation of Structural Concrete). I know
that efforts are being made to improve the cooperation

between these two important international concrete organizations but wish that the progress could be faster. During my
time as the President of the Swedish Concrete Association, I
was very happy to sign an International Partner Agreement
with ACI. We could develop the cooperation further, and any
apprehension that the larger society would overshadow the
smaller one has been shown to be completely groundless.
In Europe, fib paved the way for the current Eurocode 2
that successfully has replaced the national concrete codes in
the member states to facilitate trade between the countries.
the reception you experience

when you arrive as a European to ACI
is very positive
Being a faculty member at a university with international
ambitions and many incoming students, I am pleased that
today we can illustrate the hour-long lectures with examples
from Eurocode 2 and not just the old Swedish code.
Recently, fib released MC 2010, which will form the basis
for the next version of Eurocode 2 that may be launched in
2020 or 2025. Simultaneously, ACI has released a new version
of ACI 318. When are we going to make one document that
could be used across the entire globe? A concrete structure
should not be designed differently due only to the fact that
Europe is using French units and the United States is using
British units.
You may argue that it is beneficial to have two competitive
codes because the competition may lead to improvements of
both. However, I think that in the long run we can neither
handle the challenges from global warming, sustainable energy
production, clean water, urbanization, and an aging population,
nor the competition from other construction materials without
a common strategy where the work on a common concrete
code would be one of the most important parts.
Johan L. Silfwerbrand, is a Professor with the KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
are the foundation of our success.

To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members, Concrete
International includes a 1/3-page member profile and a listing of all Sustaining
Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive the 1/3-page profile
section on a rotating basis.
ACS Manufacturing Corporation
Kleinfelder
Advanced Construction Technology
Kryton International Inc.
Services
American Society of Concrete
Contractors
Lafarge North America

Lithko Contracting, Inc.
Mapei
Ash Grove Cement Co.
Mason Construction, Ltd.
Ashford Formula
Meadow Burke
Baker Concrete Construction, Inc.
W. R. Meadows, Inc.
Barrier-1 Inc.
Metromont Corporation
BASF Corporation
MTL
Bauman Landscape & Construction
Multiquip Inc.
BCS
Municipal Testing
Braun Intertec Corporation
North S.Tarr Concrete Consulting PC
Buzzi Unicem USA
Oztec Industries, Inc.
Cantera Concrete Company
Pacific Structures
CHRYSO, Inc.
Penetron International Ltd.
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
Portland Cement Association
Construction Forms, Inc.
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
CTLGroup
Saudi Building Code National
Dayton Superior
Committee
Ductilcrete Slab Systems, LLC
Sika Corp.
The Euclid Chemical Co.
S.K. Ghosh Associates, Inc.
Fibercon International, Inc.
STRUCTURAL
Future Tech Consultants
Structural Services, Inc.
W.R. Grace & Co.
Tekna Chem
Headwaters Resources, Inc.
Triad Engineering, Inc.
Holcim (US) Inc.
TWC Concrete Services
Keystone Structural Concrete
Wacker Neuson
Since its establishment in 1996,

ACTS has become a regional reference
in construction consultancy services
and a pioneer in achieving technological
advancements in the materials and
geo-engineering fields. Its operations
cover the whole MENA region
through its branches and activities in
Lebanon, Qatar and KSA.
The company has witnessed a rapid
expansion in its service offerings
through six separate, yet complementary
divisions: Consultancy, Geotechnical
Engineering, Material Testing, Technical
Standards and Solutions, Certification
and Training & Conferences.
ACTS fully equipped and modern
labs, well-trained staff and customer
centric services have been awarded
with high caliber accreditations as the
company became the first consulting
firm in the Middle East, in its field, to
obtain the ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO
17025 and OHSAS 18001 certifications.
ACTS is also the local sponsoring
group of the American Concrete
Institute (ACI) for its certification
programs in the Middle East. The
company provides a large array of
training programs in asphalt and
concrete technologies and prepares
trainees to become ACI Certified.
Additionally, being the representative
of IHS, ASTM, BSI, IEEE and other
global standards development organizations, ACTS has become the regions
one-stop provider of international
codes and standards.
For more information about
ACTS, please visit their website at
www.acts-int.com.
To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our website at www.concrete.org/sustainingmembers
Dayton Superior Corporation is a

leading provider of accessories,
chemicals, forming, shoring and
paving product solutions within the
nonresidential concrete construction
industry. Serving the industry for over
ninety years, the companys portfolio
includes over 17,000 standard, in stock
SKUs, 13 U.S. manufacturing facilities
and a network of 15 distribution
centers located in the U.S., Canada,
Latin America, Australia and China,
allowing Dayton Superior to serve
customers as a single source provider
of world class products and services.
Dayton Superior products are found on
many of the worlds most prominent
civil infrastructure, institutional and
commercial construction projects. The
companys commitment to Perform
with Precision is illustrated by the
2014 opening of the Dayton Superior
Innovation Center. Here, Dayton
Superior is able to assess, evaluate,
rapid prototype and launch new
products at an industry leading pace
transforming industry productivity
through innovation and creating a
competitive advantage for our customers.
Dayton Superior Co., please visit their
website at www.daytonsuperior.com
or call +1.888.977.9600.
Modern Technology Laboratories

(MTL) is a limited liability company
registered in Saudi Arabia. MTL is
ISO 17025 certified and accredited by
SASO and iAS. It is the regional leader in
advanced and value-added construction
materials testing and engineered
solutions. Through highly trained and
qualified personnel and state-of-the-art
equipment, MTL provides superior
testing and innovative technical
solutions that help its clients execute
quality construction projects on time
and with least cost.
What sets MTL apart from other
independent laboratories in the region
is its unique capabilities to develop
engineered solutions for challenging
construction projects. MTLs customers
get both reliable and accurate
independent testing and value-added
engineering services and solutions
tailored to the specific challenges of
their particular project.
MTL has been providing technical
solutions and testing services for many
landmark projects in Saudi Arabia
such as the Haram and Mataaf Expansion Projects in Makkah, the Madinah
Haram Expansion Project, the King
Abdullah Financial District in Riyadh,
the King Abdul-Aziz Airport in
Jeddah, the North and South Jeddah
Water Treatment Plants, the Makkah
Tower, Lamar and Kingdom Tower Tall
buildings, Al-Haramain High Speed
Rail Project, Aljamaraat Bridge, etc.
To learn more about MTL,
please visit their website at
http://www.mtl-me.com or call
+(966).2.6774340.
TEKNACHEM was founded

thanks to the willingness of a group
of technicians and chemists that
gained a solid experience from
primary companies in the cement and
concrete industry.
These professionals have been in
this sector since 1965. TEKNACHEM
is the result of the fusion of a group of
experts with significant technical
knowledge, which is the result of its
success worldwide. A highly qualified
sales engineering staff operates on site
offering a wide range of products and
technical assistance.
TEKNACHEM responds to its
customers needs through its facilities
and ability to listen, that guarantees a
customized production in line with
the clients requirements such as: type
of application, aggregates to use,
weather conditions, implementation
constraints.
Its customer service offers complete
assistance through the Istituto
Italiano per il Calcestruzzo, an
association focused on concretes
support, research and training. Tekna
Chem is presently operating in Algeria
with headquarters in Sidi-Bel Abbes,
in partnership with the Hasnaoui
Group, while in North Africa is
creating new opportunities in Tunisia
and Morocco.
Tekna Chem is also in Spain with
Tekna Chem Qumica and is creating a
network of manufacturing facilities in
Russia and South America.
TEKNACHEM, please visit their
website at www.teknachem.it or
www.tekna-group.com.
On the
Move
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger has recently promoted the
following individuals to the indicated positions: ACI member
Pedro J. Sifre, Senior Principal, has more than 30 years of
experience as a structural engineer. His experience includes
new design and renovation of structures for a variety of
building types, including institutional, high-rise, industrial,
and residential buildings; Wen H. Tong, Senior Principal, has
over 30 years of experience in seismic structural dynamic
analysis and evaluation of seismic capacities of building
structures and equipment for commercial nuclear power
plants, DOE facilities, refineries, and hospitals; Kevin Poulin,
Principal, has 20 years of experience as a structural designer
of projects that range from renovation of existing buildings
and design of new buildings to structural peer reviews and
feasibility studies; John M. Porter, Associate Principal, has
16 years of structural engineering experience designing new
structures and assessing existing structures. His work includes
performing condition assessments of existing structures,
developing rehabilitation programs to repair deterioration and
distress, and helping owners prioritize future repair and
maintenance needs; and ACI member Mauro J. Scali,
Director of Petrography, is a licensed geologist and concrete
petrographer with more than 30 years of experience in the
evaluation, testing, and repair of concrete, masonry, stone,
and stucco. He is a member of ACI Committees 201,
Durability of Concrete; 232, Fly Ash in Concrete; and 233,
Ground Slag in Concrete.
Dewberry promoted ACI member David Hieber to Senior
Associate. He has more than 15 years of experience in the
analysis, design, and management of highway bridges,
pedestrian bridges, retaining walls, and other associated
highway structures. Hieber received his bachelors and
masters degrees in civil engineering from the Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA,
and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, respectively.
He is a member of the Engineering Consultant Leadership
Committee of Virginia Transportation Construction Alliance
and the American Council of Engineering Companies of
Advertise in
Ci
For more information, contact

Todd Eckman,
Account Executive
Network Media Partners +1.410.584.8487
E-mail: teckman@networkmediapartners.com
10
Hieber
Babcock
Carino
Metropolitan Washington. Hieber also serves as the President

of the American Society of Highway Engineers-Potomac
Chapter. Additionally, he serves as an Adjunct Professor in the
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure at
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Hieber is a member of
ACI Committee 341, Earthquake-Resistant Concrete Bridges,
and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 343, Concrete Bridge Design.
Avanti International appointed Britt N. Babcock to Vice
President of Sales to further develop a growing portfolio of
customers and partners nationwide. Babcock comes with a
wealth of experience within the industry, having spent the last
4 years as Avantis Geotechnical Market Director focusing on
mining, tunneling, subways, and soil stabilization.
Honors and Awards
The National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA)

Research, Engineering and Standards (RES) Committee
established the Richard D. Gaynor Award in honor of Gaynor,
who was the Executive Vice President of NRMCA and the
National Aggregates Association (NAA). Gaynor Award
recipients are selected for their lifetime contributions to the
ready mixed industry in the technical field. The 2015 Gaynor
Award recipient is ACI Honorary Member Nicholas J. Carino, a
Concrete Technology Consultant based in Cleveland, OH,
and an affiliated Consultant with Wiss, Janney, Elstner
Associates, Inc. He received his BS, MS, and PhD from
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Carino was an Assistant
Professor at The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
He retired from the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) in 2004, where he held the position of
Research Structural Engineer. He received several awards and
recognitions from NIST for his contributions during his
25-year career. He is a four-time recipient of the ACI Wason
Medal for Materials Research and has received numerous
other ACI and ASTM awards for his technical contributions to
the industry. Carino is a Fellow of ASTM International and a
Life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
Carino is an active member of various ACI committees.
News
New ACI/ICRI Guide to Benefit the Repair Industry
construction considerations; and quality assurance.

An invaluable new resource for concrete industry
The Guides Project Examples illustrate the use of the Code
professionalsGuide to the Code for Evaluation, Repair, and
for concrete building repair, rehabilitation, or strengthening
Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildingshas been published
projects from inception through completion. These real-world
jointly by ACI and the International Concrete Repair Institute
examples are based on actual projects and demonstrate how
(ICRI). Available as a printed and digital book, the guide
ACI 562 could be used when repairs are designed. These
provides assistance and examples to professionals engaged in
examples cover several types of projects, including:
the repair of concrete buildings. The guide has been developed
Typical parking garage repairs;
to serve as a companion to Code Requirements for Evaluation,
Typical faade repairs;
Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings (ACI 562-13).
Repair of historic structure for adaptive reuse;
The primary purpose of this Guide is to help licensed
Strengthening of a two-way flat slab; and
design professionals interpret and properly use the ACI 562
Strengthening of double-tee stems for shear.
code. Although specifically developed for licensed design
Funding to develop the Guide to the Code for Evaluation,
professionals, the guide will also provide insight into the use
Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings was
and benefits of ACI 562 for contractors, material manufacturers, provided by ACI, ICRI, and the Strategic Development
building owners, and building officials. The Guide is separated
Council (SDC). Vision 2020, a document prepared in part by
into two main components: Chapter Guides and Project
SDC, formulated a set of goals for improving the efficiency,
Examples. These two components work together to provide
safety, and quality of concrete repair and protection activities.
additional information pertaining to how to interpret the
The new Guide solidifies the Vision 2020 goals by providing
performance requirements in ACI 562 and how the requirements
the tools to execute concrete repair and protection, thereby
may be applied to a broad range of projects.
The Chapter Guides follow the
organization of ACI 562, broken down
by the corresponding sections. They
include particular insight into how the
chapters and sections of the Code fit
within the whole of the project. Where
Voided slab design, analysis,
applicable, flowcharts are provided to
project examples.
illustrate how to navigate the various
provisions. Project Examples are
Comprehensive guide providing design
included to illustrate how specific
considerations and state-of-the-art practices.
provisions within each chapter of
ACI 562 are incorporated into the
$49.95 Non-member / $34.95 Member
design process. In some instances,
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additional limited-scope examples
within the Chapter Guides better
illustrate a point that is not covered by
the Project Examples.
24/7 continuing education.
The Chapter Guides contain information
on several topics related to use of the
Distance e-learning makes professional
code, including applicability of ACI 562;
development easy and convenient.
selection of the building code for the
repair design; preliminary evaluations to
Visit www.crsi-learning.org for a list of topics.
determine a compliance method for
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materials properties, and load testing;
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11
News
extending the useful life of existing installationsa key factor
in producing a sustainable environment.
Order the Guide to the Code for Evaluation, Repair, and
Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings at www.concrete.org.
Key ACI Staff Promotions
ACI announced staff promotions aimed at increasing

alignment and flow from ACIs technical documents to
educational products. Michael L. Tholen has been named the
Institutes new Managing Director of Engineering and
Professional Development; Matthew R. Senecal has been
named as Manager, Engineering; and Claire A. Hiltz has been
named Manager of Professional Development.
Tholen will coordinate the efforts and resources of both the
Engineering and the Professional Development Departments.
He will continue the supervisory and coordination aspects of
his previous position in the Professional Development
Department and act in a similar role for the Engineering
Department. He will oversee the Engineering staff in both
departments to allow better interdepartmental coordination
and align staffs strengths with project requirements.
Tholen received his BS in architectural engineering and his
MS and PhD in civil engineering from the University of
Kansas, Lawrence, KS. Previously at ACI, he was the
Engineering Editor of Concrete International and, most
recently, Managing Director of Professional Development.
ACIs Engineering Department will be under the direction
of Matthew R. Senecal, Manager, Engineering. Senecal
received his BS in civil engineering from the University of
Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, and his MS in civil engineering
from the University of Kansas. He worked as a Civil and
Structural Engineer for 14 years before joining the ACI
Engineering Department in 2004, where he most recently
served as Senior Engineer.
As ACIs new Manager of Professional Development,
Claire A. Hiltz will coordinate and implement programs
necessary to increase the effectiveness and productivity of
ACI Professional Development. Hiltz was previously Course
Developer, Professional Development. Hiltz received her
bachelors of business administration (BBA) from the
University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, WI, and her MS in
education in instructional design and technology from Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN.
Baker Honored with ASCC Lifetime

Achievement Award
ACI Honorary Member Dan Baker, CEO, Baker Concrete

Construction, Monroe, OH, received a Lifetime Achievement
Award from the American Society of Concrete Contractors
(ASCC) on September 24, 2015, at its Annual Conference in
Dallas, TX. The Lifetime Achievement Award is ASCCs
12
Tholen
Senecal
Hiltz
highest honor, acknowledging recipients

for their body of work within the
industry and their service to ASCC. The
award was presented by Michael J.
Schneider, ACI Vice President and
Senior Vice President and Chief People
Officer, Baker Concrete Construction.
Baker served on the ASCC Board and
has made significant donations of time
Baker
and monies to both ASCC and its
education and research foundation.
In 2001, he was the first concrete contractor to serve as ACI
President, emphasizing education of contractors and students
and providing them opportunities within the Institute during
his term in office.
In 1991, Baker made a strong statement to his peers and to
the construction industry in general, by officially naming
safety as Bakers number-one value. Dan has influenced
thousands of people and had a profound impact on concrete
contracting, said Bev Garnant, ASCC Executive Director.
It is our great pleasure to present him the ASCC Lifetime
Achievement Award.
ASTM Sustainability Committee Forms New

Subcommittee on Water Use and Conservation
ASTM Subcommittee E60.07, Water Use and Conservation,
will develop standards to support sustainability and the
sustainable development of water-related products and
processes. These standards will benefit regulators, designers,
environmentalists, and many others seeking to address water
use and conservation issues.
Michael Schmeida, Chair of ASTM Committee E60,
Sustainability, says the new subcommittee will address a wide
range of issues related to the environmental, social, economic,
and other attributes of water. The subcommittee will acquire,
promote, and disseminate high-quality technical knowledge to
stimulate research in and the development of specifications
associated with water use.
Water sustainability is a major, growing concern for all
aspects of society: business, public health, food, and more,
Schmeida said. The time for this subcommittee has come.
News
Rick Layton, an active ASTM member, has been appointed
Chair of E60.07. Layton is affiliated with many organizations
dedicated to water standards and code development. Already,
he has overseen the creation of major water-related standards
dealing with residential wastewater, rainwater quality, and
building-water stewardship and reclamation.
ASTM welcomes participation in the development of its
standards. Become a member at www.astm.org/JOIN.
Parking Garages Achieve Green

Garage Certification
The Green Parking Council (GPC) announced the first seven

parking facilities in the United States to achieve Green Garage
Certification, a comprehensive sustainability standard for existing
and new parking facilities evaluating 48 elements of garage
operation, programs, structure, and technology. New Green
Garages include corporate, university, airport, and hotel facilities.
The first parking facilities to achieve Green Garage
Certification are:
of America Plaza, Los Angeles, CA;

Bank
BG
Group
Place, Houston, TX;
Canopy Airport
Parking, Denver, CO;
Charles Square Garage,
Charles Hotel, Cambridge, MA;
Forest Home Garage, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY;
Silver Spring Metro Plaza, Metro
DC; and
Westpark Corporate Center, Tysons,Washington,
VA.
Cars are getting smarter, people are getting smarter, and
parking garages are getting smarter, explained Paul Wessel,

Executive Director of the GPC, an affiliate of the International
Parking Institute. The greening of parking facilities transforms
them into enablers of sustainable mobility. Certified Green
Garages offer significant benefits for drivers, tenants, building
owners, property managers, and society overall.
Launched in 2015, Green Garage Certification recognizes
parking facility management practices that maximize performance while minimizing waste, programs that encourage
mobility options and choice, and efficient and sustainable
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13
News
employ energy-efficient lighting and ventilation systems,
guidance systems that help drivers find parking faster, idlereduction technologies, electric vehicle charging stations, car
sharing, bicycle parking, and storm-water management practices.
Green Garage Certification is a program of the nonprofit
Green Parking Council. For copies of Green Garage Certification at a Glance, the Elements of Green Garage Certification,
the free Green Garage Certification Program Guide, and to
purchase the Green Garage Certification Standard, visit
www.greenparkingcouncil.org/certification.
Global Design Competition Presents 100-Year

Visions for Restoring Louisianas Eroding Coast
The international Changing Course design competition has
announced the winning teams and their 100-year visions for
restoring and sustaining the Mississippi River Delta. The
winning teamscomprising some of the worlds top engineers,
coastal scientists, planners, and designers are Baird &
Associates, Moffatt & Nichol, and Studio Misi-Ziibi.
The winning teams designs are based on a 100-year

planning horizon and focus on maximizing the Mississippi
Rivers natural and sustainable land-building potential while
taking into account the needs of navigation and other industries, flood control, and sustainable community developmenta challenge raised by the state of Louisianas master
planning process.
While each of the winning teams offered a different vision,
all three identified three major themes as critical to sustaining
the Mississippi River Delta today and into the future:
A clear focus on a sustainable delta through using the
natural forces of the Mississippi River;
Maximum integration of navigation, flood control, and
restoration, including consideration of ideas for a better
and more sustainable navigation channel; and
Consideration of a gradual transition of industry and
communities into more protected and resilient communities,
over time.
For more information, visit www.changingcourse.us.
ACI Strategic Advancement Award

To showcase the contributions and
significant efforts that have helped
further the ACI Strategic Plan,
the American Concrete Institute
presents the ACI Strategic
Advancement Award.
This newest ACI award recognizes
individuals or organizations that
provide support in the implementation
of membership and customer
satisfaction; the quality of ACI
programs, products, and services;
and global credibility and impact.
Nomination forms will be available
following the 2015 ACI Concrete
Convention and Exposition in Denver, with
presentation of the award taking place in 2017.
For further information contact Diane Pociask,
ACI Awards Coordinator, at diane.pociask@concrete.org.
14
Knowledge to Practice:
Memorial Fellowship Created to Honor ACIs

Dan Falconer
The ACI Foundation is honoring the late Dan Falconer

with the formation of the Daniel W. Falconer Memorial
Fellowship. Dan served as ACIs Managing Director of
Engineering for more than 17 years.
Dan was a Fellow of ACI, given this distinction for his
outstanding contributions to the production and use of
concrete materials, products, and structures through education,
research, and development.
Dan had an incredible gift of taking a controversial
technical issue and breaking it down into practical elements
that would develop consensus, Randall W. Poston, past Chair
of ACI Committee 318, said. This came from his years of
practicing structural engineering before joining ACI. He knew
with continued resolve and steadfast guidance, committee
members would eventually come together and do the right
thing. In large measure, the reorganization of the ACI 318-14
Structural Concrete Building Code was Dans vision of
simplifying the use of the code for practitioners.
ACI has agreed to contribute a dollar-for-dollar match for
donations made by individuals and companies. To learn more
or to donate online, visit www.acifoundation.org.
The award is for graduate students studying in the field of
structural engineering with an emphasis in reinforced concrete
design. Preference will be given to applicants conducting
research pertaining to ACI codes or specifications. The fellowship includes an optional summer internship in the ACI
Engineering Department.
An ACI Foundation memorial fellowship will honor the late Dan

Falconer (center), shown here at a reception after a Technical
Activities Committee meeting at ACI headquarters in Farmington
Hills, MI
Visit the ACI Foundation at The Concrete

Convention & Exposition Fall 2015
Stop by the ACI Foundation booth in the ACI Pavilion

during The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition in
Denver, CO. Talk with Ann Daugherty, Foundation Director,
about how you can further concrete innovation and research
or help fund scholarships for future leaders.
Concrete Research Council (CRC) Calls for

Proposals
In August, the CRC opened its call for research proposals

that advance the knowledge and sustainable aspects of concrete
materials, construction, and structures. Details include:
Maximum funding is $50,000 per project (increased from
$10,000), and CRC will fund up to two worthy projects;
The proposal submission due date is December 1, 2015.
Proposals submitted after the due date will be returned
without review; and
Projects will be awarded soon after The Concrete Convention
and Exposition Spring 2016.
Updated information, proposal requirements, and

submittal deadlines are located on the CRC website:
www.concreteresearchcouncil.org.
For additional questions, or to submit proposals, e-mail
Ann Daugherty, Director, ACI Foundation, ann.daugherty@
acifoundation.org.
New Research Products from CRC Co-funded

Research
The ACI Foundation, through CRC initiatives, has partnered

with other industry entities to leverage its research funds:
CRC 67, Improved Procedures for the Design of Slender
Structural Concrete Columnsfunded by the Precast/
Prestressed Concrete Institute with support from the ACI
Foundation, the Portland Cement Association, and the
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute; Ryan W. Jenkins and
Robert J. Frosch, FACI, Purdue University;
CRC 87, Defining Structurally Acceptable Properties of
High-Strength Steel Bars through Material and Column
Testing (Part 1, Material Testing Report)funded by the
Charles Pankow Foundation, the ACI Foundation, and
in-kind materials support by various entities; Chase M.
Slavin and Wassim M. Ghannoum, The University of Texas
at Austin; and
CRC 88, Proposed Specification for Deformed Steel Bars
with Controlled Ductile Properties for Concrete Reinforcementfunded by the Charles Pankow Foundation and the
ACI Foundation; Conrad Paulson and Scott K. Graham,
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.
A complete list of CRC co-funded projects is available at
www.concreteresearchcouncil.org/Home/Projects.
15
Chapter
Reports
New Jersey Chapter ACI Awards Student
Chapter $20,000 Grant for Ready Mixed
90-Minute Rule Research
The New Jersey Chapter ACI announced the $20,000

award to the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT)
Student Chapter ACI for the research proposal Evaluation
of the 90-Minute Rule as an Acceptance Criteria Considering
Current Concrete Mix Design Technology and Mix Constituents.
Every year, a substantial amount of ready mixed concrete
is returned to concrete plants for disposal. One of the main
reasons is strict enforcement of the 90-minute time limit
specified in ASTM C94/C94M, Standard Specification for
Ready-Mixed Concrete.
The Principal Investigator is ACI member Mohamed
Mahgoub, Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering
Technology at NJIT, and the Co-Principal Investigator is
Nakul Ramanna, Assistant to the Chair and Concrete Laboratory
Manager in the John A. Reif Jr. Department of Civil Engineering.
The proposed research aims to gain better understanding of
how elapsed time affects the quality of a concrete load. To
meet the goal, a large number of concrete batches will be
tested under different weather conditions and elapsed times.
The research results would greatly benefit concrete suppliers,
engineers, and inspectors in the concrete industry.
The 1-year research project began in August 2015, with
commitments from the National Ready Mixed Concrete
Association (NRMCA), Silvi Group, Sika Corp., and County
Concrete. Eric Miller, Silvi South Plainfield Manager; David
Jaramillo, Silvi Quality Control Manager; and Nicholas
Denicoli, County Concrete Quality Control Manager, will
participate in the research effort.
Last year, the College of New Jersey received a similar
grant from the New Jersey Chapter ACI. Students from the
college presented their research at the ACI Fall 2014 Convention

in Washington, DC.
To learn more about the New Jersey Chapter ACI, visit
www.njaci.com.
Iraq Chapter ACI Announce Winners of

Student Project Competition
The winners of the first student project competition hosted

by the Iraq Chapter ACI were announced in August. The
competition was open to undergraduate students from several
Iraqi universities. A maximum of two students were allowed
to submit a project focused on concrete design, material, and/
or construction. The projects were reported in paper form and
included a problem statement/statement of research significance,
a conclusion, and a list of references. The goal of the contest
was to prepare students for participation in international
competitions hosted by ACI. The winners received a certificate
and recognition during special ceremonies held in Basrah,
Bagdad, and Erbil.
The first-place winner was Prediction of Compressive
Strength of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Using Artificial Neural
Network by Hussein Sadiq Latief and Alkarar Taha Yaseen
of the University of Basrah, College of Engineering; Alaa C.
Galeb, Supervisor. The second-place winner was Producing
Sustainable Accelerated Hardening Cementitious Materials
by Rana Hameed Faisal of the University of Technology,
Building and Construction Engineering Department; Maan S.
Hassan and Ziyad Majeed, Supervisors. The third-place
winner was Comparison between ACI 318 and EC2: for
Beams, Slabs, and Columns by Bahar Abdul Rahman Hassan
of the University of Salahaddin Hawler, College of Engineering;
Salahaddin Abdul Rahman, Supervisor.
Winners of the first student project

competition sponsored by the Iraq
Chapter ACI were (from top left):
Hussein Sadiq Latief, Alkarar Taha
Yaseen, and Rana Hameed Faisal, and
(bottom left): Bahar Abdul Rahman Hassan
Members of the NJIT Student Chapter ACI
16
Chapter Reports
To learn more about the Iraq Chapter ACI, visit
www.aci-iraq.com.
India Chapter ACI to host 2nd Biennial R.N.

Raikar International Conference in December
The 2nd Biennial R.N. Raikar

International Conference & BanthiaBasheere International Symposium on
advances in science and concrete
technology will be held at the Lalit
Mumbai Hotel, Mumbai, India,
December 18-19, 2015. The conference
mission is to introduce participants to
cutting-edge technologies in the field of
R.N. Raikar
concrete and concrete construction and to
facilitate technology transfer in appropriate
areas. A number of national and internationalexperts will
present, including Nemkumar Banthia, FACI, from the
Canadian Academy of Engineering, and P.A. Muhammed
Basheer, FACI, from the Irish Academy of Engineering, who
will act as co-facilitators of the event.
The India Chapter ACI is fully geared up for this
conference, which was named after former chapter officer
R.N. Raikar, who was involved with the chapter from its
inception in 1979 until his death in 2008.
The Chapter is in its 36th year and is dedicated to sharing
and exchanging activities, knowledge, and information in the
field of concrete. The Chapter has more than 2000 members
throughout India, who actively participate in all the chapter
programs. To learn more about the India Chapter ACI, visit
www.icaci.com.
Arizona Chapter ACI Presented Market

Forecast During Opening Meeting
In August, the Arizona Chapter ACI welcomed approximately 60 attendees to its annual Market Forecast to kick off
its 2015-2016 membership meetings. The luncheon was held
at the DoubleTree Suites Hotel in Phoenix, AZ. The group
represented concrete suppliers, product representatives,
concrete contractors, general contractors, engineers, and
testing labs. The chapter hosts eight lunch meetings throughout
the year with the Market Forecast as the first topic.
We like to start our year off with a market forecast
because we feel it gives an overview of what to expect in the
coming year, explains Beth Britt, Executive Director of the
Arizona Chapter ACI. Our meeting topics try to focus on
current local market issues, and sometimes knowing which
sector of the market will be strong helps us all prepare
accordingly. Of course, we all know working in this industry
is anything but predictable.
The meeting of the Arizona Chapter ACI in August featured the

Dodge Construction Forecast
Cliff Brewis, Vice President of Operations at Dodge Data &

Analytics, presented. Brewis is part of the management team
responsible for the news gathering operations at Dodge. In
addition, Brewis has been with Dodge for over 30 years in
sales, planning, and operations. Last years forecast called for
a 4% gain over the previous year, although the market fell
short with approximately 3.4% growth in 2014-2015. He
expects to see the same rate of growth for next year. Brewis
has spoken to chapter members before and he spends valuable
time bringing a presentation suited for those working in the
Arizona market. We appreciate the thoroughness of his data,
said Britt.
Specific segments for this coming year are in education and
public works. It is expected that money will flow for water
works, as this has been one of the largest growing areas in
construction. Schools are beginning to see growth, with higher
education seeing more investments to fund new campuses.
Hotel and hospital building is also expected to rise. Elderly
care for the retired population in Arizona will see a steady
increase, but the concern is how to properly fund those needs.
Another area of concern is the highway sector. Transportation
funding is declining until solid funding into the future is
established; this market will remain slow.
Arizona was hit extremely hard when the housing bubble
burst, and we lost many good, long-standing companies in our
industry when that happened. Investing in our future begins
with concrete because we make the foundation of all that rises
from the desert. Arizona hopefully will have learned a
valuable lesson in this last recession, and appreciate slow,
steady, healthy growth, so we can stay one of the best places
to call home, said Britt.
To learn more about the Arizona Chapter ACI, visit
www.azaci.org.
17
Chapter Reports
The annual battering ram contest at Kennesaw State University
Members of the Georgia Chapter ACI and guests at the recent

awards banquet
Georgia Chapter ACI Celebrates 50-Year

Anniversary
The Georgia Chapter ACI is celebrating its 50-year

anniversary this year. Sadly, however, with the recent passing
of many of our older members and longtime Georgia
Chapter ACI Secretary LaGrit Sam Morris in 2013,
records and personal accounts of the Chapters history are
scarce. Much of what follows is pieced together from the
recollections of Wayne Wilson, Certification Activities Chair,
Georgia Chapter ACI.
The Georgia Chapter ACI was first incorporated as the
Atlanta Chapter of ACI in 1965 and later changed its name to
the Georgia Chapter in 1990. The first Chapter President was
Robert A. Shoolbred, followed by numerous Georgia Industry
greats like Virgil D. Skipper (1967 and 1974), Eugene Boeke
(1976), Donald Lathrup (1978), Donald E. Dixon (1983),
Robert Terpening (1989), Robert Kuhlman (1990), Melvyn
Galinat (1991), and a host of others over the years. As best as
Wilson can tell, because the chapter still has the original felt
banner, the Georgia Chapter has been named an Excellent
Chapter by ACI every year since 1991.
The Chapter works at promoting the proper use of concrete
in Georgia. On March 4, 1970, the Chapter, along with the
Georgia Concrete and Products Association and Local
Chapters of AIA, AGC, CSI, and ACEC, incorporated a sister
organization called the Concrete Advisory Board of Georgia
(CAB). The following general purpose statement comes from
their original incorporation papers: [the] objective [is] to
promote and encourage constructive cooperation among the
participating organizations by providing an instrument
18
through which all may coordinate their efforts to improve the

finished product known as concrete, to study problems of
common concern in that field and make recommendations
thereon. Wilson remembers taking his first Concrete Field
Technician Certification exam from this organization in 1984,
long before ACIs current Field Tech Grade I Certification
was created.
In 1971, CAB first published standard minimum specifications
for ready mixed concrete for use in Georgia, thought by many
to be a forerunner to ACI 301. In 1979, they revised this
specification to reflect changes in the 1977 ACI 318 Code.
The last published revision was completed in 1987 to match
updates in the 1983 ACI 318 Code. Current building codes in
Georgia now reference current ACI codes and standards.
CAB no longer exists today as an organization but the rich
history and original incorporation objective of supporting and
promoting quality concrete in Georgia is alive and well. The
Georgia Chapter ACI holds monthly lunch meetings so
professionals can network and listen to a variety of concreterelated topics. The Chapter hosts an annual summer seminar,
the Virgil D. Skipper Memorial Seminar, which highlights a
topic of interest. The summer seminar is most popular with
the local engineering community because of its four professional development hours (PDHs) and has included recent
hands-on programs on decorative concrete, precast, and ready
mixed concrete batching and inspection.
The Georgia Chapter ACI has held an annual Georgia
Concrete Projects awards program every year since 1978. The
Georgia Chapter ACI Dan R. Brown Awards, named in
memory of long-time member Dan Brown in 2005, has grown
over the years to an annual banquet that includes more than
200 attendees, 15 to 25 project entries, and a keynote address
from the ACI President. The Chapter hosted ACI Fall conventions
in 1997 and 2007. Wilson was part of the Convention
Committee in 2007 and he is sure many will remember
Chapter Reports
the unbelievable
Concrete Mixer at the
Georgia Aquarium.
The Robert
Kuhlman ($5000) and
LaGrit Sam Morris
($2500) Memorial
Scholarships are
awarded each fall to
Georgia college
students enrolled in a
concrete-related
program. The Student
Chapter at Kennesaw
State University,
Kennesaw, GA, is very active and holds an annual Battering
Ram competition to test the students concrete design and
fabrication abilities.
ACI certification is very strong in Georgia, as the Chapter
hosts more than 500 certification exam sessions annually in
almost all of ACI Field Tech, Lab Tech, Craftsman, and
Inspector Programs. Wilson is the Certification Committee
Chairman and can attest to the number of dedicated people
involved in ACI Certification and what it means to the quality
of concrete produced in Georgia.
To learn more about the Georgia Chapter ACI, visit
www.aci-ga.org.
The 2015 Georgia Chapter ACI President, Angela San
Martin, and the rest of the Board of Directors would like to
thank all of the Georgia members for a memorable first 50 years
and look forward to another prosperous 50.
Philippines Chapter ACI Reaches Record of

435 Student Members
The Philippines Chapter ACI Student Chapter at the

Technological Institute of the Philippines in Quezon City
(TIPQC) announced that they now have 435 students enrolled
as members of ACI. In early September, the Philippines
Chapter ACI hosted a free seminar at Eulogio Amang
Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology (EARIST) in
Manilla. The seminar theme, Bridging the Gap Between
Concrete Knowledge and Practice, served as an induction for
the student chapter at EARIST, a state university with a small
population of engineering students. Giving a free seminar is
a way we help the universities and engineering students learn
all about concrete practice, explained Ellen Chua, Vice
President of the Philippines Chapter ACI. We are still
receiving more requests for seminars and interest in forming
an ACI student chapter from state and private universities all
over the Philippines.
Officers of the Philippines Chapter ACI and the Student Chapter at

the Technological Institute of the Philippines in Quezon City (TIPQC)
DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

After water, concrete is one of the most sustainable
and widely used materials in the world.
Fly ash plays an important role in increasing the
sustainability of concrete. Headwaters Resources is
the nations leader in supplying quality fly ash. We
can help you discover how to improve the
performance of your concrete while simultaneously
improving its environmental profile.
Visit www.flyash.com for answers to the most
common questions about fly ash. You can also
contact your expert Headwaters Resources
technical support representative for advice on your
specific sustainability opportunities.
www.flyash.com
19
Awards at The ACI

Concrete Convention and
Exposition Fall 2015
Recipients to be honored at the Opening Session in Denver, CO
everal annual awards of ACI and the ACI Foundation

will be presented during the Opening Session of
The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition, on
November 8, 2015, at the Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel
in Denver, CO. These awards and the recipients include:
ACI Distinguished Achievement Award to Castle Rock
Construction Company;
Arthur J. Boase Award to Andrew W. Taylor;
Robert E. Philleo Award to Ramn L. Carrasquillo;
Jean-Claude Roumain Innovation in Concrete Award to
Fred R. Goodwin;
ACI Concrete Sustainability Award to Julie K. Buffenbarger;
ACI Young Professional Essay Contest Award to Shane M.
Maxemow; and
ACI Commemorative Lecturer in the series honoring
Katharine and Bryant Mather to Kenneth C. Hover.
Three of these awards are administered by councils of the
ACI Foundation. The Concrete Research Council presents the
Arthur J. Boase and Robert E. Philleo Awards, and the
Strategic Development Council established the Jean-Claude
Roumain Innovation in Concrete Award.
ACI Distinguished Achievement Award
for providing leadership in the advancement of the

concrete industry through innovation, information sharing,
and concrete promotion
Castle Rock Construction Company (CRCC) has been
involved in concrete paving in Colorado for over 35 years.
Originally part of the Irving F. Jensen Company, Sioux City, IA,
CRCC moved to Colorado in the early 1980s and was a strong
advocate for developing a concrete paving market, which was
almost nonexistent. CRCC has worked with agencies to
develop specifications, such as the Colorado Department of
Transportation (CDOT) Smoothness Specification and the
CDOT Optimized Aggregate Blend Specification, to enhance
the durability and quality of concrete paving. In 2011, a new
20
smoothness specification was instituted, going from a profile

index (PI) to an international ride index (IRI). Believing that
an optimized aggregate blend would help with the smoothness
of concrete roads, the optimized mixture became a positive
factor in the production of smoother and more durable
concrete pavements. CRCC has shared its experiences with
many contractors across the country in the hopes of improving
the industry.
CRCC has won 14 national paving awards since 2007.
Some of its more notable projects include US 287; I-70 and
Central Park Design Build in Denver, CO; Pena Boulevard;
Broadway in Downtown Denver; and I-76 in Greeley, CO.
CRCC also received a Rocky Mountain Chapter ACI Award
for Excellence for Transportation in 2012 for Outbound Pena
Boulevard. Recently, CRCC worked with the city of Brush, CO,
to design and place its first concrete road in a traditional
asphalt setting: Hospital Road, considered the gateway to the
city. CRCC is currently working on the connector from
Boulder to Denver, US 36 Design Build project. The project
consists of 1.3 million yd2 (1.086 million m2) of 10 in. (254 mm)
dowelled concrete paving, with several features including
bridges, a concrete barrier wall, a concrete bike path, and
enhanced drainage.
CRCC believes concrete is the best investment in our
infrastructure and will continue to promote its use to stretch
the taxpayers investment in the future. CRCC is a member of
the American Concrete Paving Association (ACPA) both
locally and nationally, and is also a member of the Colorado
Contractors Association.
Arthur J. Boase Award
for his active and dedicated contributions through

research and committee work to the advancement of seismic
performance of reinforced concrete structures and to the
development of design guides through application of the
results of structural concrete research
Castle Rock
Construction Company
Andrew W. Taylor, FACI, is an Associate at KPFF

Consulting Engineers, Seattle, WA. He has 29 years of
experience in structural engineering research and practice,
including 7 years with the Building and Fire Research
Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. In 2001, Taylor received the
ACI Structural Research Award, and in 2007 was named a
Fellow of ACI.
He is a Chair of ACI Subcommittee 318-H, Seismic
Provisions, and a member of ACI Committee 318, Structural
Concrete Building Code. He is a member of the ACI Technical
Activities Committee (TAC) and serves as a liaison between
TAC and Committee 318. Taylor is a consulting member and
past Chair of 374, Performance-Based Seismic Design of
Concrete Buildings, and a past member of 341, EarthquakeResistant Concrete Bridges.
Taylor has extensive research experience in experimental
and theoretical investigations of the seismic behavior of
reinforced concrete structures. His specialties include structural
vibrations, performance-based seismic design of concrete
structures, seismic base isolation, and seismic damping systems.
He received his BSCE and MSCE degrees in 1983 and
1985, respectively, from the University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, and his PhD from the University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, in 1990.
Taylor is also a member of the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE), and a licensed professional and structural
engineer in Washington.
Robert E. Philleo Award
for his contributions through education, research, and

consulting to the advancement of concrete technology
Ramn L. Carrasquillo, FACI, is the Founder and
President of Carrasquillo Associates, Austin, TXa forensic
engineering consulting firm.
Carrasquillo was named a Fellow of ACI in 1993, and is
currently Chair of the ACI Construction Liaison Committee
and the International Conferences Committee. He is a
member of ACI Committees 201, Durability of Concrete;
211, Proportioning Concrete Mixtures; 232, Fly Ash in
Concrete; 233, Ground Slag in Concrete; 234, Silica Fume
in Concrete; and 301, Specifications for Concrete; and
Subcommittee 318-S, Spanish Translation. He is also a
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Taylor
Carrasquillo
Goodwin
and ASTM International. He is a licensed professional

engineer in Texas and Puerto Rico.
He received his BS in civil engineering from the University
of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, in 1975, and his MS and PhD
in civil engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in
1978 and 1980, respectively.
Jean-Claude Roumain Innovation in

Concrete Award
for over 30 years of leadership in the construction

chemicals industry, including cement manufacture, R&D and
technical support of grouts, adhesives, coatings, shotcrete,
stucco, flooring, and concrete repair materials; and for
championing improvement in the concrete and concrete repair
industry
Fred R. Goodwin, FACI, is a Fellow Scientist in the
Product Development group of BASF Construction Chemicals,
Beachwood, OH.
He received his BS in chemistry from Northwest Missouri
State University, Maryville, MO, in 1977. He has over 30
years of experience in the construction chemicals industry,
including cement manufacture, research, development, and
technical support of grouts, adhesives, coatings, shotcrete,
stucco, flooring, and concrete repair materials. In 2011, he
was named a Fellow of ACI and also received the ACI Delmar
Bloem Distinguished Service Award.
He is currently Chair of ACI Committee 515, Protective
Systems for Concrete, and the Technical Repair and Rehabilitation TAC Subcommittee. He is also a member of the ACI
Technical Activities Committee (TAC); and ACI Committees
351, Foundations for Equipment and Machinery; 364,
Rehabilitation (past Chair); 546, Repair of Concrete; 562,
Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings;
563, Specifications for Repair of Structural Concrete in
Buildings; Committee on Nominations; TAC Concrete
Terminology Committee; Technical Committee Manual Task
Group; TAC Awards Task Group; and E706, Concrete Repair
Education; and Subcommittee 563-I, Proprietary Grouts/
Concrete, of which he is a past Chair.
Goodwin has been with BASF and its predecessors for
26 years and is an active member of the International Concrete
Repair Institute (ICRI), ASTM International, NACE International, Strategic Development Council (SDC), and SSPC.
He is a Fellow of ICRI, an Honorary Member of ASTM
21
Committees C1 and C9, and current Chair of the ICRI

Technical Activities Committee; ASTM C09.41, Cement
Based Grouts; and SSPC 8.3, Commercial Floor Coatings. He
is also a guest Lecturer for the Grouting Fundamentals short
course (Colorado School of Mines) and was awarded the
Journal of Protective Coatings and Linings Editors Award in
2006, 2010, and 2012. He received the BASF Presidents
Award in 1990, 2003, and 2005; and the BASF DAVIS
Innovation Challenge Award in 2011 and Innovent in 2014.
He is a NACE Corrosion Technologist, holds five patents, was
named as a Top 25 Innovative Thinker by Technology
Publishing in 2013, and frequently speaks at industry events.
ACI Concrete Sustainability Award
in recognition of her leadership in concrete sustainability,

her guidance as Chair of ACI Committee 130, Sustainability,
and her tireless efforts as Co-Chair of many ACI sustainability
forums
Julie K. Buffenbarger, FACI, serves as a Construction
Specialist for LafargeHolcim. Her role is to promote cement,
supplementary cementitious materials, aggregates, specialty
concrete mixtures, sustainable and resilient design, and
ACI University
Award
building practice initiatives through technical education,

promotion, and specification with owners, architects, engineers,
and design agencies. Her additional industry experience
includes concrete construction admixture marketing and
research with Master Builders, Inc., Cleveland, OH.
Buffenbarger has authored over 35 publications on cementitious
materials, concrete sustainability, durability and resilience,
and concrete admixtures in concrete. She was Co-Editor of
ACI SP-269, Concrete: The Sustainable Material Choice,
in 2010.
Buffenbarger is Chair of ACI Committee 130, Sustainability
of Concrete; Secretary of 234, Silica Fume in Concrete; and a
member of the ACI Publications Committee; 132, Responsibility in Concrete Construction; 232, Fly Ash in Concrete;
and C601-E, Concrete Construction Sustainability Assessor.
Since 2009, she has served as Co-Chair of ACIs Concrete
Sustainability Forum for numerous fall conventions,
including Denver, CO. Buffenbarger previously served as
Secretary on ACI Subcommittee 301-H, Tilt-Up Construction
and Architectural Concrete, and was a member of the Committee
on Nominations, Board Advisory Committee on Sustainable
Development, and Awards for Papers Subcommittee SC2,
Wason Medal for Materials Research. She volunteered as a
Convention Mentor from 2009-2011 and was named a Fellow
of ACI in 2011.
Buffenbarger is Chair of the Concrete Joint Sustainability
Initiative (CJSI) and an active member of the National Ready
Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) and the Portland Cement
Association (PCA) technical committees relating to sustainability.
She received her BS in chemistry and her MS in synthetic
organic chemistry from Bowling Green State University,
Bowling Green, OH, in 1987 and 1993, respectively. She is
also an accredited LEED AP building design and construction
professional.
ACI Young Professional Essay Contest Award
The ACI award for University Student Activities

identifies the universities that qualify for excellent
or outstanding status, based on points received for
their participation in select ACI-related activities/
programs.
To receive an official entry form or if you have any
questions, please e-mail Diane Pociask at
diane.pociask@concrete.org. Forms must be
completed and submitted by January 31, 2016.
22
Shane M. Maxemow is a Structural Engineer at Robert

Silman, Washington, DC, working on a wide range of projects
from the Smithsonian Castle to Mt. Vernon. Previously he
was employed with the civil engineering firm Bayside
Engineering, where he did roadway and drainage design, and
the structural firm BillerReinhart Structural Group, where he
designed and restored structures from concrete bridges to
carbon fiber structures.
Maxemow received his BS and masters degrees in civil
engineering in 2012 from the University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL. He was the past Governing Board Vice-Chair and
Emerging Professionals Co-Chair for the Green Building
Council, Tampa Bay Chapter; and also the Founding Chair of
the Young Members Committee for the Florida Structural
Engineering Association.
Maxemow was the recipient of the Suncoast Chapter ACI
Scholarship, 2011; U.S. Green Building Council National
Scholarship, 2009; and the Public Works Academy Scholarship, 2008-2010.
Buffenbarger
Maxemow
Hover
Stringer
Harn
ACI Commemorative Lecturer
Kenneth C. Hover, FACI, is Professor of civil and

environmental engineering (CEE) at Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, where his teaching and research focus on concrete
materials, design, and construction. He served as a Captain in
the U.S. Army Combat Engineers, and was Project Engineer
and Project Manager for Dugan and Meyers Construction Co.,
Cincinnati, OH, working on buildings, interstate bridges, and
water treatment plants. Joining THP Structural Engineers in
Cincinnati, he became a Partner and Manager engaged in the
design and repair of buildings and industrial facilities.
Hovers PhD studies at Cornell were funded by the Exxon
Fellowship, designed to bring experienced professionals to
engineering programs at U.S. universities. He teaches
reinforced and prestressed concrete design, concrete materials,
and construction management. In addition to his technical
courses, Hover lectures on management skills, leadership, and
professional ethics. His research interests include freezingand-thawing durability, mixture proportions and ingredients,
behavior and testing of fresh concrete, and the impact of
construction operations and construction environment on
concrete quality.
He is a Fellow and Past President of ACI, Past President of
the Greater Miami Valley Chapter ACI, and a member of
ACI Committees 301, Specifications for Concrete; 305, Hot
Weather Concreting; 306, Cold Weather Concreting; and ACI
Subcommittee 318-A, General, Concrete, and Construction.
He holds the Outstanding Educator Award from the
American College Personnel Association (ACPA) and has
received ACIs Kelly, Philleo, Anderson, and Structural
Research Awards and the ASCE Materials Division Best
Basic Research Paper Award. He holds the top teaching
awards in CEE (Chi Epsilon Award), the College of Engineering (Tau Beta Pi Award), and Cornell University (The
Stephen A. Weiss Presidential Fellowship), plus the Senior
Class of 2015 Award as one of the top 1% of Professors at
the University. In 2006, he was named one of the Ten Most
Influential People in the Concrete Construction Industry.
Hover received his bachelors and masters degrees in civil
engineering from the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,
OH, and his PhD in structural engineering from Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY. He is a licensed professional engineer
in Ohio and New York.
2015 T.Y. Lin Award
The winners of ASCEs 2015 T.Y. Lin AwardStuart J.

Stringer and Robert E. Harnwill be recognized at the
Opening Session in Denver, CO. Their paper Seismic
Stability of Marine Piers Built with Prestressed Concrete
Piles, was published by ACI in SP-295, Recent Advances
in the Design of Prestressed Concrete Piles in Marine
Structures, in October 2013.
ACI member Stuart J. Stringer is an Engineer at
Moffatt & Nichol, Seattle, WA. He specializes in the
seismic design and analysis of waterfront, marine, and
bridge structures. He has been published in several
peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and
research reports for agencies such as the Transportation
Research Board of the National Academies and the
Federal Highway Administration. He completed his
graduate-level research on the seismic design of
prestressed concrete pile-supported piers and wharves
at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Stringer is experienced in the analysis and design
of new and retrofit waterfront, marine, and bridge
projects, including reinforced, precast, and prestressed
concrete, steel, and timber structures. He received his
BSCE in civil and environmental engineering and his
MSCE in structural engineering from the University
of Washington.
Robert E. Harn is a Project Manager at BergerABAM,
Federal Way, WA. He oversaw the team responsible for
the seismic upgrade of the Port of San Diegos Broadway
Pier, one of the first to use seismic isolation for a pier.
The project received the ASCE/COPRI 2013 Project
Excellence Award at the Ports 2013 Conference.
Harn has been a member of ASCE since 1975. He
served as a member on the ASCE/COPRI Volunteer
Committee that developed the recently published ASCE
61-14 document, Seismic Design of Piers and
Wharves. In addition to the T.Y. Lin award paper,
Harn has authored and coauthored 16 papers, 12 of
which were presented at the ASCE Ports Conferences.
23
ACI Custom Seminars

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Convenience
You schedule training whenever it works best for your

organization and your employees. You name the location,
the time, and the topic; and well make it happen!
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Excellence in the field you choose. Each custom seminar

is usually conducted by two instructors who are recognized
experts in their field.
State-of-the-art publications
The latest publications prepared by one of more than 130

ACI technical committees can supplement the speaker handouts. ACI publications are available at a 50% discount.
Fees
Seminar fees start at $7900 ($8900 for ACI 318-14 Building

Code) for a 1-day seminar. Numerous topics are ready to
go. Any concrete-related topic can be created and customdesigned to meet your specific organizational needs at an
additional cost.
Contact
Eva Korzeniewski, Seminar Coordinator

American Concrete Institute
38800 Country Club Drive
Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Phone: +1.248.848.3754
Fax: +1.248.848.3792
Eva.Korzeniewski@concrete.org
www.concreteseminars.com
24
Topics
ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete
ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete
ACI/PCA Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings of
Moderate Size and Height
Anchorage to Concrete
Basics of Concrete Materials and Testing
Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-Related
Concrete Structures
Concrete Repair Basics
Construction of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Design of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Environmental Engineering ConcreteDesign and Details
Physical TesterBasics of Cement Testing
Portland Cement Concrete Overlays: State of the Technology
Reinforced Concrete Design
Repair of Concrete Bridges, Parking Decks, and Other
Transportation Structures
Repair of Concrete Workshop
Seismic and Wind Design Considerations for
Concrete Buildings
Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction
Troubleshooting Concrete Floor Problems
Troubleshooting Concrete Forming and Shoring
For more information regarding available Custom

Seminar topics, visit www.concreteseminars.com
and click on Custom Seminars.
Notable Concrete in Denver

Some examples of recent precast construction in the region
s ACI prepares to meet for The Concrete Convention

and Exposition, November 8-12, 2015, at the Sheraton
Denver Downtown Hotel, in Denver, CO, here are a
few samples of nearby projects:
Circle Point
precast products went into the building. The architectural

concrete wall panels were cast with thin brick, and the
surrounding colored concrete was lightly acid-etched.
Project credits: Fentress Architects, Architect; Martin/
Martin, Structural Engineer; Stresscon Corporation, Precast
11030 Circle Point Road, Westminster, CO 80020
The Circle Point office building is a total precast solution

with a distinctive kinked floor plate. The total gross area is
340,000 ft2 (31,600 m2), with about 68,000 ft2 (6300 m2) per
floor. The precast floor and roof components include double
tees and prestressed beams. The lateral force-resisting system
is made up of four shafts; cast-in-place topping on the floor
double tees serve as the diaphragms. At the roof level, the
double tees are connected to act as a diaphragm without
topping. The exterior walls, made up of highly accented
architectural precast panels, are part of the gravity-load system.
This complex building enclosure is made up of architectural
precast concrete and a glass curtain wall system. The architectural precast concrete includes two integral colors, a stone
liner, and multiple lines of reveal work. The lower spandrel
panels use a dark tan stone liner and an acid-etched finish.
The second, third, and roof line spandrel panels are two-tone,
adding a lighter buff concrete, plus dramatic relief from
multiple reveals. Column panels are single-color, with a color
change above the first story. Multiple horizontal reveals in the
columns play off those in the spandrel panels.
Project credits: Pahl Architecture, PC, Architect;
Jirsa+Hedrick and Associates, Structural Engineer; Stresscon
Corporation, Precast Supplier; and PCL Construction,
General Contractor.
Denver Health Employee Parking Garage

601 Acoma Street, Denver, CO 80204
The Denver Health Employee Parking Garage provides

228,000 ft2 (21,200 m2) of parking in five stories. The
structure has an open interior created by double tees that span
between spread walls and K-frames, which also resist lateral
loads. Altogether, 927 pieces of architectural and structural
Circle Point (photo courtesy of Fred Fuhrmeister)

25
Supplier; and Hensel Phelps Construction Company,

General Contractor.
1st Bank Center
11450 Broomfield Lane, Broomfield, CO 80020
Denver Health Employee Parking Garage (photo courtesy of Fred

Fuhrmeister)
The 1st Bank Center was built to accommodate events

including concerts, rodeos, and community functions. The
Center contains 6000 seats, 25 suites, 900 club seats, a
200-seat restaurant, two club lounges, and separate basketball
and hockey facilities. Precast, prestressed concrete used in the
structure include 581 pieces of single-leg risers, triple risers,
walls, beams, and stairs. The precast concrete was installed
using two hydraulic cranes operating inside the building to
coordinate with the roof steel erection.
The 1st Bank Center hosts about 130 events each year.
While owned by the city and county of Broomfield, CO, the
site is managed by Peak Entertainment, a partnership of AEG
Live and Kroenke Sports & Entertainment.
Project credits: Sink, Combs and Dethlefs, Architect;
Martin/Martin, Structural Engineer; Stresscon Corporation,
Precast Supplier; and Saunders Construction, General Contractor.
Golden Park-N-Ride
605 Johnson Road, Golden, CO 80401
1st Bank Center (photo courtesy of Fred Fuhrmeister)
The Golden Regional Transportation Department (RTD)

parking structure serves as the western terminus of the W-Line
of the RTD Light Rail System. Keeping the theme of the
Jefferson County Judicial Center, the architectural precast
concrete maintains the colors, acid-etching, and exposed
aggregate textures of the campus. At the south end of the
structure, the precast framing creates a tunnel for the light rail
train to pass through to reach the boarding platform.
The 250,000 ft2 (23,000 m2) parking structure includes
three levels designed to accommodate more than 800 vehicles.
The structure is configured four bays deep with the two center
bays as a single-leaf ramp. Precast framing components
include tees, beams, and columns, with K-frames and hammerhead shear walls for lateral stability, and a load-bearing
architectural exterior.
Project credits: IBI Group, Architect; Martin/Martin,
Structural Engineer; Stresscon Corporation, Precast Supplier;
and Hyder Construction, General Contractor.
Santa Fe and C-470 Flyover
South Santa Fe Drive (US 85) at C-470 Westbound,

Littleton, CO 80120
Golden Park-N-Ride (photo courtesy of William Towns)
26
The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)

added the flyover ramp at Santa Fe Drive and C-470 to reduce
congestion on Santa Fe Drive and ease southbound traffic
merging onto eastbound C-470. Precast concrete was used for
the main structural elements of this $23.3 million project
(funded by CDOT, Douglas County, and a federal stimulus
grant). The 1713 ft (522 m) elevated structure is made up of
36 curved tub sections (822 ft [250 m] radius) and straight
trapezoidal U-girders, supported by precast pier caps, topped
Santa Fe and C-470 Flyover (photo courtesy of EnCon Colorado)
with precast, prestressed deck panels. Over 200 deck panels

were cast directly on the U-girders in the plant to create
torsionally rigid sections.
The flyover opened 4 months ahead of schedule and under
budget, largely due to the use of the precast, prestressed
concrete. Erection was done at night to minimize disruption to
the public. EnCon Colorado, which produced the precast,
received the Award of Excellence for Bridge Construction in
the 44th Annual Awards of the Rocky Mountain Chapter ACI.
Project credits: Wilson & Company, Structural Engineer;
EnCon Colorado, Precast Supplier; and Edward Kraemer and
Sons, General Contractor.
Starz Encore
8900 Liberty Circle, Englewood, CO 80112
The cut-stone appearance of the precast structural panels

used on the lower levels of this more than 300,000 ft2 (28,000 m2)
building reflect the granite design on a nearby structure. The
design was produced by creating individually sculpted
formliners, and panels were turned to create more diversity in
the appearance. The structure is three bays wide, framed with
10 ft (3 m) precast twin tees. To create the entablature at front
and rear entries, round columns were cast with horizontal
Starz Encore (photo courtesy of Barber Architecture)
joints to emulate historically correct Roman/Tuscan columns.

The project provided many challenges: matching the color,
texture, and shape, while hiding joints between panels to
replicate the look of stone blocks; designing and erecting the
two entablatures; and delivering and erecting precast panels
weighing up to 70,000 lb (31,700 kg) each.
Project credits: Barber Architecture, Architect; S.A. Miro,
Inc., Structural Engineer; and Rocky Mountain Prestress,
Precast Supplier.
Ci
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online cover-to-cover
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27
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Materials (including aggregates, reinforcement,

cemenititous materials, and admixtures);
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column interaction diagrams); and
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injection, gravity feed, low-pressure spraying,
form-and-pump techniques, and hydrodemolition;
plus nine additional topicsfive available in Spanish).
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28
The Challenge of Predicting

the Shear Strength of
Very Thick Slabs
Results support recommendation to use at least minimum shear reinforcement
by Michael P. Collins, Evan C. Bentz, Phillip T. Quach, and Giorgio T. Proestos
any large structures, such as those shown in Fig. 1,

incorporate very thick slabs, the shear capacity of
which must be evaluated. However, there can be
very large differences in the shear-strength estimates for such
slabs given by the procedures in different codes, such as
ACI 3181 or AASHTO LRFD,2 and few experiments are
available to guide engineers as to which approach will give
more accurate results. To provide a benchmark against which
the accuracy of shear-strength prediction procedures for thick
slabs could be measured, it was decided to construct and load
to failure a specimen representing a strip cut from a 13 ft (4 m)
thick slab (Fig. 2). Apart from its considerable self-weight, the
specimen was loaded by an off-center point load, P, dividing the
62 ft 4 in. (19 m) simple span into shear spans, a, of 39 ft 4 in.
(12.0 m) and 23 ft (7.0 m) on the east and west sides of the
load. The east shear span contained no shear reinforcement,
and the shorter west shear span contained about the minimum
shear reinforcement per the ACI 318 Code.
To assess the ability of the profession to accurately
estimate the shear response of such thick slabs, engineers
were invited to provide predictions as to the magnitude of P
required to cause failure of the specimen, the location where
first failure would occur, the magnitude P required to cause
failure if both shear spans had contained minimum shear
reinforcement, and the load-deformation response for the
actual specimen. This article presents a summary of the results
and compares the results with predictions provided by the 66
entries, as well as values calculated based on a number of codes
of practice.
Specimen Design
The specimen, shown in Fig. 2, was designed so that it

would fail first in the long east shear span (the span not
containing shear reinforcement). The specimens effective
17ft 6in.
(5.33 m)
(a)
6 m thick slab
4m
thick
wall
(b)
Fig. 1: Examples of very thick slabs: (a) mat foundation for a high-rise
building; and (b) intake structure for hydroelectric powerhouse (Note:
1 m = 3 ft)
Ci
The loading to failure of the east span is

shown in a movie, available at
www.concrete.org/CIvideo1
29
d = 151.2 in.
d = 3840 mm
depth, d, was 151.2 in. (3.84 m), so the

shear span-depth ratio, a/d, of the east
shear span was 3.12, while that of the
west shear span was 1.82. Thus, while
direct strut action might increase the
shear strength of the west shear span, it
f = 40 MPa = 5800 psi
would not increase that of the east. To
b = 250 mm = 9.84 in.
Bar
Area
f
h = 4000 mm = 157.5 in.
fit the large specimen into the available
30M 700 mm 1.085 in.
573 MPa 83.1 ksi
d = 3840 mm = 151.2 in.
max aggregate = 14 mm = 0.55 in.
20M 300 mm 0.465 in.
522 MPa 75.7 ksi
laboratory space, reductions in the
overall depth of the specimen were
required near each end. The highP
strength longitudinal tension reinforcement consisted of nine bars with a total
yield strength of 812 kip (3610 kN),
giving the section a flexural capacity of
about 9670 kip-ft (13,100 kNm). Thus,
the magnitude of P which, in addition to
self-weight, would cause flexural failure
of the specimen, was predicted to be
about 615 kip (2730 kN).
Figure 3 summarizes the calculations
involved in predicting the value of P
Fig. 2: Details of the specimen (Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.; 1 m = 3 ft)
that would cause a shear failure in the
east shear span. Equations (1a) and (1b)
are the traditional basic expression for Vc for normalweight
and normal-strength concretestill used in ACI 318-14.1 In
M, kNm
using the equation, the term Vd/M is limited to no more than
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
unity. The ACI 318 Code expression was derived3 based on
Failure V = 215 + 24.4Vd/M 240 kip 227 kip
c
250 ACI 318-14 (Eq. (1))
the correct assumption that the failure shear stress will
decrease as the stress in the flexural tension reinforcement
P =563 kip
b = 9.84 in.
=2505 kN
increases
1000
w
U.S. customary units

(1)
800
V, kN
26
.1
P =150.6 kip
= 670 kN
100
Vc =
130.4
kip
1 + 1500x
50
self-weight
400
V + M/(0.9d)
x =
566x103
CSA +
AASH
TO (Eq
. (2))
Failure
600
x=
= 0.656%
2f
19
x=
V, kip
t (
3)
.69
ft
(2)
6 ft
x=
150
13.2
d = 151.2 in.
200
1000
2000
23 ft 0 in.
3000 4000
M, kip-ft
200
39 ft 4 in.
5000
6000
0
7000
Fig. 3: Shear strength predictions based on ACI 318-14 (Eq. (1)) and
CSA/AASHTO Standards (Eq. (2)) (Note: 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.30 m)
30
SI units
(1a)
(1b)
As shown in Fig. 3, for this section with a relatively small

amount of longitudinal reinforcement, the predicted ACI shear
strength decreases from 240 to 227 kip (1070 to 1010 kN) as
the magnitude of the moment increases. Note that the simplified
version of this ACI equation permits the failure shear stress to
be taken as 2
, which results in a predicted shear strength
of 227 kip (1010 kN). Shear failure of a slab with no shear
reinforcement involves a flexural crack starting on the flexural
tension face and becoming inclined toward the applied load as
it spreads toward the flexural compression face. Because the
shear failure surface involves a length along the member
about equal to d, sections closer than d to the face of the
support or the face of the load will not be critical.3 In Fig. 3,
three sections along the east shear span are checked: Section 1,
a distance d from the face of the support; Section 2, halfway
along the east shear span; and Section 3, a distance d from the
face of the load. As P is increased, the moments and shears at
these three sections increase from the self-weight values to the
failure values. It can be seen that Section 1 has the smallest

increment of shear to cause failure; based on the ACI 318
requirements, the magnitude of P at shear failure was predicted
to be 563 kip (2505 kN). Thus, the ACI Code would predict
that the east shear span would fail in shear near Section 1
when the point load was at 92% of the flexural failure value.
In a discussion to the 1962 ACI-ASCE shear report,3 which
proposed the ACI basic expression for Vc, Moe suggested that
the reason members with higher stress in the flexural tension
reinforcement fail at lower shear stress is that they have wider
flexural cracks and these wider cracks are not able to transmit
such high shear stress. Flexural crack width is a function not
only of tensile strain in the longitudinal reinforcement but also
of spacing of the cracks. What was not appreciated at the time
is that large members have their widest flexural cracks close
to the middepth of the member because that is where the
largest crack spacing occurs. Along the span of a slab, the
crack spacing near middepth varies between about 0.5d and
0.8d, so thicker slabs have more widely spaced cracks. For
two slabs, one twice as thick as the other, with the same strain
in the flexural tension reinforcement, the thicker slab will
have crack widths near middepth about twice as wide as those
of the thinner slab. Because of their wider cracks, thicker
slabs will fail at lower shear stresses, a phenomenon referred
to as the size effect in shear. This size effect is predicted by
the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT),4 which
forms the basis of the shear provisions of the AASHTO LRFD
standard, the Canadian CSA A23.3-14 standard,5 and the
resource for future European standards, fib Model Code for
Concrete Structures 2010.6 In ACI 318 format and U.S.
Customary units, an appropriate MCFT expression for Vc that
clearly identifies the strain effect and the size effect is given by
(2)
where x is the calculated longitudinal strain at middepth of
the member; and sx is the effective longitudinal spacing of the
flexural cracks at middepth of the member. If the member has
at least minimum shear reinforcement satisfying traditional
spacing limits, sx can be taken equal to 12 in. (about 300 mm)
and the size effect is eliminated. If the member has no shear
reinforcement and the maximum specified aggregate size, ag,
is at least 1 in. (25 mm), then sx is taken as 0.75d. For smaller
maximum aggregate sizes, sx is taken as 1.25d/(0.65 + ag),
which for the large test specimen is 1.25 151.2/(0.65 + 0.55),
or 157.5 in. (4 m). The value of x can be taken as one-half the
strain in the flexural tension reinforcement, where the tension
force in this reinforcement is taken as M/(0.9d) + V. The
resulting shear-moment interaction diagram shown in Fig. 3
was calculated by assuming values of x and then calculating
the corresponding values of V and M. The interaction line is
labeled CSA + AASHTO because very similar values for the
line would have been obtained if the shear provisions of either
of these two codes had been used. Note that Eq. (2) predicts a
shear failure in the east span when P equals only 150.6 kip
(670 kN). This value is 24% and 27% of the flexural failure
and the ACI predicted shear failure values of P, respectively.
For the MCFT-based method (ignoring the detrimental
effect of the large spacing of the shear reinforcement), the
predicted shear capacity of the west shear span is Vc + Vs =
193 + 109 = 302 kip (1340 kN), where Vs is given by Eq. (3)
(3)
Note that when the distance between the loading plate and the
support plate is less than 2d, the critical section is taken3 halfway along the shear span. Also note that this predicted shear
capacity for the west shear span is about 3.5 times the MCFT
predicted shear capacity of the critical east shear span. As
previously discussed, it is assumed that the specified minimum
quantity of appropriately spaced shear reinforcement will
eliminate the size effect in shear, causing a large increase in Vc.
The spacing, s, of the shear reinforcement in the west shear
span was 59 in. (1500 mm). While this is only 0.39d, it
considerably exceeded the traditional 24 in. (610 mm)
maximum spacing limit.1 The CSA code5 allows this spacing
limit to be exceeded if sx in Eq. (2) is set equal to (s 12) in.
Changing sx from 12 to 47 in. (305 to 1190 mm) reduces the
predicted shear capacity of the west shear span to 129 + 115 =
244 kip (1084 kN), which is still about 2.9 times the predicted
shear capacity of the east shear span. So for very thick slabs,
even widely spaced minimum shear reinforcement is
predicted to greatly increase shear capacity. The point load
required to fail the west shear span is thus predicted to be
334 kip (1485 kN), which is 2.22 times the load predicted to
fail the east shear span.
Loading until First Failure
The behavior of the specimen during loading until first

failure is summarized in Fig. 4. Flexural cracking first
occurred under the point load when P reached 45 kip (198 kN),
corresponding to a bending moment in the specimen of
1400 kip-ft (1900 kNm) and a tensile stress in the concrete
of 360 psi (2.48 MPa). At several load stages during the
experiment, the magnitude of P was reduced significantly so
that cracks could be safely marked and crack widths measured
and labeled. Figure 4(a) shows the specimen after P had
reached 84.4 kip (375 kN). In the east shear span at the level
of the flexural tension reinforcement, seven cracks can be
seen. The average spacing of these cracks is 28.5 in. (724 mm)
and the average crack width is 0.06 mm (0.003 in.). Two of
these seven cracks extend up past the middepth of the member
and the spacing between these two cracks equals 93.3 in.
(2320 mm), which is 0.60d. Near middepth, these two cracks
have an average width about three times greater than the
average crack width near the flexural tension face. As P was
increased to 141 kip (625 kN), the crack further from the load
developed into a potential flexure-shear failure crack (Fig. 4(b)).
As P was further increased, a flexural crack originating about
18 ft (5.5 m) from the east support began to spread upward
31
the nominal shear strength provided by

shear reinforcement, Vs, as
(a)
(4)
Ignoring the detrimental effect of the
large spacing of the shear reinforcement, the ACI predicted shear capacity
of the west shear span is Vc + Vs = 240
+ 90 = 330 kip (1470 kN). At the
critical section halfway along the short
west shear span, the shear due to
self-weight is 33 kip (146 kN), leaving
297 kip (1320 kN) to resist the shear
due to P. Thus, the ACI Code-predicted
point load to cause a failure in the west
shear span is 470 kip (2090 kN), which
is 83% of the ACI-predicted load to
cause failure of the east shear span. The
ACI expressions predict failure in the
wrong shear span because for very thick
slabs, they greatly underestimate the
increase in shear capacity caused by
adding minimum shear reinforcement.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Predictions from Engineers

Fig. 4: Diagonal cracking of east span: (a) Load Stage 2 at P = 84.4 kip (375 kN), crack widths
at middepth = 0.15 mm (0.006 in.); (b) Load Stage 4 at P = 141 kip (625 kN), crack widths at
middepth = 0.75 mm (0.030 in.); (c) Load Stage 5 at failure load P = 154.1 kip (685 kN),
spacing between three cracks at middepth = 0.60d and 0.68d, crack widths at middepth up
to 3 mm (0.118 in.), deflection under load = 12 mm (0.47 in.); and (d) Load Stage 6 when
reloaded maximum P = 97 kip (433 kN), crack widths opened up to 35 mm (1.4 in.)
and crossed the middepth with a slope of

about 45 degrees and as this crack
propagated toward the point load, the
force applied by the displacementcontrolled ram decreased from the peak
load of 154.1 kip (685 kN) to less than
112 kip (500 kN) (refer to Fig. 4(c)).
The applied load was reduced to zero for
the weekend, after which the damaged
specimen was reloaded. During this
loading, P reached a maximum of only
97.4 kip (433 kN), the cracks spread and
widened, and P fell to just 3 kip (13 kN)
(Fig. 4(d)).
Thus, the magnitude of the point load
required to cause shear failure of this
strip from a 13 ft (4 m) thick slab
occurred when the point load was 1.02
times the load predicted by the MCFTbased method and 0.27 times the load
predicted by the ACI basic expression
32
for the shear strength of members not

containing shear reinforcement. Note
that at the peak load, the maximum
shear force resisted at the section 18 ft
(5.5 m) from the support was only
22.0 + 56.8 = 78.8 kip (350 kN). This
corresponds to a nominal shear stress
(V/(bwd)) at failure of only 53 psi
(0.365 MPa). In comparison, Eq. (1)
predicts that the shear stress at failure
will be 161 psi (1.11 MPa), which is
three times the experimental failure
stress. The traditional ACI simplified
equation suggests that at shear failure
the nominal shear stress will be 2
,
which is 152 psi (1.05 MPa), or
2.9 times the experimental value.
Perhaps of equal concern, the ACI
318 Code calculations predict that
failure should occur first in the west
shear span. The ACI 318 Code defines
Figure 5 compares the experimental

result from the east shear span with the
66 predictions made by engineers who
responded to the challenge of predicting
the failure load of the very thick slab.
By coincidence, 33 of the predictions
came from engineers in industry and 33
came from engineers in academia. A
total of 26 predictions came from
Europe, 23 from the United States,
14 from Canada, and one each from
Australia, Brazil, and Mexico. Also
shown on the plot are the predictions
based on provisions in six different
codes.1,2,5-8 Given the large range of
values shown in the figure and the
almost uniform distribution of predicted
values across the entire range, it is
evident that predicting the shear strength
of very thick slabs not containing shear
reinforcement was a challenging task
for the profession. The upper red zone
in the figure identifies very unconservative predictions, where the ratio of
predicted failure load to observed
failure load ranges from 1.5 to 5.5. The
yellow band in Fig. 5, on the other hand,
indicates the gold standard prediction
range of 10% from the observed
strength. It can be seen that based on this measure, eight of the

predictions from industry, five from academia, and three
predictions based on codes were excellent. While 20% of the
entries were very accurate, the concern is that 44% of the
entries and two of the codes were in the red zone and thus
made very unconservative predictions.
Engineers were challenged to predict not only the magnitude
of P required to fail the thick slab strip but also the deflection,
, at the location of the load when the load was 25, 50, 75,
and 100% of the predicted failure load. A total of 36 of the
entries13 from industry and 23 from academiasubmitted
predictions for the load-deformation response. Figure 6
compares these predictions with the experimentally determined
response. Also shown on the figure are two straight lines
representing linear elastic response predictions. The steeper

line is appropriate for an uncracked specimen (moment of
inertia, I , based on the gross section moment of inertia, Ig),
while the second line with the much lower slope would be
appropriate if the member is fully cracked (I based on the
cracked moment of inertia, Icr, which is taken as 0.335Ig) and
shear deformations are negligible. Note that in the first case,
the predicted deflection at the location of the point load due to
self-weight of the specimen equals about 0.04 in. (1 mm),
while for the lower stiffness, this self-weight deflection is
about three times greater. It can be seen that predicting the
load-deformation response of a very thick slab is very
challenging. As one would expect, the deformations measured
prior to cracking closely followed the linear elastic prediction
for the uncracked member. At first cracking, there was a
substantial loss of member stiffness, after which the loaddeformation response followed an approximately straight line
at a slope that was only about 15% of the slope for the
uncracked member. The yellow zone around the observed
response loading line indicates deflections at a given load that
were within 20% of the experimental values. Five of the
predictions lie within this zone of excellence; two stay well
below the zone, indicating underestimates of stiffness; and 18
stay above, indicating overestimates of stiffness, while the
remaining 11 intersect the zone typically because calculated
initial post-cracking stiffnesses were too high. Only three of
400
684 kip
1.54 in.
435 kip
0.37 in.
472 kip
1.04 in.
848 kip
0.94 in.
723 kip
5.50 in.
2 2
402 kip
1.44 in.
Applied point load, P, kip
300
258 kip
1.46 in.
200
Prague
Toronto
P = 154 kip = 685 kN
= 0.47 in. = 12 mm
exp
exp
100
Observed Failure
Brescia
Prague (Cervenka) Predicon
Experimental
0.0
0.1
0.2
American
Fig. 5: Comparison of predictions of point load to cause first failure

with test result
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Displacement under point load, , in.

Canadian
European
Other
0.8
0.9
1.0
University
1.1
Industry
Fig. 6: Predicted and observed load-deformation response for initial

test (failure in east span) (Note: 1 kip = 4.45 kN; 1 in. = 25 mm)
33
the load-deformation predictions met the demanding requirements that the predicted failure load is within 10% of the
experimental value and the four predicted deformations are
within 20% of the experimental values. These predictions
were submitted by ervenka and Sajdlova from a consulting
firm in Prague, Czech Republic; Conforti and Facconi of the
University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; and Bentz from the
University of Toronto. The first two predictions were made
using nonlinear finite element models, while the third used a
650
Failure of the West Shear Span
600
Pexp = 486 kip = 2162 kN
exp = 1.55 in. = 39.3 mm
550
500
11
10
Applied point load, P, kip
450
9
400
350
300
250
2 2
7
Experimental
200
150
P
100
Observed Failure
50
0
newly developed version of the sectional analysis program

Response-2000.9
With respect to location of failure, ervenka and Sajdlova
submitted the most accurate prediction, shown as an insert in
Fig. 6, of where the failure would occur and what the specimen
would look like as failure progressed. Six of the entries predicted
that first failure of the specimen would be a shear failure in the
shorter west shear span while two predicted a flexural failure
under the load. Because of this, these eight entries predicted
that adding minimum shear reinforcement to the east shear span
would not increase the failure load of the specimen.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Displacement under point load, , in.
Fig. 7: Load-deformation response of repaired specimen (Note: 1 kip =

4.45 kN; 1 in. = 25 mm)
To determine the shear capacity of the shorter west shear

span, the failed east end of the specimen was repaired by
strapping that shear span with four pairs of 1.375 in. (36 mm)
diameter Dywidag threadbars and post-tensioning each bar to
about 30 tons (270 kN). The load-deflection response of the
repaired specimen is shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen that at low
loads, the deformations of the repaired but cracked member
closely matched the predictions of the elastic equation using
EcIcr, where Ec is the elastic modulus for the concrete. However,
at higher loads, the stiffness of the member reduced substantially
so that at failure the deformation was about 1.8 times the
predicted elastic value for the cracked specimen. The conditions
of the specimen at 81% of failure load and at failure are
shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b). When the point load reached 486 kip
(2162 kN), the concrete at the west end of the loading plate
crushed (refer to inset illustration in Fig. 7), causing the load
to reduce to about 10% of its peak value. The zone of crushed
concrete corresponded closely to what Mihaylov et al.10
define as the critical loading zone (CLZ). For short shear
spans, the CLZ is predicted to carry a large portion of the
shear.11 Note that the shear force required to fail the shorter west
shear span with minimum shear reinforcement was 33 + 307 =
340 kip (1511 kN), which is 340/78.8 = 4.3 times the
magnitude of the failure shear of the longer east shear span
with no shear reinforcement.
West Shear Span Predictions
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8: Diagonal cracking of west span (east span repaired with external reinforcement):
(a) Load Stage 9 at P = 394 kip (1750 kN), diagonal crack widths up to 4.0 mm (0.157 in.); and
(b) Load Stage 11 at failure load, P = 486 kip (2162 kN)
34
Figure 9 compares the experimental

value of the point load required to
fail the west shear span with the 44
predictions made by engineers who
responded to the challenge of predicting
the failure load of the specimen if the
east shear span had also contained
shear reinforcement. Again note that
the red zone indicates very unconservative predictions and the yellow band
identifies excellent predictions within
10% of the experimental value.
Comparing Fig. 9 to Fig. 5, it can be
seen that while 29 of the 66 entries
were in the red zone for the east shear
Only two entries predicted the failure loads of both the

east shear span and the west shear span within 10% of the
experimental values. These entries were from ervenka
Consulting and from SNC-Lavalin Hydro in collaboration
with cole Polytechique de Montral, Canada. Both groups
used their own nonlinear finite element programs. Of these
two excellent entries, the load-deformation prediction from
ervenka Consulting was more accurate and hence they were
chosen as the overall winners of the prediction competition.
Traditional-Sized Specimen
The ACI basic expression for the shear strength of

members without shear reinforcement (Eq. (1)) was developed3
using experiments on beams that were only about 1 ft (0.30 m)
deep. To provide a direct comparison with such a beam, a
companion beamabout 1 ft in overall depthwas cast on
April 27, 2015, along with the 13 ft (4 m) deep specimen. The
small specimen was loaded to failure on August 4, 2015, by
which time the concrete strength had reached 6500 psi (45 MPa).
The small specimen had a d of 10.4 in. (264 mm) and a span
of 65 in. (1650 mm) and was loaded by a central point load.
The a/d of 3.12 for the small specimen was selected to be the
same as for east span of the large specimen. Also, the
percentage of longitudinal reinforcement for the two specimens
0
M, kNm
15
20
10
ACI 318-14 (Eq. (1))
12
CS
A+
10
AA
SH
TO
bw = 6.89 in.
))
40
Pexp = 21.3 kip
30
1.5 in.
1.5 in.
x = 21.4 in.
1.5 in.
65 in.
20
21
.4
in.
Failure
Vexp = 10.7 kip
= 47.4 kN
. (2
(3
V, kip
As = 0.456 in.2
w= 0.649%
fy = 66.4 ksi
fc' = 6500 psi
ag = 0.55 in.
30
50
(Eq
Failure
V = 9.7 kip
= 43.1 kN
d = 10.4 in.
25
Failure
V = 11.5 kip
= 51.2 kN
x=
M/
V
V, kN
span without shear reinforcement, for the west shear span,

only one of the 44 entries was in the red zone. Further, for the
west shear span, 66% of the predictions were conservative
while for the east shear span, only 24% were conservative. For
the west shear span, 10 of the predictions (five from industry,
four from academia, and the ACI value) were within 10% of
the experimental value.
There are two CSA predictions shown in Fig. 9one based
on sectional analysis (Eq. (2) and (3)) and the second on a
strut-and-tie analysis. For thick slabs with a/d less than about 2,
the use of strut-and-tie models1,2,5 often gives higher and more
accurate estimates of failure loads.11 For this specimen, the
strut-and-tie estimate of failure was only 11% higher than the
sectional value, indicating that strut action, while significant,
is not yet as dominant as it would be for a somewhat shorter
shear span.
10
Fig. 9: Comparison of predictions of point load to cause failure of

west shear span with test result
self-weight
50
100
150
M, kip-ft
200
250
0
300
Fig. 10: Comparison of strength predictions with experimental result

for the small specimen (Note: 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 in.2 = 645 mm2; 1 ksi =
6.9 MPa; 1 psi = 0.0069 MPa)
35
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was very similar. However, the d of the large specimen was

14.5 times d of the small specimen.
The shear capacities of the small specimen at different
values of bending moment as predicted by Eq. (1) and (2) are
shown in Fig. 10. The most significant difference between the
two predicted interaction lines is that Eq. (2) predicts a more
significant reduction in shear strength as moment increases.
Because for this small specimen self-weight shears are
negligible, the section d from the face of the loading plate is
predicted to be critical. In the experiment, failure occurred
when the applied point load reached 21.3 kip (94.8 kN),
corresponding to a shear force of 10.7 kip (47.4 kN). The
failure cracks for the two specimens were similar, but the
crack in the small specimen was proportionally somewhat
closer to the load point. This time, the three cracks crossing
middepth on the failure side of the specimen were spaced at
0.50d and 0.78d. For the small specimen, the nominal shear
stress at failure was 149 psi (1.03 MPa) or 1.85
, and the
maximum crack width just prior to failure was 0.20 mm
(0.008 in.). In contrast, the nominal shear stress at failure
for the large specimen was only 53 psi (0.365 MPa) or
0.70
, and the maximum crack width measured just prior to
failure was 0.75 mm (0.030 in.). Thus, as the size increased by
a factor of 14.5, the shear stress at failure decreased by a

factor of 2.8 and the crack widths near failure increased by a
factor of about 3.8. For the small specimen, both Eq. (1) and
(2) gave excellent predictions, which were within 10% of the
experimental result.
Summary and Recommendations
To investigate the ability of current design procedures to

predict the shear strength of very thick slabs, a specimen
representing a strip cut from a 13 ft (4 m) thick slab was
constructed and loaded to failure under an off-center point
load. Prior to loading of the specimen, engineers were invited
to predict the magnitude of the point loads required to fail the
two shear spans. The shear strength of the longer shear span
(with no shear reinforcement) of the very thick slab was
dangerously overestimated by many engineers44% of the
66 entries predicted failure loads that were more than 1.5 times
the experimental value and 12% of the entries predicted
failure loads that were more than 3 times the experimental
value. The prediction per the basic equation in ACI 318-14,
which does not account for the size effect, was 3.7 times the
experimental value. Although not detailed herein, it should
also be noted that predictions made per Eurocode 2,7 which
also underestimates the size effect, indicated a failure load
that was 2.0 times the experimental value. It is concluded that
these two traditional shear design procedures can seriously
overestimate the strength of very thick slabs in long shear
spans not containing shear reinforcement. The second and
more positive conclusion is that, as shown by 20% of the
entries and three of the codes, excellent estimates of failure
load for such shear spans can be made.
The engineers who developed the basic ACI expression for
shear strength, Eq. (1),3 intended that engineers should
account for the detrimental effects of moment when designing
for shear. Unfortunately, this expression, which was based on
tests of small, heavily reinforced beams, seriously underestimates the influence of moment and neglects the influence of
member size on shear stress at failure. Slabs, in contrast,
usually have low reinforcement ratios and can be very thick.
With this combination of variables, Eq. (1) can be very
unconservativeas the experiment in this paper demonstrates.
As shown in this project and in the research of Sherwood
et al.,12 the addition of minimum shear reinforcement to a
very thick slab can more than triple the shear strength of the
slab. ACI 318-14, however, suggests that adding minimum
shear reinforcement will increase the shear strength by a
factor of only 1.38, irrespective of the thickness of the slab.
Traditionally, the thickness of slabs has been chosen so that
shear reinforcement is not required because placing shear
reinforcement was regarded as expensive and the predicted
benefits of including it were small. The ability to use large
headed bars as shear reinforcement and space the bars further
apart than 24 in. (600 mm) significantly reduces placing costs.
More importantly, the addition of this shear reinforcement
will totally transform the shear behavior of the slab. For very
thick slabs with shear spans long enough to negate direct strut
action, safe designs can be ensured by providing at least
minimum shear reinforcement.
Acknowledgments
This project would not have been possible without the assistance of many
experienced engineers, technicians, and research assistants. The 95
engineers from 17 different countries who took the time and had the
courage to answer the challenge of predicting the shear capacity of the very
thick slab made it possible to evaluate the current state of the art. Headed
Reinforcement Corporation (HRC) was kind enough to donate the
headed reinforcement and the couplers, while Dufferin Construction, an
operating division of Holcim Canada, generously donated the large
quantity of concrete. In addition, Aluma Systems supplied and erected
the formwork, Amherst Group did the concrete pumping, and Ontario
Cutting and Coring assisted with the demolition of the tested specimen.
The enthusiasm and skill of the laboratory staff and of the research
assistants made it possible to complete this complex project in the limited
time available. Many of them are shown in the cover photograph. Finally,
the long-term support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada (NSERC) is greatly appreciated.
References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
2. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and Commentary,
sixth edition, American Association of State Highway Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC, 2012, 1264 pp.
3. ACI-ASCE Committee 326, Shear and Diagonal Tension, ACI
Journal Proceedings, V. 59, No. 1, 2, and 3, Jan., Feb., and Mar. 1962,
pp. 1-30, 277-334, and 352-396, respectively, and discussion and closure,
Oct. 1962, pp. 1323-1349.
4. Vecchio, F.J., and Collins, M.P., The Modified Compression-Field
Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear, ACI
Journal Proceedings, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1986, pp. 219-231.
5. CSA A23.3-14 - Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards
Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2014, 290 pp.
6. fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (MC2010),
International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Ernst & Sohn,
Lausanne, Switzerland, 2013, 402 pp.
7. EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, European Committee for
Standardization, CEN, Brussels, Belgium, 2004, 225 pp.
8. AS 3600-2009: Concrete Structures, Standards Australia, Sydney,
Australia, 2009, 206 pp.
9. Response-2000, available for download at www.ecf.utoronto.
ca/~bentz/r2k.htm.
10. Mihaylov, B.I.; Bentz, E.C.; and Collins, M.P., Two-Parameter
Kinematic Theory for Shear Behavior of Deep Beams, ACI Structural
Journal, V. 110, No. 3, May-June 2013, pp. 447-455.
11. Uzel, A.; Podgorniak, B.; Bentz, E.C.; and Collins, M.P., Design
of Large Footings for One-Way Shear, ACI Structural Journal, V. 108,
No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2011, pp. 131-138.
12. Sherwood, E.G.; Bentz, E.C.; and Collins, M.P., Effect of Aggregate
Size on Beam-Shear Strength of Thick Slabs, ACI Structural Journal,

V. 104, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2007, pp. 180-190.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
ACI Honorary Member and Professor

Michael P. Collins teaches structural
engineering at the University of Toronto,
Toronto, ON, Canada. He is a member
and former Chair of Joint ACI-ASCE
Committee 445, Shear and Torsion, and
a former member of ACI Committee 318,
Structural Concrete Building Code. At
Toronto, he has led a long-term research
project aimed at developing rational but simple shear design
procedures for both reinforced and prestressed concrete
structures. The results of this work have influenced design
provisions for buildings, bridges, nuclear containment structures,
and offshore concrete platforms. As a consulting engineer, Collins
has been involved in a number of failure investigations and in
evaluating and strengthening concrete structures in distress.
Evan C. Bentz, FACI, is an Associate
Professor of civil engineering at the
University of Toronto. He received his
bachelors degree from the University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, in
1994, and his PhD from the University of
Toronto in 2000. He is the author of the
sectional analysis program Response, is
Chair of ACI Committee 365, Service Life
Prediction, and a member of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 445,
Shear and Torsion. He has received four teaching awards and
two awards for technical papers.
Phillip T. Quach is completing his
Masters of Applied Science degree at
the University of Toronto and the tests in
this paper will form part of his MASc
thesis. He received his bachelors
degree in civil engineering from the
University of Toronto in 2013. During his
professional experience year, he worked
in the structural engineering group at
Golder Associates Ltd., Toronto.
Giorgio T. Proestos is a joint PhD
candidate at the University of Toronto
and the Institute for Advanced Study of
Pavia, Italy (IUSS). In 2012, he received
his BASc in engineering science, with a
structural engineering specialty, from the
University of Toronto, and his MASc in
civil engineering in 2014.
37
Quality Control for

Concrete Durability
A case study provides comparisons of work performed under performance and
prescriptive specifications
by Odd E. Gjrv
n 2005, a new development project began in the Tjuvholmen

neighborhood in the harbor region of Oslo, Norway. This
project comprises a number of business and apartment
buildings built on concrete substructures positioned in
seawater (Fig. 1). The substructures, for which the highest
possible durability and service life were required, were
finished by 2010.
In shallow water, the structures typically include a solid
concrete bottom slab on the sea bed. The slab is surrounded
by concrete walls partly protected by riprap or wooden
cladding and partly exposed to the tides. In deeper water,
some structures include an open concrete deck on columns of
driven steel pipes filled with concrete, while other structures
comprise four large concrete caissons extending as much as
20 m (66 ft) below the surface. Three of these caissons
provide up to four levels of parking (Fig. 2). The caissons
were prefabricated in dry docks, floated into position, and
submerged (Fig. 3).
For all concrete substructures, the owner and developer of
the project required a service life of 300 years, which meant
that the highest possible durability and long-term performance
were needed. As a minimum, all durability requirements had
to be fulfilled for a 100-year service life according to thencurrent European concrete standards. To obtain greater
durability and service life of the structures, the owner would
have preferred having all contracts based on the DURACON
(Durability Design of Concrete Structures) Model.1,2 This
model provides for probability-based durability design,
performance-based concrete quality control, quality assurance
with documentation of achieved construction quality, and
condition assessment during operation of concrete structures
in severe environments (Fig. 4). While application of the
DURACON Model became an option in the final contract, the
contract still required documentation of the achieved construction
quality based on the DURACON procedures.
The project was carried out by two different contractors.
One of them (Contractor A) applied the DURACON Model as
a basis for the contract. This contractor was in charge of the
first four parts of the project, mainly including the solid
concrete bottom slabs with perimeter concrete walls exposed
to the tidal and splash zones. The experience obtained from
the durability design and concrete quality assurance of these
concrete structures has been reported in a previous article.3
The other contractor (Contractor B) applied the prescriptive-
Fig. 1: The new city development on Tjuvholmen in the Oslo harbor

(photo courtesy of Terje Lchen)
Fig. 2: Large, prefabricated concrete caissons shown in rendering

provide up to four levels of submerged parking
38
based durability requirements according to the then-current

European concrete standards but with some additional requirements and protective measures as a basis for the contract.
Contractor B was in charge of the last four parts of the project.
These structures mainly included the four large caissons
prefabricated in dry docks at two different construction sites. In
addition, a number of open concrete decks were also included,
partly as prefabricated elements, but mostly produced on site.
Because documentation based on the DURACON procedures
was required to determine the achieved construction quality of
all concrete structures, the project created a unique opportunity
for comparing the results obtained through the use of performance and prescriptive specifications. Further results and
experience from the durability design and concrete quality
control of the projects concrete structures are described and
discussed in more detail elsewhere.2
the overall durability requirement to the concrete structures in

the first four parts of the project (Contractor A) was based on
a probability of corrosion as low as possible and not exceeding
10% for a service period of up 150 years. To further ensure
Specified Durability
For design according to the DURACON Model, the overall

durability requirement is based on the specification of a given
service period before the probability for onset of steel
corrosion exceeds a certain upper level. In accordance with
current standards for reliability of structures, a probability of
10% is adopted for this level. To calculate the probability of
corrosion, durability analyses are carried out, providing a
basis for selecting proper combinations of concrete quality
and concrete cover which would meet the required service
period for the given environment.
Procedures and input for durability design are described
and discussed in more detail elsewhere,1,2 but it should be
noted that in the DURACON Model, the concrete quality is
characterized by the chloride diffusivity (D) according to the
rapid chloride migration (RCM) method.4 The RCM method
does not require pre-curing of the concrete and so can be
carried out very rapidly, independent of concrete age. Because
the method provides a very strongly accelerated test, the
results can be considered only as a simple relative index.
However, the results vary with the density and permeability of
the concrete as well as the ion mobility in the pore solution of
the concrete, so they do reflect a concrete mixtures resistance
to chloride ingress and thus its general durability properties.
Using the 28-day chloride diffusivity (D28) as an input
parameter for durability design can be compared to using the
28-day compressive strength as an input parameter for
structural designboth parameters are actually relatively
simple indexes that can be used to establish that a concrete
mixture is fit for purpose. However, it should be noted that the
28-day chloride diffusivity is a much more sensitive concrete
quality parameter than the 28-day compressive strength.
Performance-based durability requirements

(Contractor A)
Because the current procedures for probability-based

durability design according to the DURACON Model are not
considered valid for a service period of more than 150 years,
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3: Large concrete caissons were: (a) prefabricated in dry docks;
and (b) moved into position and submerged in water up to 20 m
(66 ft) deep
Fig. 4: The DURACON Model includes concrete quality control and

quality assurance measures, documentation of achieved construction
quality, and condition assessment during operation of concrete
structures in severe environments1,2
39
the durability of the structures, some additional protective

measures were applied. For the first concrete structure
constructed by Contractor A, provisions were provided for
future cathodic protection in combination with embedded
probes for chloride control. For the other three structures, the
additional protective measure was based on a partial replacement of plain carbon steel reinforcing bars with EN 1.4301/
AISI 304 stainless steel bars.
To select a proper combination of concrete quality and
concrete cover, an initial durability analysis was carried out.
Because the concrete quality in the durability design was
based on the RCM diffusivity, current experience with the
RCM diffusivity of different types of concrete had to be
reviewed.2 On this basis, a concrete with blast-furnace
slag cement with 70% slag (CEM III/B 42.5 LH HS) in
combination with 10% silica fume was adopted. This
mixture typically provides a D28 of 2.0 1012 m2/s. A
nominal concrete cover of 100 10 mm (4 0.4 in.) was
also adopted, while all the other input parameters needed for
the durability design were based on current experience for
the local marine environment. As a result, a probability for
corrosion of less than 0.3% after a 150-year service would
be attained for the most exposed parts of the structures.
Therefore, the aforementioned values for the D28 and the
nominal concrete cover were adopted as intended values for
the first concrete substructure. Resistance to freezing was
also required, and to reduce the risk for early-age cracking
of the 100 mm (4 in.) concrete cover, synthetic fibers were
required in the mixture.
While provisions for future cathodic protection were
applied as an additional protective measure for all exposed
walls of the first concrete substructure, no additional protective
measure for the continuously submerged bottom slab was
considered necessary due to the very low oxygen availability.
For the second concrete structure, which consisted of an
open concrete deck on columns of driven steel pipes filled
with concrete, the additional protective measure was based on
partial replacement of plain carbon steel reinforcing bars with
stainless steel bars. Because this protective measure very soon
proved to be a simple and robust technical solution and even
proved to be economically competitive, a partial use of
stainless steel was adopted for the most exposed sections of
the remaining parts of the project.
When plain carbon steel was replaced by stainless steel in
the outer layer of the reinforcing bar system, the effective
concrete cover to the carbon steel reinforcement increased to
more than 150 mm (6 in.). As a consequence, the nominal
concrete cover to the stainless steel bars could be reduced to
85 10 mm (3.3 0.4 in.) while still maintaining a very low
probability of corrosion. At the same time, the addition of
fibers to the concrete for these parts of the structures was no
longer considered necessary. For all the solid bottom slabs,
however, plain carbon steel with a nominal concrete cover of
100 10 mm (4 0.4 in.) and concrete with synthetic fibers
were still applied.
40
Prescriptive-based durability requirements

(Contractor B)
For all the concrete substructures in the last four parts of

the project (Contractor B), the durability requirements were
primarily based on the prescriptive durability requirements
according to the then-current European concrete standards for
a 100-year service life. These provisions included a maximum
water-binder ratio (w/b) of 0.40 and a minimum binder
content of 330 kg/m3 (556 lb/yd3). Provisions also included
nominal concrete covers for the permanently submerged parts
and the tidal/splash zones of 60 and 70 mm (2.4 and 2.8 in.),
respectively. To further increase the durability, however, the
nominal concrete cover for the permanently submerged slabs
of the caissons was increased from 60 to 80 mm (2.4 to 3.1 in.),
while for all external walls with tidal and splash exposure, it
was increased from 70 to 90 mm (2.8 to 3.5 in.). For the
submerged parts of the structures, cathodic protection in the
form of sacrificial anodes was also applied, while above
water, provisions were made for future installation of cathodic
protection in combination with embedded instrumentation for
future chloride control.
Concrete Quality Control
As a basis for the performance-based concrete quality

control, ongoing control of both the chloride diffusivity
(RCM) of the concrete and the concrete cover were carried
out throughout concrete construction. For all the concrete
structures for which the probability-based durability design
was applied, the specification called for a D28 of 2.0 1012 m2/s
or less, while for all the other concrete structures that were
only based on prescriptive durability requirements, the D28
value had to be determined for the given concrete of each new
concrete structure before concrete construction started.
Although the RCM method is a very rapid test method
which provides data on the chloride diffusivity within a few
days, this is not good enough for the regular quality control
during concrete construction. Based on the DURACON
procedures, therefore, a calibration curve relating the chloride
diffusivity and the electrical resistivity of the given concrete
mixture must be established before concrete construction
starts (Fig. 5). Then, the D28 value is indirectly controlled by
regular nondestructive testing of the electrical resistivity of
the concrete during concrete construction. All of the quality
control measurements of the electrical resistivity were made
on compressive strength test specimens (immediately before
the specimens were tested for strength) using the four-electrode
(Wenner) method.
Because the specified concrete covers were substantial and
the reinforcement system was mostly highly congested, it
was very difficult to measure the cover thickness accurately
using conventional cover meters. The use of stainless steel
reinforcement further complicated the quality control
measurements. While sophisticated scanning equipment for
control of thick concrete covers does exist,2 a more pragmatic
approach, based on manual readings of the cover depth on
Table 1:
Probabilities of corrosion based on regular quality

control measurements of the 28-day chloride diffusivity
and concrete cover (Contractor A)
Fig. 5: Typical calibration curve for an indirect control of the 28-day

chloride diffusivity (RCM) based on electrical resistivity measurements
protruding bars in all construction joints during concrete

construction, was applied. If the quantity of such control
measurements was sufficient to produce reliable statistical
data, this simple approach was considered adequate for the
regular quality control and quality assurance during concrete
construction.
Achieved Construction Quality
Upon completion of the concrete construction of each new

structure, all data from the regular concrete quality control
tests were incorporated as new input parameters for durability
analyses used for documenting the achieved construction
quality. Because the control of the 28-day chloride diffusivity
was only carried out on small and separately produced
concrete specimens cured in the laboratory for 28 days, the
values may be quite different from that obtained on the
construction site. Therefore, some additional documentation
of achieved chloride diffusivity on the construction site and
the long-term diffusivity of the various types of concrete are
also required according to the DURACON approach. As a
basis for the documentation, it should be noted that the
achieved construction quality is characterized and quantified
in the form of the obtained corrosion probability for the
required service period of 150 years.
Compliance with durability requirements
For all concrete substructures in the first four parts of the

project (Contractor A), a probability of corrosion as low as
possible and not exceeding 10% for a 150-year service period
was specified. To show compliance, a new durability analysis
had to be carried out upon completion of each new concrete
structure. These analyses were carried out with input parameters
based on the achieved average values and standard deviations
of both the 28-day chloride diffusivity and the concrete cover
from the regular quality control. All of the other previously
assumed input parameters were kept the same. Hence, this
documentation primarily reflects the results obtained from the
regular control of concrete quality and concrete cover during
concrete construction, including the scatter and variability
Part of
project
Bottom slab, %
External walls, %
Open deck, %
0.24
2.1
0.13
0.92
0.02
NA
0.64
0.002
NA
0.01
<0.001
NA
observed. For all the structures where a given value of the

28-day chloride diffusivity had been specified, any unacceptable
deviation from this value could be detected and corrected for
during concrete construction.
For the first concrete substructure in Part 1 of the project,
delivered concrete was somewhat retarded compared to the
intended type of concrete. Thus, the obtained average 28-day
chloride diffusivities of 3.0 and 5.0 1012 m2/s for the bottom
slab and the external walls of this structure, respectively, were
higher than the specified maximum value of 2.0 1012 m2/s.
However, because this concrete showed a very rapid further
reduction of chloride diffusivity over time, it was accepted for
the project.
For all the external walls in the first concrete structure
where a nominal concrete cover of 100 mm (4 in.) was
specified, an average concrete cover of 102 mm (4.02 in.)
with a standard deviation of 8 mm (0.3 in.) was obtained. For
one of the sections in these walls, however, the quality control
tests revealed a distinct deviation. For this particular section,
an average concrete cover of only 74 mm (2.9 in.) with a
standard deviation of 8 mm (0.3 in.) was observed, and as a
consequence, the contractor was required to apply an additional
protective surface coating on this particular section of the
wall. For this first concrete structure as a whole, however, as
well as the open concrete deck with stainless steel in the
second structure of Part 1 of the project, the probabilities of
corrosion were significantly below the specified 10% (refer to
Table 1). The specified durability was also achieved with very
good margins for all of the additional concrete structures in
Parts 2 to 4 of the project.
For the concrete substructures in Parts 5 to 8 of the project,
which were only based on prescriptive durability requirements
(Contractor B), it was not possible to provide any documentation of compliance with the durability specification. Because a
performance-based concrete quality control program was also
carried out for all these structures, however, documentation of
the achieved construction quality in the form of corrosion
probability after 150 years could also be calculated (Table 2).
The durability analyses were based on the average values and
standard deviations of both the 28-day chloride diffusivity and
the concrete cover from the regular quality control evaluation
of each structure.
41
Table 2:
Probabilities of corrosion based on regular control

measurements of the 28-day chloride
Part of the
project
Bottom slab, %
External walls, %
15
11 to 13
NA
Open deck, %
14
1.3
NA
NA
NA
4.5
No quality control measurements for the bottom slab were carried out
The generally higher corrosion probabilities obtained for

all the concrete substructures in Parts 5 to 8 (Table 2) compared to that in Parts 1 to 4 of the project (Table 1) may be
ascribed to several sources. For all the concrete structures in
Parts 1 to 4, the concrete was based on a blast-furnace slag
cement with 70% slag (CEM III/B 42.5 LH HS) in combination with 10% silica fume, while all the concrete structures in
Parts 5 to 8 were produced with concrete based on fly ash
cements in combination with 5% silica fume. For most of
these structures, a fly ash cement with 30% fly ash (CEM
II/B-V 32.5 N) was applied, but some structures comprised a
fly ash cement with 20% fly ash (CEM II/A-V 42.5 N). It is
well known that blast-furnace slag cements generally give
both very low chloride diffusivities and a very rapid reduction
of chloride diffusivity, even at low curing temperatures, while
fly ash cements generally give both higher chloride diffusivities
and a very slow reduction of chloride diffusivity, particularly
at low curing temperatures. For all the external walls in
Parts 2 to 4 of the project, stainless steel was also used, while
the much higher probabilities for the bottom slabs in Table 2
compared to that of the bottom slabs in Table 1 primarily
reflect the different concrete covers of 80 and 100 mm
(3 and 4 in.), respectively.
Although the mixture compositions of the various types of
concrete applied to the structures in Parts 5 to 8 of the project
were basically the same, the 28-day chloride diffusivities
obtained at the different construction sites were quite different
from one construction site to the other. Thus, for one of the
construction sites, the diffusivity varied from 6.4 to 8.9
1012 m2/s, while for another construction site, it typically
varied from 12.1 to 16.7 1012 m2/s.
In-place quality
For documentation of the achieved in-place quality during

the construction period, a number of concrete cores were
removed from each concrete structure and tested for chloride
diffusivity at different ages up to 1 year (Fig. 6). As part of
this testing, a number of concrete cores removed from
corresponding dummy elements were also included. Upon
removal, all of these cores were wrapped in plastic and sent to
the laboratory for testing as soon as possible. Based on the
achieved chloride diffusivities after 1 year of site curing
combined with the achieved site data on concrete cover as
42
Fig. 6: Typical development of chloride diffusivity (RCM) on the

construction site and in the laboratory for up to 1 year
Table 3:
Probabilities of corrosion based on in-place data

collected during the first year
Part of
project
Bottom slab,
%
External walls,
%
Open deck,
%
<0.001
<0.001
0.02
<0.001
<0.001
NA
<0.001
<0.001
NA
NA
<0.001
<0.001
70
25
35
30
NA
20
0.6
NA
NA
NA
1.2
new input parameters, new durability analyses were carried

out for each concrete structure. Also, all the other previously
assumed input parameters to the analyses during durability
design were kept the same. The typical values of achieved
in-place quality expressed as corrosion probability after a
150-year service period are shown in Table 3.
For all concrete substructures in Parts 1 to 4 of the project
(Contractor A), Table 3 shows very low corrosion probabilities compared to that in Parts 5 to 8 (Contractor B). Also, a
high variation of corrosion probability was obtained for the
open concrete decks. The generally slow development of
chloride diffusivity for concrete based on fly ash cements has
already been pointed out. In particular, this was true for those
structures produced during the winter seasons at low curing
temperatures. For marine concrete construction, this may have
some implications for an early-age exposure of the concrete to
seawater before the concrete has gained sufficient maturity
and density.2
For the concrete structure in Part 6, it should be noted that
the in-place data on achieved chloride diffusivity were based
only on concrete cores from the separately produced dummy
element. Thus, the obtained probability of 30% for the
external walls of this structure is not very representative. For
one of the external walls of this structure, a severe segregation

of the self-consolidating concrete during concrete construction
took place. Therefore, separate investigations based on
extensive concrete coring of this particular wall were later on
carried out. The investigations clearly demonstrated that the
durability properties of this segregated concrete were distinctly
reduced. However, it was not possible to provide any documentation of increased w/b of the segregated concrete beyond
what was specified as a basis for the contract. Also, because
the in-place compressive strength of the segregated concrete
was just high enough to be acceptable according to the current
concrete standard, the owner had to accept the reduced
durability properties in this particular structure according to
the applied durability specifications in the contract.
Potential quality
For most types of binder system, the development of

chloride diffusivity tends to plateau after about 1 year of water
curing at 20C (68F) in the laboratory. To provide information about the potential construction quality of the various
structures, the chloride diffusivity was also tested on a number
of separately produced and water-cured specimens in the
laboratory for up to 1 year, as shown in Fig. 6. These chloride
diffusivities combined with the achieved site data on concrete
cover were used as new input parameters for further durability
analyses. As with the previous analyses, all the other originally assumed input parameters were kept the same. Typically
achieved values of the potential construction quality of the
various concrete structures are shown in Table 4.
For all structures, the potential construction quality was
extremely good. The corrosion probability was hardly
detectable for structures in Parts 1 to 4 of the project (Contractor A) and very low for the concrete structures in Parts 5 to
8 of the project (Contractor B).
The results demonstrate that the concrete based on highvolume fly ash cements could reach quite a good potential
construction quality given good curing conditions.
Concluding Remarks
For all the concrete structures where a performance-based

durability specification was applied as basis to the contract,
the durability requirements were achieved with very good
margins. For the owner and developer of the project, it was
very important to receive a documentation of compliance to
the durability specification before the structures were formally
handed over from the contractor, because this may have
implications both for the future operation and expected
service life of the structures.
Also, it was observed that the performance-based durability specification distinctly clarified the responsibility of the
contractor for the quality of the construction process. During
concrete construction, any unacceptable deviations from the
performance-based requirements for concrete quality and
concrete cover could be detected and corrected. The required
documentation of compliance to the durability specification
Table 4:
Probabilities of corrosion based on laboratory-produced

specimens, water cured in the laboratory for 1 year
Part of
project
Bottom slab, %
External walls, %
Open deck,
%
0.002
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
NA
<0.001
<0.001
NA
<0.001
<0.001
NA
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.05
NA
0.5
0.01
NA
NA
NA
0.5
clearly resulted in improved workmanship with reduced

scatter and variability of achieved construction quality.
In contrast, where a prescriptive-based durability specification was applied as basis for the contract, it was not possible
to provide any documentation of compliance to the durability
specification. Also, the achieved construction quality of the
various concrete structures typically showed a higher scatter
and variability.
References
1. NAHE, Durable Concrete Harbor Structures - Part 1: Recommended
Specifications for New Concrete Harbor Structures, Part 2: Practical
Guidelines for Durability Design and Concrete Quality Assurance,
Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers (NAHE), TEKNA, Oslo,
Norway, 2004. (in Norwegian)
2. Gjrv, O.E., Durability Design of Concrete Structures in Severe
Environments, second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014, 254 pp.
3. Gjrv, O.E., Durability Design and Quality Assurance of Concrete
Infrastructure, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 9, Sept. 2010, pp. 29-36.
4. AASHTO TP 64-03, Predicting Chloride Penetration of Hydraulic
Cement Concrete by the Rapid Migration Procedure, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2003.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
Odd E. Gjrv, FACI, is Professor Emeritus

and former Head of the Department
of Building Materials at the Norwegian
University of Science and Technology,
Trondheim, Norway. He is former General
Secretary of the Norwegian Academy of
Technical Sciences and has served on
several ACI committees, including 201,
Durability of Concrete; 222, Corrosion
of Metals in Concrete; and 357, Offshore and Marine Concrete
Structures. He has received several international awards.
43
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44
Condition Assessment of
Launch Pad 39B
Ensuring the historic site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center will continue to
make history
by Richard E. Weyers, Alberto A. Sags, and Jerzy Z. Zemajtis
tarting in 1963 and ending in 1966, the U.S. National

Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
constructed Launch Complex 39 on Floridas Merritt
Island. Launch Complex 39 has played a major role in the
history of NASAs John F. Kennedy Space Center, as it served
as the launch facility for NASAs Apollo, Skylab, and Space
Shuttle programs.
The complex includes the Vehicle Assembly Building
(VAB), Launch Pads 39A and 39B, and a connecting crawlerway used for the transport of launch vehicles from the VAB to
the launch pads. The first launch from Pad 39ASaturn V/
Apollo 4 (a test flight)was on November 9, 1967. The first
launch from Pad 39BSaturn/Apollo 10was on May 18, 1969.
The last shuttle missionSTS-135began from Pad 39A
with the liftoff of the Shuttle Atlantis on July 8, 2011. The last
liftoff from Pad 39B was on October 28, 2009, when the first
stage of an Ares 1-X was launched as a test flight for NASAs
Constellation program. This program was canceled shortly
after the initial test flight, but has since been replaced with the
Space Launch System (SLS)an advanced heavy-lift launch
vehicle designed to facilitate human exploration beyond
earths orbit. Pad 39A is now leased to Spacex, which will use
it to launch its Falcon Heavy rockets. NASA intends to use
Pad 39B to launch the SLS.
To inform the decision-making process for modifications
needed to accommodate the first SLS launch in 2017, we
assessed the reinforced concrete portions of Pad 39B in 2010.
The 1964 plans and material specifications were reviewed,
followed by on-site measurements of cover depths, corrosion
potentials, concrete resistivity, and corrosion current density.
Finally, we used a durability forecast model, focused on
corrosion issues, to support our evaluation and conclusions.
The measurements and our conclusions are summarized in
this article.
Components and Exposures
For this assessment, Launch Pad 39B (Fig. 1) was separated

into four components: 1) the crawler pad, comprising two
sections, east and west, separated by the flame trench over
which the launch vehicle was centered; 2) the pipe tunnels,
which are within the crawler pad sections and carry the launch
water to the flumes and then to the holding ponds; 3) the
high-pressure gas bays open to the environment and located
on the east side of Pad 39B; and 4) the catacombs, which
support the crawler pad on the east and west side of the flame
trench. The exterior catacombs are completely soil covered;
thus, the only access is through the interior walkways. The
east and west catacombs consist of 18 cells each with access
through the south end through partial wall openings. In
general, each cell is about 40 x 20 ft (12.2 x 6.1 m) in plan
Fig. 1: Launch Pad 39B includes concrete catacombs below the

crawler pad (photo courtesy of Jerzy Zemajtis)
45
and 40 ft in height, with 2.5 ft (0.8 m) thick reinforced

concrete walls and a 3 ft (0.9 m) thick ceiling (crawler pad).
Launch Pad 39B is about 1/4 mile (0.4 km) west of the
Atlantic Ocean, so its surface is exposed to chloride and
sulfate ions present in ocean water. Also, below-grade
components at or below the water table are exposed to the
ionic composition of the groundwater, and the water table
elevation raises and falls with the ocean tide.
During launches, the flame trench (Fig. 2) is flooded with
water to reduce vibration and noise. The pH of this water was
lowered by residuals from the solid rocket boosters used in the
shuttle and Ares launches. Following liftoff, the water flows
through the pipe tunnels to the flumes and into the catch basins,
where it is treated prior to being released to the environment.
The crawler pads, pipe tunnels, and the high-pressure gas
bays are exposed to windblown ocean water and carbon
dioxide (CO2), particularly the high-pressure gas bays, which
are open and face the Atlantic Ocean. The catacombs are
closed with the lower walls exposed to groundwater and the
ceilings exposed to launch water. The crawler pads and pipe
tunnels are directly exposed to the launch water. As shown in
Table 1, the catacomb groundwater ionic content is significantly
lower than seawater. The level of chloride, sulfate, and
magnesium are relatively low enough not to be aggressive
agents to steel-reinforced concrete. In contrast, the neutral pH
could be mildly aggressive to noncarbonated portland cement
concrete that has a pH of 13.
The launch water in the holding pond is the result of the
mixing of the various water streams flowing off the launch
pad through the piping tunnels into the holding pond. The
ignition exhaust of the solid rocket boosters increased the
chloride content of the holding pond water to about one order
of magnitude higher than that of the groundwater, but to a
level still much lower than that of seawater. However, the pH
of 2 of the holding pond water is very low, making it a very
aggressive concrete corrosive agent.
The pH of the launch water was measured on the launch
pads immediately after a launch. The range of the 12 measurements was 1 to 6. Even considering the relative short contact
periods and small number of exposures, the launch water
would corrode the concrete surfaces of the crawler pad and
pipe tunnels from an extremely corrosive agent at a pH of 1 to
a mildly corrosive agent at a pH of 6.
Concrete
Fig. 2: Crawler pad at the launch location. During a launch, the

flame trench (foreground) was flooded with water (photo courtesy of
Jerzy Zemajtis)
Table 1:
Catacomb groundwater and holding pond water
test results
Analyte/pH
Catacomb
Holding pond
Seawater
Chloride, ppm
150 to 450
1500
20,000
Sulfate, ppm
27 to 120
110
2700
Magnesium, ppm
1.4 to 13.5
18
1400
pH
7.4 to 8.6
2.0
7.5 to 8.4
46
The original concrete specification for Pad 39B called for

concrete with a compressive strength of 3000 psi (20.7 MPa)
and Type II portland cement for mass concrete and Type I
otherwise. Coarse aggregate was either maximum 3/4 or
1-1/2 in. (19.0 or 37.5 mm) crushed stone or a blend of
crushed stone and uncrushed gravel. Fine aggregate was either
natural sand or a blend of natural sand and manufactured
sand. Some portions of the structure were intentionally
air-entrained and others only contained entrapped air. However,
the records available did not show which structure components
were to be air-entrained concrete.
Test concrete cores were taken in triplicate from the
high-pressure gas bays (HPGB), east and west catacomb walls
(ECW and WCW), and the west catacomb ceiling (WCC). As
shown in Table 2, the concrete density, moisture uptake, and
compressive strength were relatively uniform. The average
moisture uptake of about 3% by mass or about 6.5% by
volume indicated that sufficient void space was open to
oxygen penetration to support steel corrosion.
Additionally, one core each was taken for petrographic
analysis from ECW, WCW, ECC, and WCC. The ECC core
was taken over a visible crack in the ceiling. The coarse
Table 2:
Average concrete core test results
Component
Density as
recd, lb/ft3
Moisture
uptake, % by
mass
Compressive
strength, psi
HPGB
130.9
3.07
3970
ECW
133.9
3.49
3540
WCW
136.5
3.12
4880
WCC
134.0
2.52
3840
Average
133.8
3.07
4050
Coefficient of
variation, %
1.8
16.3
16.0
Note: 1 lb/ft = 16 kg/m ; 1 psi = 0.007 MPa

3
aggregate was crushed limestone and the fine aggregate was

natural quartz sand. The general quality of the concrete was
good and consistent with the original material specifications.
No deleterious chemical reactions were observed in the
hardened cement paste, in the aggregates, or between the
aggregates and the cement paste. The aggregates were
uniformly distributed within the cement paste and the bond
between the cement paste and aggregate was good. The

cement paste was hard to moderately hard and the water
absorption was moderate to moderately low. The ECC
concrete samples had air contents ranging from 4 to 6%,
whereas the other three samples had entrapped air contents
of 2 to 3%.
Per phenolphthalein pH indicator, the ECC core taken over
a visible crack showed carbonation in a V-shape to a depth of
0.9 in. (23 mm). The WCC core was carbonated to a depth of
0.22 in. (6 mm). The carbonation depth of the ECW and
WCW cores varied from 0.3 to 1.3 in. (8 to 33 mm).
Reinforcing Steel
Two reinforcing steel bar sections each were removed from

ECW and WCW and one from HPGB. Tests per ASTM A615/
A615M1 indicated average yield strength at 0.2% offset,
ultimate strength, and elongation of 50,800 psi (350 MPa),
87,100 psi (601 MPa), and 27%, respectively, complying with
specifications for Grade 40 reinforcing steel.1
Corrosion Survey Tools
Corrosion of reinforcement forms expansive corrosion

products that most noticeably cause damage in the form of
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47
concrete spalls, subsequent reinforcing steel section loss, and

reduction in structural capacity. Steel is initially prevented
from corrosion by a thin surface passive film that forms due to
the high pH of the pore water. The film breaks down, however,
if chloride ions permeating from the concrete exterior reach
the steel surface and build up to a threshold concentration
value CT (typically about 1 lb/yd3 [0.59 kg/m3] or greater).2-4
Corrosion also occurs, even in the absence of chlorides, if the
concrete pore water pH at the steel depth decreases to values
below about 11. Such a decrease may take place via carbonation,
whereby atmospheric CO2 slowly reacts with the cement
hydration products, resulting in a decreased pH front progressing
inward from the external surface. In older structures such as
Pad 39B, built with what is considered today as highpermeability concrete, chloride and carbonation ingress may
act synergistically to initiate corrosion. For example, some of
the chloride ions that had already penetrated the concrete may
have been chemically bound and hence not available to break
down the steel passive film. However, on subsequent arrival
of the low-pH carbonation front, the salts may decompose and
release the formerly bound chloride ions, thus accelerating
corrosion initiation. Assessments of the likelihood of corrosion
in a structure thus usually include measurements of the
chloride content of the concrete at the reinforcement depth

and of the extent to which carbonation penetration approaches
the reinforcement location.
The onset of corrosion initiation can be inferred to some
extent from nondestructive readings of the electrode potential
difference between the steel and the surrounding concrete, as
measured with a Cu/CuSO4 electrode (CSE). As indicated by
ASTM C8765, highly negative potential values (for example,
less than 350 mV SCE) suggest a high probability that active
corrosion has already started at the location sampled, while
values more positive than 200 mV SCE may represent a low
probability. However, the interpretation of corrosion potentials
for steel in concrete must include a knowledge of the moisture
content of the cover concrete and the concrete at the steel depth.
After corrosion initiates, it propagates at a rate that varies
with availability of oxygen, moisture, and the extent of
electrochemical coupling that may exist with other parts of the
reinforcement assembly. Those conditions may be assessed by
in-place measurement of the electric resistivity of the concrete
with a Wenner array probe.6 Steel corrosion in concrete is
usually revealed by low resistivity values (for example, less
than 10,000 ohmcm). Additionally, a direct estimate of the
rate of corrosion can be made with polarization resistance
measurements using a 3LP device.6 The result of such a
measurement is a value for the corrosion rate, expressed in
terms of a nominal corrosion current density iCORR. Values of
iCORR greater than 1 mA/ft2 are usually considered to be
indicative of actively progressing corrosion, with values
between 1 and 10 mA/ft2 indicating a moderate pace and values
greater than 10 mA/ft2 indicating a severe pace, respectively.6
Contrary to direct corrosion observation, indirect assessment
methods are each subject to uncertainty and their results should
be interpreted as a whole rather than relying on findings of a
single technique. The corrosion survey for Launch Pad 39B
consisted of visual examination of reinforcement locally
exposed by removing the concrete cover, and measurements
of potential, corrosion current density, concrete resistivity,
relative humidity (RH) and temperature, carbonation penetration,
and chloride concentration of the concrete. Carbonation depth
was determined using a phenolphthalein solution.
Evaluation
Fig. 3: After determination of corrosion potentials and rates, we

removed spalled concrete and visually inspected the reinforcing bars
(photo courtesy of Jerzy Zemajtis)
48
A total of six catacomb cell wall sections (about 2% of

approximately 120,000 ft2 [11,148 m2] of catacomb wall area)
and six ceiling sections (about 5% of about 25,000 ft2 [2323 m2]
of catacomb ceiling surface area) were surveyed. Based on
visual and sounding surveys, about 3.5% of the total catacomb
wall survey areas (about 70 ft2 [6.5 m2]) were damaged (spalls
plus delaminations).
To aid in the assessment of the indirect steel corrosion
measurements, reinforcing steel was exposed at eight
locations (five in the WCC and three in the ECC) to visually
examine its corrosion (refer to Fig. 3). Prior to exposure,
corrosion potentials and rates were determined at the same
eight locations.
As shown in Table 3, corrosion products (red rust) were

observed even at potentials less negative than 200 mV, and
between 200 and 350 mV. The measured corrosion rates
were between 1 and 10 mA/ft2, except for one measurement of
23.4 mA/ft2. As noted previously, such values would suggest
intense corrosion activity. However, direct observations
showed only very little to moderate corrosion for the locations
with corrosion rates between 1 and 10 mA/ft2, and only
moderate corrosion for the 23.4 mA/ft2 location. In considering
these discrepancies, it is noted that when carbonation- and
chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete
occur in concert, interpretation of corrosion potentials and
rates need to include consideration of the influence of
carbonation, as carbonation reduces the concrete pH and
influences the concrete moisture content.
Carbonation can affect corrosion potential and rates by
drying of the concrete and blocking the pores with carbonation
products. Anodes and cathodes of carbonation-induced
corrosion cells are very close together, promoting mixed
potential readings, while the removal of hydroxyl and calcium
ions across the carbonation front can lead to a junction
potential superimposed on the corrosion potential, complicating
the interpretation of the results. Thus, more extensive chloride
concentration, carbonation depth, and reinforcing concrete
cover depth measurements were conducted to further identify
the extent of corrosion activity.
Chloride Content
Catacomb walls
thus demonstrated that sufficient quantity of the concrete pore

system is open to allow transport of oxygen to the bar depth.
For the 36 chloride contents determined for the ECW and
WCW (18 per each wall), the average and range of the
chlorides at the depth of 4.5 in. (114 mm), assumed to be
background chloride, were 0.51 and 0.40 to 0.72 lb/yd3 (0.30
and 0.24 to 0.43 kg/m3), respectively. Background chloride
concentration for concretes in Florida with crushed limestone
and natural sand is typically 0.1 to 0.2 lb/yd3 (0.06 to 0.12 kg/m3).
Thus, the catacomb aggregate, most likely the sand, contained
about 0.3 to 0.5 lb/yd3 (0.18 to 0.30 kg/m3) of chloride. Of the
18 chloride sample locations, only one showed typical
decrease in chloride content with depth0 to 5 ft elevation
for ECW. The remaining 17 locations had lower surface
chloride, which then increased and remained relatively
constant with depth.
The pH of concrete pore water is normally in the range of
12 to above 13. A pH of 9 was measured at depths of 0.12 to
1.5 in. (3 to 38 mm). Thus, the pH of the concrete increased
from 9 to more than 12 at depths beyond the measured 9 pH
value. As noted earlier, this pH decrease can free formerly
bound background chloride into the concrete pores, as a wave
of increased free chloride in front of the carbonation front.
Thus, the measured corrosion rates can be seen as a result of
the released free chlorides and reduction in pH of the concrete
pore water. The estimated depth of release of bound to free
chlorides is generally at 1.5 in. (38 mm) for the ECW and
2.2 in. (56 mm) for the WCW. Also, results of concrete cover
and carbonation depth measurements indicate that a portion
of the reinforcing steel is embedded in concrete with a
reduced pH and free chlorides. Thus, the observed corrosion
can be viewed as the result of the synergistic relationship
between free chloride and carbonation attack.3 This phenomenon,
not often reported in U.S. literature, could be expected to
occur in structures such as these considered herein, built with
relatively high water-cement ratio (w/c) concrete and low
cement content concrete.
Chloride content as a function of depth, concrete cover

depth, depth of carbonation at a pH of 9.0 (as revealed by a
phenolphthalein indicator), and RH and temperature measurements were taken at three elevation ranges: 0 to 5 ft (0 to 1.5 m),
7 to 12 ft (2.1 to 3.7 m), and 20 to 25 ft (6.1 to 7.6 m), for the
entire length of the selected cell walls. Zero elevation was
marked at the intersection of the concrete wall and floor. The
average and range of six RH and temperature measurements
at the depth of the reinforcement at the
selected locations within the wall
sample areas for the east catacomb
Table 3:
were 98% and 94% to 99%, and 67F
Corrosion potentials, rates, and visible corrosion
(19.4C) and 66 to 68F (18.8 to
20C), respectively. For the west
Corrosion
3LP device
catacomb, the average and range of six
potential (CSE),
corrosion rate,
RH and temperature measurements at
Location
mV
mA/ft2
Corrosion on reinforcing bar
the depth of the reinforcing steel were
WCC
278
2.4
Very little on ribs
96% and 90% to 99%, and 68F (20C)
ECC
400
1.6
Very little on ribs
and 66 to 75F (18.8 to 24C), respecWCC
398
2.1
Very
little
on and between ribs
tively. Thus, the RH and temperature are
WCC
280
4.1
Little on and between ribs
sufficient to support corrosion of the
reinforcing steel. Even though the RH
WCC
250
2.1
values are very high, the concrete
ECC
191
4.0
moisture uptake of water showed that
WCC
390
23.4
Moderate on and between ribs
6.5% of the volume of the concrete
ECC
210
5.7
Moderate
uniform over entire surface
voids were not filled with water and
49
Fig. 4: The catacomb ceiling slabs exhibited surface efflorescence

and stalactites at cracks (photo courtesy of Jerzy Zemajtis)
Crawler pads/catacomb ceiling
The catacomb ceiling slabs support the crawler pads. The

system configuration over the catacomb ceiling slab is a layer
of lightweight concrete, a sand drainage layer, and the
concrete-filled steel-grate crawler pad. The catacomb ceiling
had previously cracked from structural overload conditions.7
Drains and piping had been installed to drain the launch
water through the sand layer. In addition, cracks in the
catacomb ceiling slabs had been sealed by epoxy injection.
However, water was leaking through some of the epoxyinjected cracks and cracks that were either not sealed or have
formed post-repair. Efflorescence and/or stalactites had
formed at leaking crack locations (Fig. 4).
Three crawler pads were removed to assess the top surface
of the catacomb ceilings. The sand layer was saturated due to
plugged drains that prevented water from getting to the
piping. The water outlet was through open cracks in the
catacomb ceiling slabs. Carbonation depth measured at two
locations was less than 0.15 in. (4 mm). The chloride content
at the two locations at a depth of 0.25 in. (6 mm) was 0.25 and
0.5 lb/yd3 (0.15 and 0.3 kg/m3) greater than the background
chloride of about 0.7 lb/yd3 (0.4 kg/m3), which was relatively
constant to a depth of 4.25 in. (108 mm). The ranges of cover
depths were highly variable for the three exposed top surfaces
of the catacomb slabs, 2.2 to 8 in. (56 to 203 mm), 4.5 to 4.8 in.
(114 to 122 mm), and 5.6 to 6.3 in. (142 to 160 mm). The
saturated concrete conditions would account for the low
carbonation penetration. The chloride at the bar depths
remained in the bound state and thus not free to initiate corrosion.
Corrosion testing of the catacomb ceiling included carbonation depth, cover depth, and corrosion rate. Corrosion rates
were measured at epoxy-injection crack locations and at
noncrack locations within three catacomb cells in the east
and west catacombs. The epoxy was removed by grinding
prior to the corrosion rate measurements (Fig. 5). Carbonation
50
Fig. 5: Corrosion rates on catacomb ceilings at epoxy-injected crack

locations were measured after grinding off sections of the epoxy
(photo courtesy of Jerzy Zemajtis)
was measured on a core taken from each of the three catacomb

cell ceilings in the east and west catacombs. In addition, a
pH indicator measured the range of pH change with depth in
the field.
The measured corrosion rates ranged from 1.6 to 29 mA/ft2
at crack locations and 1.7 to 31.5 mA/ft2 at noncrack locations.
Although the corrosion rates were highly variable, they
indicate an advanced state of active corrosion in localized
areas. Based on the range of the concrete depths and carbonation
depths, it appears that portions of the reinforcing steel are
embedded in concrete that has a pH of less than 12, which
would result in the release of bound chlorides. Although the
chloride content as a function of depth was not determined, it
is reasonable to state, as in the walls, that the ceiling active
corrosion is the result of a combination of a reduced pore
water pH coupled with a release of bound chlorides.
The surveyed ceiling areas exhibited neither spalls nor
delaminations. An area in one of the surveyed cell ceilings
had been patched where the concrete cover depth was
excessively lowless than 1 in. (25 mm).
High-pressure gas bays
As previously noted, the open conditions of the HPGB

allowed for exposure to windblown chlorides, CO2, and
wetting and drying conditions. Delaminations and exposed
reinforcing steel existed in a number of relatively large areas
comprising about 30% of the surface. Chloride content at a
depth of 0.25 in. (6 mm) ranged from 1.55 to 2.67 lb/yd3
(0.92 to 1.58 kg/m3). The chloride content then decreased with
depth and then increased to 1.84 and 2.53 lb/yd3 (1.09 and
1.50 kg/m3) at a depth of 1.5 in. (38 mm). The chloride
content at 4.25 in. (108 mm) was about 0.7 lb/yd3 (0.4 kg/m3).
The range of cover depths within the three bays of measured
chloride was 1.0 to 1.4 in. (25 to 36 mm). Thus, the observed
corrosion damage, exposed reinforcing steel, and delaminations

were a combination of windblown chloride ingress, carbonation,
and relatively low concrete cover.
Pipe tunnel walls
Spalling of cover concrete and delaminations were

observed where the concrete cover was less than 0.75 in.
(19 mm). The pH of the concrete was 11 from the surface to
about 8 in. (203 mm) depth. In addition, acid attack of the
cement paste and limestone aggregate had occurred. The
limestone aggregate aided in buffering the acidic launch
water, thus reducing the depth of acid attack of the cement
paste to a shallow surface depth.
Modeling
The purpose of modeling was to estimate future spalling

damage for the catacomb walls and ceilings considering the
selected test locations as a representative sample of the whole.
The corrosion model followed the sequence of time events of
corrosion initiation plus a propagation period from initiation
to spalling of the cover concrete, treating the structure as
consisting of a number of independently evolving elements
with statistically distributed corrosion parameters.8
The model is based on the assumption that due to release of
chlorides on decrease of the pH due to carbonation, corrosion
initiates at some unknown advance distance d, ahead of the
carbonation front as measured by a phenolphthalein pH
indicator. For a given element at a concrete cover depth x, the
time to corrosion initiation ti may be expressed as3,9
x = kti1/2 + d (1)
ti = ((x d)/k)2 (2)
where k is the carbonation coefficient.
With the addition of the propagation period tp, the time to
spalling ts is expressed as
where Pcum(z,zav,sz) is the cumulative normal distribution of

variable z that has an average value of zav and a standard
deviation sz. For this case, the distribution was truncated at a
value of xm = 0.5 in. (13 mm), as during the survey only one
cover depth was measured at value of less than 0.5 in.
The fraction of elements having values within an interval
of k of k is given by
fk(k) = P(k,kav,sk)k (6)
where P(z,zav,sz) is a normal probability distribution, same
terminology as for Pcum.
Dividing the interval k = 0 to k = kav + 3sk into small equal
segments k centered on k1, k2, ki, the fraction of all elements
that have spalled by time ts is then given by
f(ts) = [Pcum(x(ki,ts),xav,sx)P(ki,kav,sk)k] (7)
i
Equation (7) therefore projects the amount of corrosion-related

damage as a function of structure age. For example, for every
1000 ft2 (93 m2) of external structure surface, it is projected
that a total of 1000 f(ts) ft2 of surface repairs will be needed
by age ts.
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ts = ti + tp = ((x d)/k)2 + kpx (3)

where kp is a coefficient indicating that the length of the
propagation stage is proportional to the local cover depth x
assuming that the reinforcing bar diameter is about the same
throughout the structure.8 Equation (3) is a quadratic equation
for which the positive solution is
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Rex C. Donahey
Editor-in-Chief
Rex.Donahey@concrete.org
x(k,ts) = d k2kp/2 + (k4kp2/4 dk2kp + k2ts)1/2 (4)

Thus, the element that spalls at time ts has a cover depth x
given in Eq. (4). Any element having a cover depth less than x
and the same value of k would have spalled before the ts value.
Therefore, the fraction of elements having the same value of
k, that spalled by the time ts, may be expressed as
fx(x(k,ts)) = Pcum(x(k,ts),xav,sx) (5)
51
Table 4:
average cover xav (about 1/3 to 1/2) for

all three elevation zones. That large
dispersion in the cover values implies
Elevation
*
*
0.5
0.5
*
*
a high incidence of low-cover spots,
Components
regime, ft
xav , in.
sx , in. kav , mmyear
sk , mmyear
even when the average is relatively
2.5
2.06
0.76
large. The nearly linear increase in
Walls
9.5
2.24
0.90
2.84
1.36
damage is characteristic of such cases
22.5
2.93
0.98
where the slowly rising end of a broad
Ceilings
1.72
0.37
2.88
1.4
distribution of value is involved.8 The
*
Assigned globally, refer to the text
projected damage for walls at age
40 years (the time of the survey) is
important because it may serve as the
basis for validation or calibration of
the model. The observed amount of
damaged area in the surveyed walls,
noted earlier, was approximately 3.5%
of the total wall surveyed area. The
alternative with d = 5 mm (0.2 in.)
projects the closest value to observationabout 4% at 40 years, suggesting
that d values of 10 and 20 mm (0.4 and
0.8 in.) may be overly conservative.
The base case gives a gradual and
nearly linear future damage projection,
Fig. 6: Corrosion damage trend projections for walls and ceilings for alternative choices of
with about twice more damage in the
the advance parameter d. Projections with d = 5 mm (0.2 in.) were closest to observations for
next 40 years than that observed at
the walls. (Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
present. That relatively slow rate of
progression (about 0.12% per year) is
Modeled cases and input parameters
a consequence of the assumed broad distribution of cover
The relevant parameters for the catacomb walls and the
based on sampling of 2% of the walls. We recommended more
ceilings are listed in Table 4. Carbonation coefficients and
extensive cover surveys if there was a need to reduce uncertheir variability were obtained from the surveyed carbonation
tainty in forecasting future deterioration.
depths and the nominal structure age at the time of the surveys
The damage projection for the ceilings (adopting also
(40 years). There was little differentiation between the k results
d = 5 mm as a base case estimate) includes a rapid rise after
for walls and ceilings, but the latter exhibited significantly
an initial slow rate period. This shape reflects the distinctly
lower reinforcement cover as a group, so separate damage
narrower relative distribution of ceiling reinforcement covers
projections were calculated for walls and ceilings. Reinforcing compared to that for the walls (Table 4). Thus, even though
bar cover at the walls was found to change systematically with the average cover in the ceilings is only about 2/3 that of the
elevation, so the walls were divided into three elevation
walls, the narrower distribution in the former implies fewer
regimes, centered at 2.5, 9.5, and 22.5 ft (0.76, 2.9, and 6.9 m) instances of very low cover values than in the latter, with
elevations, corresponding to 17%, 28%, and 55% of the total
consequently lower amount of projected damage at early ages,
wall surface, respectively. ECW and WCW results were treated
including 3.7% for the 40-year age at the time of the survey.
as one group. Parameter kp was globally assigned a value of
Conversely, the faster rise (0.34% per year) starting at about
0.197 year/mm per prior findings.8,10 The value of the advance present age is a consequence of the low average cover in the
distance d was not known precisely but examination of
ceilings. Thus, the projected damage there for the next 40 years
chloride concentration profiles and carbonation patterns
is substantially greater than for the first 40 years. Comparison
suggested that d may be somewhere between 5 and 20 mm
between projected and observed present damage for the
(0.2 and 0.8 in.). Hence, alternative damage projections were
ceilings is uncertain. There was little documented corrosion
made globally parametrizing d over that range.
damage at the ceilings, but some of the half-cell potential
The resulting damage projections are shown in Fig. 6, where values were suggestive of corrosion in progress. Extensive
the results for the three wall elevation zones were combined
cracking of some ceiling areas may also be corrosion related.
as a weighted average for simplicity, given that the differentiation among elevation regimes was relatively moderate.
Implementation
The shape of the damage function for the walls reflects the
The condition assessment was based on extending the
large value of sx (cover standard deviation) relative to the
service life of Launch Pad 39B an additional 40 years. The
Parameters used for model damage projections
52
options for extending the service life include patching the

present damaged areas with portland cement concrete (and
continuing to do so as needed), installing an impressed current
cathodic protection system, re-alkalization of the concrete, or
applying a sprayed zinc system at localized spalled and
delamination areas and inspecting the structure every 2 years.
Based on the modeling results, the owner decided to employ
the sprayed zinc option.
Conclusions
The primary deterioration mechanism of Launch Pad 39B

is the corrosion of the reinforcing steel from carbonationreleased chlorides present in the concrete mixture at the time
of construction.
The reinforcing steel cover depth measurements for the
walls indicated a wide variability from wall to wall in the
catacombs. The relatively large variability resulted in a steady
projected corrosion damage in the walls from the present to
about twice the value in 40 years. The ceiling damage rate
projections are greater than the wall damage rate estimates.
The estimated distance in front of the carbonation front,
where corrosion initiates, has a relatively large impact on the
increase in estimated corrosion damage. A selection of d = 5 mm
(0.2 in.) was a better estimate than greater assumed values.
Modeling results were used to provide input in selecting
repair and rehabilitation options along with other criteria as
required by additional service life and budget constraints.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge CTLGroup, Skokie, IL, who performed on-site
corrosion-related testing and the laboratory testing of the concrete and
reinforcing steel specimens. Appreciation is extended to Steve Laux,
John Schmitt, and Nick Pontillo of Jones Edmunds & Associates for their
assistance in procuring historical documents, site history, and guidance,
and to Rod Powers for his technical review of the report from which this
article was derived.
References
1. ASTM A615/A615M, Standard Specification for Deformed
and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA.
2. Angst, U.; Elsener, B.; Larsen, C.K.; and Vennesland, ., Critical
Chloride Content in Reinforced Concrete A Review, Cement and
Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 12, 2009, pp. 1122-1138.
3. Broomfield, J.P., Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding,
Investigation and Repair, second edition, Taylor and Francis, 2007, 296 pp.
4. Brown, M.C., Corrosion Protection Service Life of Epoxy Coated
Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks, dissertation in Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, VA, May 2002, 269 pp.
5. ASTM C876, Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of
Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 1991.
6. Balakkumarun, S.S.G., Corrosion Testing and Modeling of
Chloride-Induced Corrosion Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Decks,
dissertation in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, Mar. 2012, 229 pp.
7. Launch Pad 39B Infrastructure Study, PCN 98656, Center Operations
Directorate, John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA, KSC-TA-9122,
Mar. 25, 2008, 185 pp.
8. Sags, A.A., Modeling the Effects of Corrosion on the Lifetime
of Extended Reinforced Concrete Structures, Corrosion, V. 59, No. 10,
Oct. 2003, pp. 854-866.
9. Bertolini, L.; Elsener, B.; Pedeferri, P.; and Polder, R.B., Corrosion
of Steel in Concrete, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2004, 392 pp.
10. Williamson, G.S.; Weyers, R.E.; Brown, M.C.; Ramniceanu, A.;
and Sprinkel, M.M., Validation of Probability-Based Chloride-Induced
Corrosion Service-Life Model, ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 4,
July-Aug. 2008, pp. 375-380.
Received and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
Richard E. Weyers, FACI, is the Virginia

Tech Charles E. Via Jr. Professor Emeritus,
Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. He has
over 40 years of consulting and teaching
experience in concrete durability,
corrosion of steel in concrete, and
service life modeling. He is a member
of ACI Committees 222, Corrosion of
Metals in Concrete; 345, Concrete Bridge Construction, Maintenance, and Repair; and 365, Service Life Prediction. He received
his BS, MS, and PhD in civil engineering from the Pennsylvania
State University, State College, PA.
ACI member Alberto A. Sags is a
distinguished university professor, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of South Florida, Tampa, FL. He is also
a Fellow of NACE International. For the
last three decades he has conducted
research in the area of corrosion and
durability of infrastructure engineering
materials. He received his PhD from
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Jerzy Z. Zemajtis is Senior Engineer,
ACI, Farmington Hills, MI. He has
over 20 years of design, research,
and consulting experience in areas of
bridges, concrete durability, service
life modeling, and corrosion protection
planning. He received his BS and MS in
civil engineering from Gdask University
of Technology, Gdask, Poland, and his
PhD in civil engineering from Virginia
Tech. At the time of Launch Pad 39B investigation, he was Senior
Engineer at CTLGroup, Skokie, IL.
53
Industry
Focus
Ozinga Bros. Born to Build Campaign and
Super Nano Trucks Gaming App
Ozinga Bros., Inc., partnered with area creative agency

Cultivate, Inc., to develop an advertising campaign titled
Born to Build. The developers hope to honor construction
workers by celebrating their hard work, perseverance, and
sacrifice of recognizing their specialized knowledge and
experience. Part of the campaign includes a video game for
children: Super Nano Trucksis an iOS gaming app targeted
for ages 3 to 8 and modeled after Ozinga Bros. real concrete
production method. Children learn how different amounts of
stone, sand, cement, and water are combined to create
large-scale construction projects. Additional features include a
CB radio to interact with six different construction workers,
awards for completing safety challenges, and authentic factory
dials used to create concrete.
CTLGroup-Qatar Grand Opening Ceremony

in Doha
CTLGroup announced the opening of its new laboratory in

Doha, Qatar. CTLGroup-Qatar conducts a wide range of
testing services for concrete, cementitious materials, aggregates,
building systems, soils, and asphalt. CTLGroups President
and CEO Brent Nixon, and Chief Operating Officer Tim
Tonyan, along with more than 60 stakeholders, attended the
May 28, 2015, grand opening ceremony in Doha.
Bob Moore Construction Wins Chris Kyle

Trophy at Fundraising Competition for
Boot Campaign
Bob Moore Constructions team received the Chris Kyle

Trophy for winning the third annual Redneck Triathlon, a
private fundraising event sponsored by Boot Campaign, a
nonprofit company that provides vital assistance to U.S.

military veterans and their families. The triathlon took place
on June 6, 2015, and featured 24 teams sponsored by
businesses in north Texas. Each team comprised representatives from their company, matched up with a combat
veteran. The triathlon featured two dozen challenges that
included balloon launches, archery, and chipping golf balls
at targets. As the team with the most points at the end of the
event, Bob Moore Constructions team Bob Moore Bubbas
earned possession of the Chris Kyle Trophy for the next
year. While the tone of the Texas Redneck Triathlon is
light-hearted, it serves a serious purpose in raising funds.
This years Redneck Triathlon raised almost $100,000 for
Boot Campaign.
Western Waterproofing Company Celebrating

100th Anniversary
Owned and operated by third-generation Bishop family

members, Western Waterproofing Company recently
celebrated its 100th anniversary with a cocktail reception
and gala at the historic St. Louis Union Station, St. Louis,
MO. To mark the occasion, Western unveiled its new name,
logo, and tagline. The Western Construction Group and its
30+ branches and member companies, which had been doing
business under their original names (Western Waterproofing,
Company, Brisk Waterproofing, Peoria Roofing, Western
Facades, and Harry S. Peterson Co.), will be known as
Western Specialty Contractors Confidence Through
Performance. Westerns new logo is an evolution of the
former logo, keeping the Western name and a refreshed
water drop icon with an updated blue color. A website and
video highlighting the 100th anniversary and rebranding
efforts have also been developed.
E-Z Drill Expands Manufacturing Plant
Errata for ACI Publications
Available Online
Under the menu for Publications at
www.concrete.org, document errata can be
searched by document number or keywords.
Call ACI Member Services at +1.248.848.3700 for
more information.
54
E-Z Drills new factory expansion increases its production

capacity by adding more than 7500 ft2 (700 m2) of floor space,
roughly 20% more room, to its 36,355 ft2 (3400 m2) factory in
Perry, OK. The expansion will house an office and a new
shipping and receiving area, as well as make room for E-Z
Drills growing welding department.
Cind-R-Lite Brings a Sustainable Masonry

Alternative to Las Vegas
Cind-R-Lite Block Company is bringing innovative

technologies to the Las Vegas, NV, building market by
partnering with CarbonCure. Cind-R-Lite is now equipped to
provide designers with greener masonry that makes use of
captured carbon dioxide. It is using recycled carbon dioxide as
an ingredient to make greener concrete products.
Products &
Practice
Hydropad Wash Rack System
Hydro Engineerings Hydropad systems are used to efficiently wash vehicles, equipment, or hardware. The systems are
platforms engineered to capture effluent and divert it to a Hydrokleen water filtration system and send filtered water back out
to the Hydroblaster washing system for nearly 100% water efficiency. Hydropad portable wash racks are also designed for
maneuverability as well as safe set-up and tear-down. Weight load capacities can reach anywhere from 2 to 70 tons
(1.8 to 63 tonnes) of equipment. A single Hydropads dimensions are 8 x 20 ft (2.4 x 6.1 m), and they can be linked together
to accommodate a variety of needs. Hydropads can include optional side wall panels to capture overspray. These panels
range in size from up to 6 ft (1.8 m) outdoors to 12 ft (3.7 m) high indoors and can be configured to be included on one side
of the Hydropad or on all sides.
Hydro Engineering, Inc., www.hydroblaster.com
RDS-15 Mobile Crusher
IROCK Crushers RDS-15 Horizontal Impact Crushing Plant is a compact

crushing and screening system that provides increased efficiency and the precision
to produce a uniform product. While it can process a variety of materials, the
RDS-15 is ideal for processing materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement.
Powered by a 350-hp Caterpillar C-9 ACERT Tier 3 engine, the unit can process
up to 350 tons (317 tonnes) per hour. The entire plant is self-contained and includes
an on-board power supply and three electrical outlets for powering optional
auxiliary conveyors. An electronic hydraulic clutch reduces power loss and increases
fuel efficiency. The units closed circuit design gives operators the option of recirculating material requiring further sizing.
IROCK Crushers, www.irockcrushers.com
BM-TSM Tilt Switch
BinMaster tilt switch, used for high-level detection of powders and bulk solids, mounts on the top of the bin and
activates an alarm when material rises and tilts the switching mechanism 15 degrees. The shaft of the tilt switch is
custom-made in lengths from 1 to 8 ft (0.3 to 2.4 m), depending on the distance from the top of the bin that an alert
should be activated. The BM-TSM is available with either a paddle or sphere mounted at the end of the shaft and can be
used in material with a bulk density of at least 15 lb/ft3 (240 kg/m3). This switch can be used as an alternative to a topmounted rotary level indicator and is suitable for a variety of solid materials. The mechanical design is rugged and
operates reliably in a wide range of temperatures and is tough enough to withstand the harshness of granules and lump
solid materials. A protective boot protects the tilt mechanism and ensures long operational life.
BinMaster, www.binmaster.com
Hilti Breaker TE 1000-AVR
The Hilti Breaker TE 1000-AVR features HiDrive technology which helps deliver 19 ft-lb (26 J) of
impact energy for outstanding demolition performance and productivity. It can be used for a variety of
applications, including light to medium demolition of concrete slabs and foundations and tamping
earthwork. TE 1000-AVR also features a Power Reduction Switch for up to 30% less impact for
precision work. A switched reluctance motor helps provide stable performance with power fluctuations
from generators or extension cords. The TE-SP Wave Chisel helps to avoid excessive leveraging to
unstick chisels on tough jobs. Its new wave design produces up to a 30% increase in speed during
concrete demolition by reducing friction between the chisel body and base material, leaving a wider
opening for fast debris removal.
Hilti, Inc., www.us.hilti.com
55
Products & Practice
Bosch GLM 30, 35, and 40 Laser Measures
Bosch GLM 30, 35, and 40 measures extend the pocketsize GLM 15 with more features and
greater accuracy. These laser measures provide greater range of 100, 120, and 135 ft (30, 37, and
41 m), repectively, with accuracy of 1/16 in. (2 mm). A simple keypad provides users the option
to select length, area, volume, and indirect measurements. The user is instantly measuring in real
time as soon as the laser measure is turned on. The measurements change instantaneously as the
user moves farther or closer to the target. Easy computation of area comes with just two clicks of
the button; volume with three clicks. Backlighting allows users to see information in dark areas.
The GLM 40 provides all the functionality of the GLM 30 and GLM 35, plus the ability to store
up to 10 measurements. The unit also comes with target cards, a hand strap, and a pouch.
Bosch, www.boschtools.com
BV30 Vibrating Screed
Atlas Copcos BV30 screed weighs 28 lb (13 kg) and is available with five
blade sizes, ranging from 6 to 14 ft (2 to 4 m) long. The variety of blade sizes
provides contractors the flexibility to use the screed on both small- and large-scale
jobs. The screed is equipped with a V-shaped, rigid bottom plate that prevents the
blade from twisting to ensure stable and consistent leveling. This single-beam
vibrating screed provides a height-adjustable, foldable handle for easy operation
and transportation. It can be maneuvered by one user and consolidate concrete up
to 5 in. (127 mm) deep.
Atlas Copco, www.atlascopco.com
C860 Volumetric Mixers
Cemen Techs C860 Volumetric Mixers feature a new electronic control panel. The panel allows users in the field to track the
exact flow of admixtures and water. All of the information is displayed on digital readouts, including the total volume of
concrete produced during each placement. The GPS Tracking Solution provides tracking of the mixers location and will alert
managers when and where a mixer stops, as well as how many times the mixer runs each day.
Cemen Tech, www.cementech.com
Pecafil Universal Formwork Systems
Franks Pecafil is an easy-to-use formwork system for the fast and economical construction of ground beams, pile caps, and
box-outs. Additionally, Pecafil can be used for forming ribbed slabs as well as for providing weather and dust protection. It
consists of a special steel grid with varying bar diameters and a heat shrunk polyethylene film. Pecafil is mainly used as lost
formwork, but can also be reused in certain applications.
Frank, www.maxfrank.com
56
Products & Practice
Topcon Android app for LN-100 Layout Navigator
Topcon Positioning Group released an app designed to drive the LN-100 Layout Navigator
system: MAGNET Construct. The app is built to provide productivity with LN-100W hardware.
MAGNET Construct provides optional connectivity with MAGNET Enterprise for real-time
data exchange from active project sites to and from the office within a users private company
account. MAGNET Construct is available for Android users to download for free on the Google
Play store.
Topcon Positioning Group, www.topconpositioning.com
Design Loads on Structures during Construction (37-14)
Prepared by the Design Loads on Structures during Construction Standards Committee of the Codes and Standards Activities
Division of the Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Design Loads on Structures
during Construction, ASCE/SEI 37-14, describes the minimum design requirements for construction loads, load combinations,
and load factors affecting buildings and other structures that are under construction. It addresses partially completed structures
as well as temporary support and access structures used during construction. The loads specified are suitable for use either with
strength design criteria, such as ultimate strength design and load and resistance factor design, or with allowable stress design
criteria. The loads are applicable to all conventional construction methods. Topics include: load factors and load combinations;
dead and live loads; construction loads; lateral earth pressure; and environmental loads.
ASCE Publications, www.asce.org/publications
Price: $80; 48 pp.; ISBN: 9780784413098
fib Bulletin 75: Polymer-Duct Systems for Internal Bonded

Post-Tensioning
fib Bulletin 75 updates and amends fib Bulletin 7, Corrugated plastic ducts
for internal bonded post-tensioning, a technical report published in 2000. The
updated bulletin includes new information on the design and detailing of
concrete structures containing tendons with polymer ducts. The recommendation provides detailed test specifications for polymer materials, duct components, and duct systems. The report contains recommendations for approval
testing and attestations of conformity for polymer-duct systems.
fib, www.fib-international.org
57
Product
Showcase
Reinforcement
Anchoring System for Overhead GFRC Panels for Subway Station Retrofit
CINTEC America will supply a new anchoring system for glass fiber-reinforced
concrete (GFRC) ceiling panels for the New York City (NYC) Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) subway station platforms at the 168th and 181st Street
stations. On-site testing validated the strength and effectiveness of the anchors, which
now support the over 2000 lb (900 kg) ceiling panels firmly in place. CINTEC
anchors are typically stainless steel in various grades. They are installed in oversized
holes drilled in the structure. The anchor body and a surrounding fabric sock is
inserted in each hole, and the socks are filled with a micro-cement grout.
CINTEC America, http://cintec.com
Kodi Klip K-Klips
Kodi Klip K-Klips for reinforcing bar fastening are molded from recycled polycarbonate resin, a type of thermoplastic
known for high-impact strength and heat resistance. K-Klips wont crack, break, or deform. In addition, K-Klips cant rust,
wont degrade, and wont scratch or damage epoxy-coated steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer bars. They are ideal for marine or
other harsh applications because they dont corrode or abrade. K-Klips are color-coded by size, making them easy to distinguish
and inspect. They firmly grip any cross, parallel, or vertical reinforcing bar connection joint, and they work on form spacers,
cage assemblies, and high-density mats. The uniform holding strength provided at every reinforcing bar fastening joint eliminates unwanted motion and produces stronger reinforcing bar grids and mats.
Kodi Klip, http://kodiklip.com
MCI Coating for Rebar
Cortecs MCI (Migratory Corrosion Inhibitor) Coating for

Rebar is a water-based, environmentally friendly product that
provides corrosion protection for bars in outside storage as well as
corrosion resistance for embedded reinforcing bars. The coating
can be used for long-term indoor protection (up to 5 years) and
short- to medium-term (6 to 24 months) unsheltered outdoor
protection. Cortecs patented MCI technology also protects
reinforcing bars in concrete. It is dilutable with water and does not
affect concrete adhesion to reinforcing bars.
Cortec Corporation, www.cortecvci.com
ITW Red Head Tapcon+ Screw Anchor
ITW Red Head Tapcon+ concrete screw anchor is an IBC-compliant product approved for use in cracked and uncracked
concrete and seismic zones. It can be used for applications such as drywall, railings, racking and conveyor systems, and steel
column base plates. Tapcon+ uses patented Advanced Threadform Technology to tap and engage the concrete, as well as Blue
ClimaSeal for corrosion protection. The induction hardened tip also bites into concrete. Three anchor diameters are available:
1/4, 3/8, and 1/2 in. (6, 10, and 13 mm), ranging in length from 2-1/4 to 6 in. (57 to 152 mm).
ITW Red Head, www.itwredhead.com
58
Product Showcase
CFS Fibers
Steel fiber manufacturer Concrete Fiber Solutions (CFS) products meet

ASTM and ANSI/SDI standards. Available in multiple sizes to accommodate
projects from light commercial to heavy industrial, CFS slit-sheet fibers
provide temperature and shrinkage reinforcement. CFS manufactures two
reinforcing steel fibers: CFS 100-2 and CFS 150-5. CFS 100-2 is an
ASTM A820/A820M Type II fiber, engineered for heavy industrial work and
special design projects. The fibers measure 1 in. (25 mm) in length with an
aspect ratio of 43. They are designed to ensure no fibers appear at a slab
surface. CFS 100-2 fibers are sold including design servicesa computerized
calculation to assess load conditions for each project. CFS 150-5 is an ASTM A820/A820M Type V fiber
designed for commercial, light industrial work, and composite steel decks. The fibers measure 1.5 in. (38 mm)
in length with an aspect ratio of 38.
Concrete Fiber Solutions, www.concretefibersolutions.com
DiamondShield Glass Fiber Mesh
BASF Corporations DiamondShield is a mesh engineered to provide crack suppression and isolation in stucco wall
systems. It is a balanced, open-grid, triaxial glass fiber mesh for use with BASF acrylic base coats as an overlay. DiamondShield is applied over new or existing stucco (portland cement plaster) systems and distributes stress across three directions,
which improves the tensile and flexural strength of stucco. The result is greater crack resistance properties for improved
building aesthetics.
BASF Corporation, www.basf.com
Burke Lockable Dowel and Double Shear Dowel
Meadow Burkes Burke Lockable Dowel and the Burke Double

Shear Dowel are being used in the construction of the Dallas
Cowboys training complex in Frisco, TX. The complex, which was
named The Star, will serve as the Dallas Cowboys headquarters
and will include a 12,000 seat arena with an indoor practice field,
two outdoor practice fields, office buildings, restaurants, retail sites,
and a hotel. The Burke Lockable Dowel helps to eliminate pour
strips in large placements and post-tensioned construction. With a
smooth dowel in a rectangular slot, the Burke Lockable Dowel
allows contraction movement in two directions while also carrying
the gravity loads once the concrete has reached its designed compressive strength. The Burke Double Shear Dowel is being used in
the construction as a connection for beams.
Meadow Burke, http://meadowburke.com
Grove Products Horseshoe Shims
Grove Products, Inc., announced the new 3/16 x 1-1/2 x 2 in. (5 x 38 x 51 mm)
horseshoe shim available in orange. Shaped to fit around a bolt or anchor,
Grove Shims are easy to use for levelling and aligning dead loads. The
U-shaped shims are sized to fit around a 1/2 in. (13 mm) bolt or anchor point.
The shims are also available in a noncombustible form.
Grove Products, Inc., www.groveproductsinc.com
59
Calls for
Papers
Symposium on Concrete Pipe and Box Culverts
Meeting: ASTM International Symposium on Concrete
Pipe and Box Culverts, December 7, 2016, in Orlando, FL;
sponsored by ASTM Committee C13, Concrete Pipe.
Solicited: Papers are invited on design and installation
new design methods, including a comparison of direct versus
indirect methods, innovations in installation methods and
equipment and comparison of innovations with historical
practices; history and development of concrete pipe and
ASTM Committee C13 standardshistory of concrete pipe
production and manufacturing methodology, development and
evolution of specifications and specifying concrete pipe
products; innovative case histories of successful installation
and uses of concrete pipe; and new technologynew design
methods, unique applications, and the use of new materials
and admixtures, such as fly ash or high-strength concrete.
Requirements: To participate in the symposium,
presenters/authors must submit the online abstract submittal
form and attach a 250- to 300-word preliminary abstract.
Visit www.astm.org/C13CFP1216 for abstract submittal.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by November 23, 2015.
Contact: Additional technical information is available
from symposium Co-Chairs John J. Meyer, Wales, WI,
+1.262.565.7795; and Josh Beakley, American Concrete Pipe
Association, Irving, TX, +1.972.506.7216.
Evaluation and Response of Bridges Subjected

to Non-Conventional Live or Extreme Loads
Meeting: Technical session on Evaluation and Response

of Bridges Subjected to Non-Conventional or Extreme Loads
at The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition, October 23-27,
2016, in Philadelphia, PA; sponsored by ACI Committee 345,
Concrete Bridge Construction, Maintenance, and Repair, and
cosponsored by ACI Committees 341, Earthquake-Resistant
Concrete Bridges; 342, Evaluation of Concrete Bridges and
Bridge Elements; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 343,
Concrete Bridge Design.
Solicited: The special session will emphasize the performance of constructed bridges and their elements when
subjected to nonconventional live or extreme loads such as
tsunami, landslide, impacts, and nonstandard vehicular traffic.
Presentations will include a variety of technical aspects such
as the failure mechanisms and characteristics of constructed
concrete bridge members, seismic energy dissipation, performance monitoring and evaluation, alternative design
approaches, damage assessment, and structural rehabilitation.
Both experimental and analytical investigations are of interest.
The session will highlight recent research findings and provide
an opportunity to discuss present challenges and technical
issues associated with the integrity of structures subjected to
60
these events. Critical information will be imparted to those

who will lead tomorrows bridge design and construction,
including practicing engineers, government officials, and
academics. An ACI special publication will be published.
Requirements: 1) presentation/paper title; 2) author/
speaker name(s), title, organization, and contact information;
and 3) an abstract of 200 words.
Deadlines: Abstracts are due by November 30, 2015; final
papers are due by April 30, 2016.
Send to: Yail Jimmy Kim, University of Colorado, Denver,
jimmy.kim@ucdenver.edu; Sri Sritharan, Iowa State University,
sri@iastate.edu; and Devin Harris, University of Virginia,
dharris@virginia.edu.
History of Concrete
Meeting: Technical session on History of Concrete at

The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition, October 23-27,
2016, in Philadelphia, PA; sponsored by ACI Committee 120,
History of Concrete.
Solicited: Based on the history of cement production in
Pennsylvanias Lehigh Valley, presentations on cement
powders such as lime mortars, natural cement, early
masonry, or portland cement are sought; however, presentations
on other topics related to the history of design, construction,
cementitious powders, and concrete practices would also be
considered. Presentations will be 15 to 20 minutes in length.
Any type of physical artifact is also encouraged.
Requirements: 1) presentation title; 2) author/speaker
name(s), title, organization, and contact information; and 3) a
one-page abstract.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by January 15, 2016.
Send to: Ryan Scott, Essroc Italcementi Group,
ryan.scott@essroc.com.
ACI Young Professional Essay Contest
Event: ACI Committee S806, Young Professional Activities

(YPA), promotes participation of young professionals in the
ACI community through an essay contest.
Solicited: Entries are invited on the theme of how young
professionals have been engaged with ACI and how that has
given them an edge in the workplace. An application form
can be found at http://www.concrete.org/Portals/0/Files/PDF/
Young_Professionals_Essay_Contest_Application.pdf.
Requirements: 1) the essay must be kept to two pages in
length, typed in 12-point font, with 1 in. margins, on lettersize (8.5 x 11 in.) paper; 2) any references should be cited
correctly and the reference list shall be part of the two-page
document; and 3) all applicants must have been in a concreteor construction-related industry for less than 8 years. Years
spent as a full-time student studying a construction-related
Calls for Papers

field do not count toward these 8 years. Current students and
faculty members are not eligible.
Deadline: Essays are due by January 31, 2016.
Send to: Kathy Rockwell, Young Professional Essay
Contest, ACI, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI
48331, or e-mail: kathy.rockwell@concrete.org.
Symposium on Computational Design Issues

in Concrete Structures
Meeting: Mini-symposium on Computational Design Issues

in Concrete, Steel and Composite Structures as part of the
2016 International Conference on Advances in Computational
Design (ICACD16), August 28-September 1, 2016, Jeju Island,
Korea; organized by Thomas Kang, Seoul National University.
Solicited: The title of the mini-symposium is Computational
Design Issues on Concrete, Steel and Composite Structures,
which is a part of ICACD16. ICACD16 is held jointly with
several other international conferences under the umbrella of
the 2016 World Congress on Advances in Civil, Environmental,
and Materials Research at the International Convention Center

Jeju, located on the southern coast of Jeju Island (a UNESCO
World Natural Heritage and New Seven Wonders of Nature
site). Those who have interests in computational or computeraided design issues for concrete structures are invited to
submit abstracts.
Requirements: Instructions on preparing proceeding
papers/abstracts are available at http://acem16.com.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by March 30, 2016.
Contact: Thomas Kang, Co-Chair, ICACD16,
e-mail: tkang@snu.ac.kr.
Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines

Calls for papers should be submitted no later than 3 months prior to the
deadline for abstracts. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations
being solicited, abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact
information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International,
38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; e-mail: Keith.Tosolt@
concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.
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testers. The following tests are included:
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ASTM C151 Autoclave Expansion
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ASTM C187 Normal Consistency
ASTM C191 Vicat Time of Setting

ASTM C204 Blaine Fineness
ASTM C266 Gillmore Time of Setting
ASTM C1437 Flow of Mortar
Additionally, the video includes a review of safety, equipment, and the laboratory
environment. Each chapter reviews the equipment specific to the ASTM test, the test
procedure to follow, and the calculation of the result. Helpful tips are provided throughout
to improve the technicians knowledge and technique.
Check out a preview clip on YouTube; search for ACI testing cement training
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Details can be found at

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bookstore for EDPTCT13.
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63
Public
Discussion
ACI draft standards open for public discussion that are being processed through ACIs ANSI-approved standardization
procedures can be found at www.concrete.org/discussion. These are not yet official ACI standards.
Document number
Title
Open for
discussion
Discussion
closes
CT
Concrete Terminology
11/1/2015
12/15/2015
Proposed Standard
Concrete Terminology
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved processing the subject document through ACIs Standardization
Procedure in August 2014, as did the ACI Standards Board in October 2015.
Therefore, this draft document is open for public discussion from November 1, 2015, until December 15, 2015. The document appears on the ACI website, www.concrete.org/discussion.
Pertinent discussion will be available on ACIs website and announced in a future issue of Concrete International if received
no later than December 15, 2015. Comments should be e-mailed to discussion@concrete.org.
Formwork for Concrete

Completely revised and updated; still the formwork reference of choice
al
An ACI Manu
r
Formwork fo
te
Conc8 re
Edition
th
The 8th Edition, authored by David W. Johnston, North Carolina

State University, is a major revision of the document to bring it
up-to-date with Guide to Formwork for Concrete (ACI 347R-14).
Revisions include referencing current standards and practices,
removing outdated or irrelevant material, adding content on new
developments in formwork technology and practice, and updating
the look and layout of the document.
An ACI best-selling document
SP-4 (14)
Allowable strength design

and load and resistance factor
design examples
Updated to current standards
Chapter problems for

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Formwork for Concrete, 8th Edition, 2014, 512 pp. Order Code: SP48TH, $249.50 (ACI members $149.00)
64
Sinopsis en espaol
Control de calidad de la durabilidad del hormign
Gjrv, Odd E., Concrete International, V. 37, N. 11,
noviembre de 2015, pgs. 38-43
En 2010 se termin un nuevo complejo compuesto por una
serie de edificios comerciales y de apartamentos en la zona
portuaria de Oslo, Noruega. El complejo se construy sobre
subestructuras de hormign colocadas hasta 20 metros (66
pies) de profundidad en agua marina. El proyecto lo llevaron a cabo dos contratistas distintos. Para alcanzar la vida
til especificada de 300 aos, el primer contratista aplic el
modelo DURACON (siglas en ingls de Durability Design
of Concrete Structures, diseo de durabilidad de estructuras
de hormign) para seleccionar el grosor de la cubierta, las
proporciones de la mezcla de hormign y los materiales de refuerzo; y el segundo contratista sigui los requisitos normativos de durabilidad especificados en las normas europeas sobre
hormign vigentes en ese momento con algunos requisitos y
medidas de proteccin adicionales. Se compara el rendimiento
de los dos contratistas.
Evaluacin del estado de la rampa de lanzamiento 39B
Weyers, R.E.; Sags, A.A.; y Zemajtis, J.Z., Concrete
International, V. 37, N. 11, noviembre de 2015, pgs. 45-53
El reto de predecir la resistencia al corte de losas muy

gruesas
Collins, M.P.; Bentz, E.C.; Quach, P.T.; and Proestos, G.T.,
Concrete International, V. 37, N. 11, noviembre de 2015,
pgs. 29-37
Para investigar la resistencia al corte de losas muy gruesas, se
construy una muestra que representaba una lnea de corte en
una losa de 4 metros (13 pies) de grosor y se aplic una carga
en un punto descentrado para provocar el fallo. Antes de la
prueba, se invit a los ingenieros a compartir sus predicciones
en cuanto a la magnitud de la carga requerida para provocar el
fallo de la muestra, el punto en el que se producira el primer
fallo y la magnitud de la carga requerida para provocar el fallo
si los tramos de corte hubieran contenido armadura de corte
mnima, as como la respuesta a la deformacin de la carga
de la muestra real. Estas predicciones, adems de las predicciones de resistencia basadas en los cdigos de diseo de
Norteamrica y Europa, se compararon con los resultados experimentales. La conclusin fue que muchas de las predicciones eran muy poco conservadoras, incluidas las predicciones
de resistencia basadas en los requisitos del cdigo ACI 318,
lo que insta a los autores a recomendar el uso de, al menos, la
armadura de corte mnima en losas muy gruesas.
Despus de 40 aos de servicio, se ha llevado a cabo una

investigacin detallada del estado de la rampa de lanzamiento
39B del Centro Espacial John F. Kennedy. Se identificaron las
condiciones de exposicin medioambiental del hormign y se
desarroll una investigacin tras una visita inicial. Se evaluaron el hormign y el acero reforzado mediante el uso de mediciones de resistencia del hormign, potencial de corrosin,
tasa de corrosin, contenido en cloruro y profundidad de la
carbonatacin. Los resultados demostraron que la corrosin
del acero reforzado estaba causada por los cloruros liberados
en la carbonatacin del hormign. Tambin se desarroll un
modelo de deterioro de la vida til y se proyectaron las tasas
de deterioro para futuros requisitos de mantenimiento.
65
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67
Concrete
Q&A
Designing Anchors and Their
Attachments for Tensile Loading
Q.
We use anchor bolts to fasten elevator equipment

(controllers, guide rail brackets, machines, and
buffer stands) to the building elevator shaft or
hoistway walls, machine room floors, and pit floors. For
seismic applications, where the seismic load is 100% of the
total factored load, are we allowed to use the requirement
D.3.3.4.3(c) in ACI 318-111 to design the anchor bolts as
long as we follow the requirements in D.3.3.4.4? I just want
to confirm that anchor bolts used to fasten elevator equipment
do not have to follow D.3.3.4.3(a) as long as the design
follows D.3.3.4.3(c) and D.3.3.4.4.
A.
A short answer to your question is YES. First, the

tensile component of the strength-level earthquake force exceeds 20% of the total factored
anchor tensile force associated with the same load combination.
So, Section D.3.3.4.2 of ACI 318-11 indicates that Section
D.3.3.4.3 is to be used for determining anchor design tensile
strength. According to Section D.3.3.4.3: Anchors and their
attachments shall satisfy one of options (a) through (d). So,
using only option (c) meets this requirement.
When using D.3.3.4.3(c), you are designing the anchor or
group of anchors for the maximum tension that can be
transmitted to the anchors by a non-yielding attachment. It
means that, for example, if your design load from ASCE/
SEI 7-102 is 10 kip (44.5 kN) in tension, but the non-yielding
attachment is actually able to take a nominal load of 20 kip
(89 kN), then the anchorage needs to be designed for the
20 kip load. You are also calculating the anchor design
tensile strength (to resist earthquake forces) using Section
D.3.3.4.4 of ACI 318-11. This section requires you to
consider items (a) through (e) (where is in accordance with
Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents and have
been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members of ACI technical
committees. The answers do not represent the official position of an ACI
committee. Only a published committee document represents the formal
consensus of the committee and the Institute.
We invite comment on any of the questions and answers published in this
column. Write to the Editor, Concrete International, 38800 Country Club
Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; contact us by fax at +1.248.848.3701;
or e-mail Rex.Donahey@concrete.org.
68
D.4.3 or D.4.4) for the failure modes provided in Table D.4.1.1,

included herein for reference, with an assumption that
concrete is cracked unless it can be demonstrated that it
remains uncracked. Because concrete does not fail in a ductile
manner when failing in tension, the intent of the Code is to
force the tension failure to occur away from the anchorage in
the event of a seismic force overload.
References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
2. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
(ASCE/SEI 7-10), American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA,
2013, 636 pp.
Fall 2015 | Denver

The Concrete Convention
and Exposition
Thank you to our Exhibitors and Sponsors!
The Concrete Convention

and Exposition
November 8-12, 2015 Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel, Denver, CO
Sponsors
Aspen
Rocky Mountain Chapter ACI

Colorado Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Aggregate Industries
Baker Concrete Construction
Holcim (US) Inc.
Vail
BASF Corporation
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GCC of America
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CEMEX
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GH Phipps Construction Companies
Kumar & Associates, Inc.
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Loveland
Breckenridge
Bestway Concrete Company

CTL/Thompson, Inc.
Martin/Martin
Martin Marietta
Metro Mix, LLC
PCA Rocky Mountain and Northwest Region
Winter Park
AMSYSCO, Inc.
Carolinas Chapter ACI
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Arkansas Chapter ACI
Castle Rock Construction Company of Colorado
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Concrete Industry Board, New York City Chapter ACI
CR Minerals
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The Concrete Industry Board
Eldora
Bates Engineering, Inc.

Boral Materials Technologies
SDG, Inc. Consulting Structural Engineers
Beer Garden
DRP Consulting, Inc.

Fall Line Testing and Inspection, LCC
Intelligent Concrete
Rocky Mountain Chapter ACI
Exhibitors
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BASF Corporation
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Composite Rebar Technologies
Concrete Dcor Magazine
Concrete Sealants, Inc.
Construction Materials Engineering Council, Inc
Decon USA Inc.
ELE International
ERICO
Euclid Chemical Company
FORNEY LP
GCC of America, Inc.
Germann Instruments, Inc.
Giatec Scientific Inc.
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Sensors & Software Inc.
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Sika Corporation
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Solidia Technologies
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Trimble Construction Logistics
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Xypex Chemical Corporation
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Visit the exhibit hall in Denver to learn more about

these companies. A complete listing is available
online at www.aciconvention.org as well as in
The Concrete Convention App.

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NOVEMBER 2015 V. 37 No.

Sustainability & Resilience

Finite element analysis & design of reinforced, precast

Design & investigation

Finite element analysis & design of reinforced concrete

StructurePoints suite of productivity tools are so easy to

Get New Solver for

Visit StructurePoint.org to download your trial copy

Partnerships to Build a Sustainable Tomorrow

2013 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved.

Visit www.ACI Certification.org for:

CCRL LAB TOUR

To schedule your lab for CCRL inspection, and to

Upcoming tour locations are:

NOVEMBER 2015 V. 37 No. 11

The Challenge of Predicting the Shear Strength of Very

Quality Control for Concrete Durability

Condition Assessment of Launch Pad 39B

A case study provides comparisons of work performed under

Knowledge to Practice: ACI Foundation

Awards at The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition

Memorial fellowship created to honor ACIs Dan Falconer

Recipients to be honored at the Opening Session in Denver, CO

Notable Concrete in Denver

Some examples of recent precast construction in the region

Designing Anchors and Their Attachments for Tensile Loading

John C. Glumb, CAE

Carl R. Bischof (Senior Editor),

55 Products & Practice

Gail L. Tatum (Senior Designer),

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

NOVEMBER 2015 | Ci | www.concreteinternational.com

n this months Presidents Memo,

American Concrete Institute

Executive Vice President

Michael J. Schneider Khaled W. Awad

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