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aM
nic
o
Sa nta M
LECTURE PLAN
Inglewood Field
Playa del Rey
Field
y
a Ba
onic
ta M
San
Potrero Field
Dominquez Field
Torrance Field
Pal
Hill os Ver
des
s
San P
edro
Bay
10 km
Rosecrons Fields
El Segundo Field
Location in California
Huntington Beach
Tidelands Pool
Oil-fields,
showing fold axis
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The active Maratea normal fault in southern Italy. The white stripe of fresh
rock was exposed by earthquakes that have uplifted the footwall mountains
of the fault.
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Course Homepage
Lecture
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Normal faults with the largest offsetting an impact crater in the Beta Regio
region of Venus
Contact Staff
9 10
Practical 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 8 9 10
Arabia
Africa
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overview
Carlsberg
Ridge
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Carlsberg
Ridge
Fault Tip
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overview
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overview
Strike-slip and normal faulting seen on a digital elevation model (DEM) collected
by the Space Shuttle (SRTM
data)
Extension across
normal faults in the
Basin and Range
San Francisco
U.S.A
San Andreas
Fault
San Andreas
Fault
Pacific
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overview
Termination
of the East Pacific Rise
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overview
Extension across
normal faults in the
Basin and Range
Continental
Margin
San Andreas
Fault
San Andreas
Fault
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Los Angeles
20
25
30
1.5
TWT (S)
100
300
1.7
200
100
500 m
contours (ms x 10)
LINE NUMBER
20
40
60
80
100
50
100
200
140
150
1.4
200
100
100
300
250
0
50
150
250
200
contours (ms)
120
1 km
50
TWT (S)
1.0
1.8
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text
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text
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= Fault Tips
Hw
Hw = Hangingwall
Fw = Footwall
Fw
UPLIFT
SUBSIDENCE
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text
1000000
100000
10000
1000
DISPLACEMENT
(metres)
100
10
1
D = 0.03L 1.06
0.1
0.01
= 0.97
0.001
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text
-3
-2
-1
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
LENGTH (metres)
Log-log plot of displacement versus length for various published fault populations.
Sources of data are indicated and show type of fault (N: normal, T: thrust, SS: strike-slip) and
number of data. Best-fit curve for all the data is shown. After Schlische et al. (1996).
400
0
-400
DATA
MODEL
-800
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text
-1200
(a)
ELEVATION (km)
-30
DEPTH (km)
-20
-10
Borah Peak
SW
NE
2
0
10
Qa
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text
-2
-30
0
VERT = 2x HORIZ
-20
-10
(b)
10
5
10
15
20 -30
MODEL
FAULT
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text
VERT = HORIZ
-20
-10
(c)
10
(a)
(b)
0 .2
0.1
0.1
0.05
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text
(a)
(b)
0.
0.1
0.05
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text
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text
This map shows the oil fields around the North Viking Graben
This cross-section illustrates the styles of faulting as seen on a deep seismic reflection profile
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This is a shaded image of the top prerift horizon compiled using 3D seismic
data. It is like looking at the buried
topography under the synrift and
postrift. Note the segmented nature of
the faults, and the fact that the
Gullfaks oilfield is in the crest of the
footwall.
This is an example of high resolution seismic reflection data from which the faults
are interpreted. Note the thickening into the fault that indicates that the fault was
active in Heather time (mid-Jurassic).
2) FAULT DISPLACEMENTS
Normal fault near Delphi, central Greece, juxtaposing
Mesozoic limestones against Pleistocene and Holocene
sediments. Note the striated nature of the fault surface.
Along most faults the following features can be recognised:a) Direction of movement
Lineations on the fault plane give the azimuth or bearing along
which displacement has occurred. Corrugations, grooves,
striations, stretched crystal fibres and slickolites are types of
lineation.
Striations
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Borehole
6
5
4
Hangingwall
Footwall
Hangingwall
6
5
4
3
2
3
2
1
1
Footwall
Cross-Section
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text
Borehole
10
9
Hangingwall
8
7
6
5
4 Footwall
Footwall
Hangingwall
6
5
4
3
2
1
Cross-Section
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text
Borehole
6
5
4
Hangingwall
6
5
4
3
2
Footwall
Hangingwall
3
2
1
1
Footwall
Cross-Section
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text
Amount of
Extension
or heave
Undeformed
Deformed
Throw
Displacement
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text
0
Upper Brittle Crust
3) EXTENSIONAL FAULTS
350 oC
Isotherm
Lower Plastic Crust
35 km
Moho
Mantle
Horst
Graben
Graben
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text
Domino Model
of tilted extensional
fault blocks
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Drainage flowing
through a transfer
zone
Fan
Emanuel J. M. WillemseDavid C. P.
PeacockAtilla Aydin, 1997. Nucleation and
growth of strike-slip faults in limestones
from Somerset, U.K., Journal of Structural
Geology, 19, 1461-1477
An L.-J. and C. G. Sammis, 1996.
Development of strike-slip faults: shear
experiments in granular materials and clay
using a new technique, Journal of Structural
Geology, 18, 1061-1077
Michel CorsiniAlain VauchezRenaud Caby,
1996. Ductile duplexing at a bend of a
continental-scale strike-slip shear zone:
example from NE Brazil, Journal of
Structural Geology, 18, 385-394
Aykut Barka, H. Serdar Akyz, Harvey A.
Cohen and Fred Watchorn, 2000. Tectonic
evolution of the Niksar and TasovaErbaa
pull-apart basins, North Anatolian Fault
Zone: their significance for the motion of the