You are on page 1of 11

6WXGLD3V\FKRORJLFD

8.6:
  V

$1'5=(-3$1.$//$
,QVW\WXW3V\FKRORJLL
8QLZHUV\WHWLP$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX

35=(:57.8/785$/,67<&=1<:36<&+2/2*,,"
31<-6%581(5,((%2(6&+
Culture upheaval in psychology? Late J.S. Bruner and E.E. Boesch
Abstract

The main aim of the study is to present symbolic action theory (SAT) of Swiss
psychologist E.E. Boesch, and late (presented comprehensively in The Culture of
Education in 1996) J. S. Bruners psychoculturalism as two perspectives having one aim
proposing a radical change in approach to understanding psychology: as antireductionistic
transdiscipline named cultural psychology with its subject of interest cultural being.
1LHMHVWHPE\RGSRF]WNXVWDRVLWRRF]\ZLVWH
DQLDQWURSRORJLHPDQLF]RZLHNLHPSRQDGNXOWXURZ\P
-HVWHPV]ZDMFDUVNLPSV\FKRORJLHP]HZV]HONLPLVWURQQLF]RFLDPL
LRJUDQLF]HQLDPLMDNLHQLHVLHWR]HVRE
%RHVFKV
&]\VWDSDPLF]\VWDP\O
F]\VWDSHUFHSFMDSURVW\F]DVUHDNFML
WRILNFMHF]DVDPLX\WHF]QH
QLHPQLHMMHGQDNILNFMH
%UXQHUV
QDV]DSU]HV]RE\DSRP\N
QLHSRUR]XPLHQLHPFRGRSU]HGPLRWXSV\FKRORJLL
%UXQHUV
:352:$'=(1,(

3U]HGPLRWHPDQDOL]\ZWHMSUDF\MHVWQDMQRZV]DKLVWRULD ZSU]\EOLHQLXRVWDW
QLH GZLH GHNDG\  LQWHUG\VF\SOLQ\ RNUHODQHM PLDQHP SV\FKRORJLL NXOWXURZHM
DF]DVHPGUXJLHMSV\FKRORJLL:OLWHUDWXU]HSU]HGPLRWXPyZLVLREHFQLHRSR
QRZQ\FKQDURG]LQDFKF]\UHDNW\ZDFML PLQ%RVNL%UXQHU
-DKRGD SHUVSHNW\Z\EDGDZF]HMPDMFHMVZHUyGDPLQZSUDF\:LOKHOPD
Wundta 9|ONHUSV\FKRORJLH]URNXDZLFZWUDG\FMLQLHHNVSHU\PHQWDOQ\FK



$1'5=(-3$1.$//$

[2]

EDGDKLVWRU\F]QRNXOWXURZ\FKZSV\FKRORJLL/DWDG]LHZLG]LHVLWHSRSU]HGQLH
JRZLHNXX]QDMHVL]DSRF]WNRZ\RNUHVLQWHQV\ZQHMDNW\ZQRFLSU]HGVWDZLFLHOL
QRZHMSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHM:URNX]DSU]\F]\Q-DDQD9DOVLQHUDSRZVWDMH
Z86$SLVPR&XOWXUH 3V\FKRORJ\IRUXPZ\PLDQ\P\OL]ZROHQQLNyZWHJRSR
GHMFLD:W\PRNUHVLHZ\GDQH]RVWDMWHSLHUZV]HREV]HUQHSUDFHPDMFHZW\WX
OHVRZRSV\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZD5LFKDUGD6KZHGHUD7KLQNLQJ7KURXJK&XOWXUHV
([SHGLWLRQV LQ &XOWXUDO 3V\FKRORJ\ ]  URNX L 0LFKDHOD &ROHD &XOWXUDO
3V\FKRORJ\ 7KH 2QFH DQG WKH )XWXUH 6FLHQFH ]  URNX 'R NDQRQX OLWHUDWX
U\ SV\FKRORJLL NXOWXURZHM ]DOLF]D VL WDNH SUDFH W]Z SyQHJR -HURPH %UXQHUD
DV]F]HJyOQLH7KH&XOWXUHRI(GXFDWLRQ]URNXNLHG\WR]GHF\GRZDQLHGHNOD
UXMHRQ]ZURWZVWURQNRQWHNVWXDOQHJRNXOWXURZHJRWUDNWRZDQLDP\OHQLDF]R
ZLHND$QQD%U]H]LVNDQD]\ZDWHQ]ZURWZSU]HGPRZLHGRSROVNLHJRZ\GDQLDWHM
NVLNL%UXQHUDSU]HMFLH P QDGUXJVWURQF]\OLZNLHUXQNXSV\FKRORJLLNXOWX
URZHM %U]H]LVNDZ%UXQHUV;9 
=HZ]JOGXQDLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQ\FKDUDNWHUEDGDSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHMLQLH
GRUHSUH]HQWRZDQLH Z RSUDFRZDQLDFK QD MDM WHPDW NRQFHSFML R SURZHQLHQFML SV\
FKRORJLF]QHM Z LFK UDPDFK ]ZUyFLP\ XZDJ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD WH RVWDWQLH
 XJUXQWRZDQH L ]HURGNRZDQH SV\FKRORJLF]QLH$QDOL]LH SRGGDP\ SRFKRG]HQLH
LVSHF\ILNZ\EUDQHMZVSyF]HVQHMNRQFHSFMLSV\FKRJHQQHMF]\OLWXWDMZ\ZR
G]FHMVL]WUDG\FMLEDGDSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FKLVWZRU]RQHMSU]H]SV\FKRORJD]DWHP
PDMFHMSV\FKRORJLF]Q\URGRZyG:WHMSUDF\EG]LHWRPDR]QDQDZ3ROVFHLQVSL
URZDQDPLQZ\EUDQ\PLLGHDPL:LOKHOPD:XQGWD-HDQD3LDJHWDL.XUWD/HZLQD
DEXGRZDQDZUDPDFKW]ZWHRULLG]LDDQLDV\PEROLF]QHJRSV\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZD
DXWRUVWZDV]ZDMFDUVNLHJREDGDF]DSUDFXMFHJRZ1LHPF]HFKL7DMODQGLL(UQVWD
%RHVFKD RUD]SU]\SRPQLHQLHLGHL-6%UXQHUD =DNOXF]RZ\WDNGODSV\FKRORJLL
NXOWXURZHMMDNLGODEDGD%RHVFKDX]QDMHVLURNF]\OLGDWZ\GDQLDSUHNXU
VRUVNLHMGODSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHMSUDF\SW6\PEROLF$FWLRQ7KHRU\DQG&XOWXUDO
3V\FKRORJ\ NWyUD VWDQRZL Z\NDGQL MHJR VW\OX P\ORZHJR WHUPLQ SRFKRG]F\
]ILOR]RILLQDXNL/XGZLND)OHFNDSRU)OHFN 
36<&+2/2*,$.8/7852:$-6%581(5$

-HOL PDP\ PyZL R RVREQHM G\VF\SOLQLH F]\ FKRE\ VXEG\VF\SOLQLH SRZLQ


Q\ E\ Z QLHM ZLGRF]QH VSHF\ILF]QH FHFK\ P\OHQLD SHUVSHNW\ZD HSLVWHPROR
JLF]QRPHWRGRORJLF]QD L ]DRHQLD GRW\F]FH SU]HGPLRWX EDGDQLD 6SHF\ILF]QH
Z QDV]\P SU]\SDGNX ]QDF]\ UyQH RG REHFQ\FK Z VVLDGXMF\FK G\VF\SOLQDFK
6NRQIURQWXMP\ ]DWHP ]DRHQLD SV\FKRORJLL NXOWXURZHM ] SRGHMFLHP ]EOLRQ\FK
G\VF\SOLQ =GDQLHP 6KZHGHUD ZVSyWZyUF\ SV\FKRORJLL NXOWXURZHM R NDUG\QDO
QHM UyQLF\ PLG]\ SV\FKRORJL JyZQHJR QXUWX L SV\FKRORJL NXOWXURZ ZLDG
F]\SRVWXODWSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHMXP\VEH]WUHFLMHVWEH]UR]XPQ\=JRGQLH
] ]DRHQLDPL SV\FKRORJLL NXOWXURZHM NRQVHNZHQFMH WUHFL L G]LDD OXG]NLFK QLH
]QLNDM QDZHW Z ZDUXQNDFK ODERUDWRU\MQ\FK ER QLH LVWQLHMH SR]EDZLRQH NRQWHN
VWXURGRZLVNR&]RZLHNWRLVWRWDLQWHQFMRQDOQD\MFDZLQWHQFMRQDOQ\PZLH
FLH D ZLF QLH LVWQLHMH FHQWUDOQ\ SURFHVRU L XQLZHUVDOQH SUDZD ]DFKRZDQLD RUD]
]XQLILNRZDQH JDWXQNRZH SURFHV\SV\FKLF]QH 6KZHGHUV :VWR
VXQNX GR SV\FKRORJLL PLG]\NXOWXURZHM MDNR RGJD]LHQLD P\OL SV\FKRORJLL
JyZQHJR QXUWX SV\FKRORJLD NXOWXURZD RIHUXMH RGPLHQQ\ VSRVyE LQWHUSUHWDFML
IXQNFMRQRZDQLD XP\VX 8P\V MHVW NLHURZDQ\ SU]H] WUHFL L VW\PXORZDQ\ SU]H]

>@

35=(:57.8/785$/,67<&=1<:36<&+2/2*,,"31<-6%581(5,((%2(6&+



NRQWHNVW QLH LVWQLHMH Z RGHUZDQLX RG KLVWRU\F]QLH ]PLHQQ\FK L UyQ\FK NXOWXUR


ZR LQWHQFMRQDOQ\FK U]HF]\ZLVWRFL7R ]GHF\GRZDQH V]XNDQLH ZLHG]\ ORNDOQHM
*HHUW] ORNDOQ\FKRGSRZLHG]LQDZ]RU\]DSRUHGQLF]RQHZ]DVREDFKUHOD
FMDFKLQVW\WXFMDFKHWF%DGDF]\LQWHUHVXMHWXXP\V]DQXU]RQ\Z]QDF]HQLDFKNWy
UHMHGQRF]HQLHVMHJRZ\WZRUDPLDQLHZ\SUHSDURZDQ\]WHJRFHQQHJRV]XPX
LQLHLVWQLHMF\EH]QLHJRFHQWUDOQ\SURFHVRU3V\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZDRGHJQXMHVL
WHRGPRQRPHWRGRORJLLSV\FKRORJLLPLG]\NXOWXURZHM HPSLU\]PVWDW\VW\NDHNV
SHU\PHQW F]HUSLFWDNHZ]RUFH]P\OHQLDIHQRPHQRORJLF]QRKHUPHQHXW\F]QHJR
RUD]LGHLSRQRZRF]HVQ\FK3V\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZDWRDQWURSRORJLDSV\FKRORJLF]QD
EH] ]DRHQLD SV\FKLF]QHM MHGQRFL F]\OL ]DRHQLD R UyQ\FK NXOWXURZR PLWDFK
U\WXDDFKMDNRZ\WZRUDFKZHZQWU]Q\FKJERNLFKRSHUDFMLSV\FKLF]QLH]XQLILNR
ZDQHJRFHQWUDOQHJRSURFHVRUDRUD]]DRHQLDRLVWQLHQLXQLH]UyQLFRZDQ\FKSUDZ
SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK(WQRSV\FKRORJLDWR]GDQLHP6KZHGHUDSV\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZD
EH]LQG\ZLGXDOQHMU]HF]\ZLVWHM\ZHMIXQNFMRQXMFHMWXLWHUD]SV\FKHEH]VX
ELHNW\ZQ\FKWUHFLMHGQRVWNL]DNRU]HQLRQHMZGDQHMNXOWXU]HLXZLNDQHMZVLHFLMHM
]QDF]H:U]HF]\ZLVWRFLZLHOXEDGDF]\DQWURSRORJLLSV\FKRORJLF]QHMHWQRSV\
FKRORJLLRUD]QLHRUWRGRNV\MQLSV\FKRORJRZLHPLG]\NXOWXURZLWRF]VWRWDNHSV\
FKRORJRZLHNXOWXURZL 6KZHGHUV 
  QDMSLHUZ PXVLP\ ZLHG]LH NLP NWR MHVW ]DQLP RFHQLP\ F]\ WD RVRED
JQLHZD VL F]\ QLH    %UXQHU  V  7HNVW ]DF]OLP\RG
WX]DZLDWRZHMSV\FKRORJLLLRQQDMOHSLHMZSURZDG]LQDVZSHUVSHNW\ZSR]QDZF]
SV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHMQD]\ZDQQDZHWSU]HZURWHPNXOWXUDOLVW\F]Q\PZSV\
FKRORJLL *HHUW] %\]UR]XPLHZDJF\WRZDQ\FKVyZ%UXQHUDQDOH
\SU]\MU]HVLEOLHMMHJRP\OHQLX3RGREQLHMDN%RHVFKNWyUHJRNRQFHSFMDMHVW
WDNHSU]HGPLRWHPDQDOL]\WHMSUDF\%UXQHUWRREHFQLHSRQDGG]LHZLG]LHVLFLR
OHWQLEDGDF] PGU]HF" DMHJRRVWDWQLHUR]SR]QDQLD ODWDG]LHZLG]LHVLWH;;
ZLHNX QLHFRW\ONRRGPLHQQ\PM]\NLHP]DWRSUHF\]\MQLHZ\UDDMLP\OHQLH
%RHVFKD L ]DRHQLD WHRUHW\F]QH X\WHF]QH ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ ]DGD VWDZLDQ\FK VR
ELH Z WHM SUDF\ 3U]HGVWDZLP\ MH SRNUyWFH SRQLHM Z\NRU]\VWXMF SUDFH %UXQHUD
]ODWLRUD]RSUDFRZDQLHMHJRNRQFHSFMLDXWRUVWZD&OLIIRUGD
*HHUW]D V 
%UXQHURGSRZLDGDQDSRF]WNXVZHMNDULHU\QDXNRZHMZSV\FKRORJLL]DUR]ZyM
EDGDEHKDZLRUDOQ\FKGDOHME\ZVSyWZyUFUHZROXFMLNRJQLW\ZLVW\F]QHMZSV\
FKRORJLL D REHFQLH QDMEOLHM PX GR ZVSyWZRU]HQLD SU]HZURWX NXOWXUDOLVW\F]QH
JRZSV\FKRORJLL-HJRRVWDWQLHVWDQRZLVNRRNUHODWDNHVW\OP\ORZ\X\WHF]Q\
]SHUVSHNW\Z\WHMSUDF\0RQDMHVWUHFLQDVWSXMFR.XOWXUDOL]PF]\LQDF]HMWUD
G\FMSV\FKRNXOWXURZ WHUPLQ\%UXQHUD WHQV\QQ\SV\FKRORJRNUHODMDNRSU]H
NRQDQLHRQLHUR]F]Q\PLVWQLHQLXLWUDNWRZDQLXEDGDZF]\PXP\VXLNXOWXU\7D
MDNWRSLV]HSV\FKLNDNXOWXURZDR]QDF]DNXOWXUREHFQZXP\OHF]\OL]DR
HQLH L XP\V WZRU]\ NXOWXU L UHDOL]XMH VL SRSU]H] NRU]\VWDQLH ] QLHM ,QDF]HM
PyZLFXP\VLNXOWXUDZVSyWZRU]VLZVSyNUHXMZ]DMHPQLH.XOWXUDMDNR
SUDZGRSRGREQLHRVWDWQLDZLHONDELRORJLF]QDV]WXF]NDHZROXF\MQD %UXQHU
V RNUHODVSHF\ILN]DFKRZDQLDLSURFHVyZXP\VRZ\FKhomo sapiensLPD
MHJR ]GDQLHP FKDUDNWHU QDGRUJDQLF]Q\ SRQDGELRORJLF]Q\  1D SR]LRPLH PDNUR
NXOWXUDZHGXJ%UXQHUDWRV\VWHPSUDZZDUWRFLV\PEROLPLWyZ1DSR]LRPLH
PLNURSLV]H%UXQHUWRREUD]WHJRMDNMHGQRVWNLNRQVWUXXMVZRMHU]HF]\ZLVWRFL
SU\ZDWQH PLNURZLDW\ PLW\ SHUVRQDOQH  SDUW\F\SXMF Z V\VWHPLH NXOWXURZ\P



$1'5=(-3$1.$//$

>@

)XQNFMRQRZDQLHF]RZLHNDXNV]WDWRZDQHMHVWSU]H]MDNWRRNUHOD%UXQHUSURWH
]\F]\OLPLNNLH NXOWXURZRRNUHORQHVSRVRE\P\OHQLDSODQRZDQLD LWZDUGH
PDWHULDOQHQDU]G]LD MDNWHQODSWRSZQLPSURJUDPHG\WRUVNL:RUGG]LNLNWy
U\PZ\UDDPLPDWHULDOL]XMWHUD]VZHP\OL =ZURWNXOWXURZ\ZHZROXFMLVSURZD
G]DVL]GDQLHP%UXQHUDGRSU]\MFLDGZyFKSHUVSHNW\ZSU]H]F]RZLHND
 LQG\ZLGXDOLVW\F]QHM F]\OL XPLHMWQRFL R]QDF]DQLD L RGF]\W\ZDQLD ]QDF]H
ZSURFHVLHUHSUH]HQWDFMLXP\VRZHMZLDWD
WUDQVDNF\MQHMF]\OLXPLHMWQRFLUHDJRZDQLDQDUHSUH]HQWDFMHZLDWDLQQ\FKOX
G]LF]\LQDF]HM]DSRUHGQLF]HQLDGR]QDZDQLDZLDWDSRSU]H]UHODFMH]LQQ\PLOXG
PLLSURFHVNRPXQLNDFML
3RGHMFLHNXOWXUDOLVW\F]QHSRGNUHODZDJEDGDQLDSRGPLRWRZRFLDSV\FKROR
JLUR]XPLHWX%UXQHUMDNRMHGQ]QDXNRSRGPLRWRZRFL:WDNLHMQDXFHOXG]NLH
LQWHQFMRQDOQHG]LDDQLH DE\PRHOHSLHMSRVWSRZDQLHDOHQDSHZQRQLHMHG\QLH
]DFKRZDQLH QLHSRGOHJDDGHNZDWQHPXEDGDQLXLSHQHPX]UR]XPLHQLXEH]EUDQLD
SRGXZDJSUyF] ZDQHJR SRGRDELRORJLF]QHJRWU]HFKHOHPHQWyZ
]MDZLVNDLQWHUSUHWDFMLGRNRQ\ZDQHJRZSURFHVDFKJHQHURZDQLDLRGF]\W\ZDQLD
]QDF]H 3URFHV\ WH PDM FKDUDNWHU LQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\ F]\OL SROHJDM QD WZRU]HQLX
V\PEROLF]Q\FKXP\VRZ\FKUHSUH]HQWDFMLZDVQ\FKNRQIURQWDFML]HZLDWHP
 XV\WXRZDQLD LQDF]HM XNRQWHNVWXRZLHQLD G]LDDQLD L SURFHVyZ XP\VRZ\FK
ZVLHFLORNDOQ\FK W]ZZLHG]DORNDOQDX&*HHUW]D NRQNUHWQ\FK]MDZLVN
NXOWXURZ\FK PLWyZV\PEROLRE\F]DMyZ 
LQWHUVXELHNW\ZQRFLF]\MDNZF]HQLHMWUDQVDNF\MQRFLSURFHVyZSV\FKLF]Q\FK
DZLF]GROQRFLW\SRZROXG]NLHMGRRGF]\W\ZDQLDP\OLLQWHQFMLSU]HNRQDLLQ
Q\FKVWDQyZXP\VRZ\FKOXG]L&\WXM1DVWSQ\UR]G]LDSV\FKRORJLL  SR
ZLFRQ\MHVWLQWHUVXELHNW\ZQRFLWHPXZMDNLVSRVyEOXG]LHGRFKRG]GRZLHG]\
RW\PFRLQQLPDMQDP\OLLMDNVLGRW\FKWUHFLRGQRV] %UXQHU
V 7RLQDF]HM]DRHQLHPyZLFHR]DSRUHGQLF]HQLXGR]QDZDQLDZLDWDSR
SU]H]UHODFMH]LQQ\PLOXGPLLLFKXP\VDPLRUD]W\SRZROXG]NXPLHMWQRWZR
U]HQLDWHRULLLQQ\FKXP\VyZ
,QDNRQLHFNROHMQHVRZD%UXQHUD3RPLQLFLHELRORJLF]Q\FKRJUDQLF]HIXQN
FMRQRZDQLDF]RZLHNDR]QDF]DRE\K\EULV'UZLHQLH]ZS\ZXNXOWXU\QDNV]WDWR
ZDQLHOXG]NLHJRXP\VXL]DQLHFKDQLHSUyEUR]WRF]HQLDQDGQLPNRQWUROLUyZQDM
VLPRUDOQHPXVDPREyMVWZX'REU]HZ\SURILORZDQDSV\FKRORJLDPRHQDPSRPyF
ZXQLNQLFLXREXW\FKQLHV]F] %UXQHUV 
3267$((%2(6&+$

7DN GREU]H Z\SURILORZDQ DQW\UHGXNFMRQLVW\F]Q DQW\SV\FKRORJLVW\F]Q


DQW\LQG\ZLGXDOLVW\F]QLDQW\QDWXUDOLVW\F]Q=DPLDUDRUD]QLH
SU]HVRFMRORJL]RZDQ NRQFHSFMUHODFMLMDZLDWEXGXMH%RHVFK3RVWDDX
WRUDSUH]HQWRZDQHMNRQFHSFMLQLHMHVWZ3ROVFHV]HU]HM]QDQDFKRUHGDNWRU]\SL
VPD&XOWXUH 3V\FKRORJ\X]QDM%RHVFKD]DWZyUFRVREQHMV]NR\SV\FKRORJLL
NXOWXURZHM6]NR\6DDUEUFNHQDQDZHWNRQW\QXDWRUDNXOWXURZHMP\OLWZyUF\
SV\FKRORJLLQDXNRZHM:LOKHOPD:XQGWD&\WXMZRU\JLQDOQ\PEU]PLHQLXErnest
%RHVFKVV\QWKHVLVRILGHDVLVWKHILUVWFRPSUHKHQVLYHWKHRU\RIFXOWXUHLQSV\FKR
ORJ\VLQFH:LOKHOP:XQGWV9|ONHUSV\FKRORJLHRIWKHILUVWGHFDGHVRIWKHWZHQWLHWK
century /RQQHU+D\HVL[  &KRE\]WHJRSRZRGXZ\SDGDQDP]DF]RG
MHJR]DDQRQVRZDQLDF]HJRQLHZ\PDJD%UXQHU3R]DW\PELRJUDILD%RHVFKD]GD

>@

35=(:57.8/785$/,67<&=1<:36<&+2/2*,,"31<-6%581(5,((%2(6&+



QLHPVDPHJRDXWRUDSR]ZROLOHSLHM]UR]XPLHLMHJRNRQFHSFMLSU]\F]\Q\GOD
NWyU\FKVWDVLSV\FKRORJLHPNXOWXURZ\P
(UQHVW ( %RHVFK XURG]L VL Z F]DVLH , ZRMQ\ ZLDWRZHM Z 6]ZDMFDULL RMFLHF
SUDFRZD Z VXELH PHG\F]QHM Z V]ZDMFDUVNLP &]HUZRQ\P .U]\X /DWD WH
L WH SDPLWD MDNR RNUHV ELHG\ L JRGX RUD] F]DV UR]ZRGX URG]LFyZ 3ODQRZD
H]RVWDQLHSRHWDOHREVHUZXMFMDNMHJRXOXELHQLWZyUF\SU]HREUDDOLVLZQD
]LVWyZ]DF]P\OHRF]\PRGPLHQQ\PRPHG\F\QLH,QVW\WXW--5RXVVHDX
NLHURZDQ\SU]H](&ODSHUpGHDL3%RYHWHDSURSRQRZDZ*HQHZLHLQWHUHVXMF\
SURJUDPVWXGLyZZ]DNUHVLHPDR]QDQHMZWHG\Z6]ZDMFDULLG\VF\SOLQ\DZ\JO
GDMFHMPHG\F]QLHSV\FKRORJLL6WXGLD]DF]ZUD]]Z\EXFKHP,,ZRMQ\ZLD
WRZHMNWyUDVSHFMDOQLHQLHZS\QDQDV\WXDFMVWXGHQWyZV]ZDMFDUVNLFK:\NDG\
SURZDG]LPDRMHV]F]HZWHG\]QDQ\-3LDJHWNWyU\SRGNRQLHFVWXGLyZ]DSUR
SRQRZD%RHVFKRZLDV\VWHQWXU7HQMHGQDN RG]LZR Z\EUDSRVDGV]NROQHJR
SV\FKRORJD Z NDQWRQLH 6W *DOOHQ EGF ZWHG\ EDUG]LHM SRG ZS\ZHP SUDNW\ND
$QGUp 5H\D SV\FKRORJD NOLQLF]QHJR 6SHFMDOL]RZD VL Z SUREOHPDW\FH XF]HQLD
VLG]LHFLLSUREOHPyZ]DFKRZDQLDRGE\ZDVWDZ.OLQLFH3V\FKLDWULL']LHFLFHM
Z=XULFKXRUD]VWDSV\FKRDQDOLW\F]Q\X2VNDUD3ILVWHUDUHJXODUQLHZW\PF]DVLH
SXEOLNXMFQDWHPDWSV\FKRORJLLG]LHFL3U]H]ODWDE\SUDNW\NXMF\PFHUW\ILNRZD
Q\PSV\FKRDQDOLW\NLHPX]QDMHGQDNSyQLHMRJUDQLF]HQLDNRQFHSFMLSV\FKRDQD
OLW\F]QHM3RG NRQLHFZRMQ\ SUDFRZDMDNRSV\FKRORJZRMVNRZ\ 'RNWRUDW 
URN  ] REV]DUX SV\FKRORJLL HGXNDFML ]ZUyFL XZDJ 3URI 0DXULFH 'HEHVVH ] SD
U\VNLHM6RUERQ\:SRVWDFLNVLNLXND]DVLZURNXDOHMXURNZF]HQLHM
%RHVFKRWU]\PDSRVDGQDPRG\PWU]\OHWQLPGRSLHUR8QLZHUV\WHFLH6DDUEUXFNHQ
Z6DDUODQG Z\F]RQ\PW\PF]DVRZRUHJLRQLH1LHPLHF :F]ZDUW\PURNXSUDF\
RWU]\PD]81(6&2SURSR]\FMNLHURZDQLD0LG]\QDURGRZ\P,QVW\WXWHP%DGD
QDG']LHPLZ%DQJNRNX3UDFDZ7DMODQGLLVWDDVLSXQNWHP]ZURWQ\PZMHJR
NDULHU]H1LHW\OHUyQLFHPLG]\NXOWXURZHLQLHDGHNZDWQRRUD]RJUDQLF]RQR
SURFHGXUEDGDZF]\FKSV\FKRORJLLWUDQVSODQWRZDQ\FK](XURS\DOHSR]QDQLHM]\
ND7DMyZGURJLGRVHNUHWyZNXOWXU\WDMVNLHMRUD]FKGRZLDGF]HQLDLQQRFL
NXOWXURZHM]DGHF\GRZD\RSV\FKRNXOWXURZ\P]ZURFLH3LHUZV]\RNUHVSRE\
WXWUZDODWD  3RW\PSRZUyFLGR6DDUEUFNHQZ\NDGDSV\FKROR
JLRJyOQUR]ZRMRZVSRHF]QLNXOWXURZRUD]SV\FKRWHUDSLG]LHFLE\Z
URNXGRGDWNRZRNLHURZD&HQWUXP%DGDZF]\P:VSLHUDQLD(GXNDFML SU]HPLDQR
ZDQHQD6RFMRSV\FKRORJLF]QH&HQWUXP%DGDZF]H3ODQRZDQLD5R]ZRMX]DMPXMFH
VLSUREOHPDPL7U]HFLHJRZLDWD /DWDWHLWHSDPLWDMDNRF]DV\EHKDZLRU\
]PXLVWDW\VW\NLRUD]REDZ\MHJRVWXGHQWyZVXFKDF]\Z\NDGyZ]WHRULLG]LDDQLD
E\FLD QLH QD F]DVLH 2G WHJR F]DVX ]DF] LQWHQV\ZQH EDGDQLD SV\FKRNXOWXUR
ZHGRW\F]FHREV]DUX7DMODQGLLRUD]SXEOLNDFMSUDF]G]LHG]LQ\SV\FKRORJLLNXOWX
U\ZW\PNOXF]RZ]URNXSW7HRULDG]LDDQLDV\PEROLF]QHJRLSV\FKRORJLD
NXOWXURZD
&LHNDZLHZVZHMDXWRELRJUDILLSRND]XMH]ZL]NLVZHJR\FLD]SV\FKRORJLNXO
WXURZ]EXGRZDQQDED]LHVZHMWHRULLG]LDDV\PEROLF]Q\FK'RLVWRWQ\FKSXQN
WyZGHF\GXMF\FKRNXOWXURZ\FKLQNOLQDFMDFKDXWRUD]DOLF]\WU]HED
]PLDQNDQWRQyZZ6]ZDMFDULLF]\OL]PLDQZ]RUFyZNXOWXURZ\FKLM]\ND
GRZLDGF]HQLDZRMHQL]PLDQNXOWXURZ\FKZLFKZ\QLNX
 ]DPLHV]NDQLH L SUDF ZH IUDQNRILOQ\P 6DDUEUFNHQ SyQLHM SU]\F]RQ\P GR
1LHPLHF



$1'5=(-3$1.$//$

>@

 ]DPLHV]NDQLH SUDF EDGDZF] SR]QDQLH M]\ND L NXOWXU\ 7DMODQGLL D SU]HGH


ZV]\VWNLPFKGRZLDGF]HQLDWHMLQQRFLNXOWXURZHMQDVRELH
SUDFZ&HQWUXP%DGDZF]\P]DMPXMF\PVLSUREOHPDPL7U]HFLHJRZLDWD
:LGDWXQDPDUJLQHVLHMDNXZLHOXSV\FKRORJyZNXOWXURZ\FKLPLG]\NXOWXUR
Z\FKREFLHQLHSV\FKRELRJUDILF]QHGRZLDGF]HQLDPLDGDSWDFML]PLDQ\HQNXO
WXUDFMLF]\V]RNXNXOWXURZHJR
36<&+2/2*,$.8/7852:$((%2(6&+$

6FKDUDNWHU\]XMP\ WHUD] EOLHM WHQ VSRVyE P\OHQLD 7HRULD G]LDD V\PEROLF]


Q\FK6]NR\6DDUEUFNHQ ((%RHVFK/+(FNHQVEHUJHU%.UHZHU SRZVWD
DZ8QLZHUV\WHFLH6DDUEUFNHQZODWDFKW\FKLW\FK;;ZLHNX-HMNRU]HQLH
WNZL Z NRQVWUXNW\ZL]PLH 3LDJHWRZVNLP WHRULL SROD . /HZLQD L SRGHMFLX UR
GRZLVNRZ\P WHRULL G\QDPLF]QHM 3 -DQHWD RUD] Z QLHZLHONLP VWRSQLX V\PEROL
]PLHSV\FKRDQDOL]\6LJDWHGR-DPHVRZVNLHMNRQFHSFMLG]LDDQLD SUDJPDW\]P 
L:XQGWRZVNLHJR]DPLRZDQLDGRSV\FKRORJLF]QHMDQDOL]\Z\WZRUyZNXOWXURZ\FK
QS PLWX 9|ONHUSV\FKRORJLH  &R FLHNDZH QLH RGHJQXMH VL RG EHKDZLRU\]PX
SV\FKRORJLL SRVWDFL F]\ NRJQLW\ZL]PX D ZLF PD VLOQLH HNOHNW\F]Q\ FKDUDNWHU
DOH MDN WZLHUG]L MHM WZyUFD VWDUD VL MH LQWHJURZD Z MHGQ SHUVSHNW\Z G]LDD
QLRZ DFWLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYH  %RHVFK  V   &R ZDQLHMV]H F]\
ZGRVNRQD\VSRVyEWU]\SRGVWDZRZHQXUW\SV\FKRORJLLNXOWXU\V\PEROLVW\F]Q\
LQG\ZLGXDOLVW\F]Q\ L DNW\ZQRFLRZ\ 5DWQHU   =D SRGVWDZ VZ\FK ]DLQWH
UHVRZDELHU]HERZLHPOXG]NLH ZW\PV\PEROLF]QHF]\QDZHWEH]SURGXNW\ZQH 
SRVWSRZDQLH NWyUH MHVW PHGLDWRUHP PLG]\ LQG\ZLGXDOQ\P GRZLDGF]HQLHP
LWZyUF]\PGRZLDGF]DQLHPNXOWXU\DNRQWHNVWHPV\WXDF\MQ\PLV]HU]HMVSRHF]
QRNXOWXURZ\P$MHOLGRGDP\H]DFHQWUDOQNDWHJRULSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHM
X]QD%RHVFK]MDZLVNRPLWXLIDQWD]PDWXLQLHREF\MHVWMHMNRQVWUXNW\ZL]PRUD]]D
LQWHUHVRZDQLHWRVDPRFLPRQDWNRQFHSFMWUDNWRZDMDNRQLHW\ONRNRQVROL
GXMFREV]DU\SRGPLRWNXOWXUDDOHWDNHLQWHJUXMFNLONDSRGHMWHRUHW\F]Q\FK
SV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZ\FKRUD]GRGDWNRZRVWDZLDMFF]RDZ\]ZDQLRPHU\S\QQHM
QRZRF]HVQRFL =%DXPDQ :SLVXMHVLMZWDNF]VWRUyQHVWDQRZLVNDEDGDZ
F]HMDNNRQWHNVWXDOL]PV\PEROL]PNRQVWUXNW\ZL]PQDUUDW\ZL]P
%RHVFKUR]ZLMDVZHVWDQRZLVNRZNLONXHWDSDFK
]DF]\QDMFRG]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDG]LDDQLHPRULHQWXMF\PZRWRF]HQLXLVWUXNWXU\
]XMF\PRWRF]HQLH
 SRSU]H] LGH SROLZDOHQFML   L VWG G]LDDQLD V\PEROLF]QHJR F]RZLHND WX
ZLG]LZ\MWNRZRLVWRW\OXG]NLHMSRGNUHODWHMHM]GROQRGRDXWRUHIOHNVML RG
URNX 
DSRDSOLNRZDQLHWHRULLGRG]LDDEH]X\WHF]Q\FKMDNRNUHODPDJLLV]WXN
RG 
SyQLHMV]HSUDFHE\\MHJR]GDQLHPDOERSUyEDPL]DVWRVRZDQLDWHRULLGRNRQNUHW
Q\FK]MDZLVNDOERMHMV\VWHPDW\]DFM QSSUDFD] 
*G\E\SU]HGVWDZLMHJRVWDQRZLVNRZVSRVyEV\QWHW\F]Q\WRPRQD]DXZD\
H
 ]MDZLVND SV\FKRORJLF]QH V WUDNWRZDQH SU]H] QLHJR MDNR ]MDZLVND NXOWXURZH
QDZHW ERZLHP QDWXUD JG\E\ SU]\M QDWXUDOLVW\F]Q ZHUVM JHQH]\ SURFHVyZ
SV\FKLF]Q\FK MHVW]GDQLHP%RHVFKDNXOWXURZDERLVWQLHMHZXP\OHG]LNLSR
VWU]HJDQLXSU]H]F]RZLHNDUR]XPLDQHJRMDNRFXOWXUDOEHLQJ

>@

35=(:57.8/785$/,67<&=1<:36<&+2/2*,,"31<-6%581(5,((%2(6&+



NXOWXURZDLVWRWD]MDZLVNSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FKPDWDNH]GDQLHP%RHVFKDVZHUyGR
ZSUDNW\F]Q\FKX\MP\WHUPLQXDNW\ZQRFLRZFyZVSRHF]Q\FKF]\QQRFLDFK
QD]\ZDQ\FKSU]H]%RHVFKDG]LDDQLHP%RHVFKZVW\OXQXUWXV\PEROLF]QHJRDN
FHQWXMHSR]DPDWHULDOQ\UHIHUHQF\MQ\FKDUDNWHUG]LDDQLDDQDZHWPROLZRZ\VW
SRZDQLDG]LDDEH]X\WHF]Q\FK PDJLF]Q\FKDUW\VW\F]Q\FK ZF]\PZ\NUDF]D
SR]DSUDJPDW\VW\F]QLHQDVWDZLRQSV\FKRORJLNXOWXURZDNW\ZQRFL
 SURFHV\ SV\FKRORJLF]QH L GRZLDGF]HQLH OXG]NLH V ]GHWHUPLQRZDQH L ]RUJDQL
]RZDQHSU]H]VSRHF]QLHWZRU]RQHLSRG]LHODQHLGHH]GDQLHP%RHVFKDDOHPRJ
PLHSR]DLQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\FKDUDNWHU MDNPLW\ 6QDWRPLDVW]ZURWQLHNV]WDWRZDQH
SU]H]LQG\ZLGXDOQHWZyUF]HSURFHV\SV\FKRORJLF]QH MDNIDQWD]PDW GHWHUPLQR
ZDQHQLHEH]ZDUXQNRZROHF]QLHMDNRZZ\QLNXJRWRZRFLSR]QDZF]HMLSRWU]H
E\MHGQRVWNL%OLVNRWX%RHVFKRZLGRLQG\ZLGXDOLVW\F]QHJRNRNRQVWUXNW\ZL]PX
-9DOVLQHUD SRU5DWQHU F]\F]FLRZR8:LNDQ SRU5DWQHU FKR
ZZHUVMLOHNNLHMQLHWUDNWXMFHMLGHLNXOWXURZ\FKMDNRZLUXVyZZFDNRZLFLHZRO
Q\PLQGHWHUPLQLVW\F]Q\PLQRQNRQIRUPLVW\F]Q\PPLNURZLHFLHOXG]NLHMZROL
]GDQLHP%RHVFKDLQG\ZLGXDOQHG]LDDQLHPRHUR]ZLMDVLZUDPDFKNROHNW\
ZX ]GDQLHP5DWQHUDW\ONRLMHG\QLHWDP DOHPRJWHZ\QLND]LQG\ZLGXDOQ\FK
QLHW\ONRWZRU]RQ\FKFRQDMZ\HMZRSR]\FMLZREHF IDQWD]MLF]\LQG\ZLGXDO
QLHDXWRUVNRSU]\VZDMDQ\FKV\PEROL X\E\PWXQLHERHVFKRZVNLHJRWHUPLQXQS
SHUVRQDOQ\FKPLWyZ =GDQLHP5DWQHUDLDNW\ZQRFLRZFyZG]LDDQLHQLHMHVWLQ
G\ZLGXDOQ\P DWU\EXWHP L UR]ZLMD VL SRSU]H] XF]HVWQLFWZR Z VSRHF]QLH XVDQN
FMRQRZDQ\FKNROHNW\ZQ\FKG]LDDQLDFK=GDQLHP%RHVFKDDXWRUHPG]LDDQLD WX
RGSRZLHGQL ]GDMH VL SRQRZQLH WHUPLQ SRVWSRZDQLH  NWyUH PD WHOHRORJLF]Q\
DOHWDNHLQWHQFMRQDOQ\FKDUDNWHUMHVWMHJRZDFLFLHO-HOLQLHMHVWWRMHJRWZyUFD
WRSU]\QDMPQLHMZVSyWZyUFDLGHLDUWHIDNWyZPLWyZHWF
2LGHLNXOWXU\WDNSLV]H3U]\URGDWRQLHDQW\SRG\NXOWXU\SU]\URGDMDNLHMGR
ZLDGF]DP\VDPDZVRELHMHVWMXNXOWXU&]RZLHNVWUXNWXU\]XMHQDWXULVZRMH
RWRF]HQLH .DG\ IHQRPHQ RVDG]D Z VSHF\ILF]Q\P NRQWHNFLH : W\P RG]ZLHU
FLHGODMVLMHJRSU\ZDWQHSUREOHP\ %RHVFKV ,GDOHM3RGREQLHMDN
QLH]QDQHRGJRV\ ]ZLHU]WRGELHUDP\REF\M]\NQDMSLHUZMDNRUHSHUWXDUG]LZ
Q\FKGZLNyZNWyU\FKQLHUR]XPLHP\LNWyUHQLHPDMGODQDVDGQHJR]QDF]H
QLD'RSLHUR]F]DVHPUR]SR]QDMHP\ZQLHMZ]RUFHLF]\P\]QLPLSRMFLD7DN
]EOLDP\ VL GR REFHM NXOWXU\ 7DPH V   .XOWXUD VNDGD VL ]H Z]RUFyZ
MDZQ\FK L XNU\W\FK LVWRWQ\FK GOD ]DFKRZDQLD QDE\WHJR SU]HND]\ZDQHJR SU]H]
V\PEROHVWDQRZLFFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHRVLJQLFLHJUXSOXG]LZF]DMFZ WRLFK
XRVRELHQLHZSU]HGPLRWDFKNXOWXU\PDWHULDOQHMSRGVWDZRZHVHGQRNXOWXU\VNDGDVL
] WUDG\F\MQ\FK P\OL D ]ZDV]F]D ]H ]ZL]DQ\FK ] QLPL ZDUWRFLDPL 7DPH
V $ZLFNXOWXUDMHVWVWUXNWXULSURFHVHPRG\QDPLF]Q\PFKDUDNWHU]H ZLQQ\P
PLHMVFXSLV]HRNXOWXU]HMDNRNRQVWUXNFMLXP\VRZHMQLNWMHMQLHZLG]LDDQLQLH
]PLHU]\SU]\SRPLQD  7DPHV DOHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSROHPG]LDDQLDMHG
QRVWNLZ\SHQLRQ\P]QDF]HQLDPLNWyUHSRU]GNXMMHJRVWUXNWXU.XOWXURZHSROH
G]LDDQLDVNDGDVL]HOHPHQWyZNXOWXU\PDWHULDOQHM0DWHULDOQD]DZDUWRNXOWX
URZHJRSRODG]LDDQLDZDKDVLRGQDWXUDOQ\FKHOHPHQWyZNUDMREUD]XGRZV]\VW

 :M]\NXSROVNLPEOLV]HLQWHQFML%RHVFKDZ\GDMHVLX\FLHWHUPLQXSRVWSRZDQLHQLHPDRQ
NRQRWDFMLVXJHUXMFHMPHFKDQL]PF]\PDV]\QFKR]GUXJLHMVWURQ\MHVWSUREOHP]H]UF]Q\PX\
FLHPJRZOLF]ELHPQRJLHM



$1'5=(-3$1.$//$

>@

NLFKURG]DMyZSU]HGPLRWyZNXOWXU\PDWHULDOQHMGRPyZSyOLRJURGyZ 7DPH
V LVSRHF]QHM  :WHQVSRVyERVREDXURG]RQDLGRUDVWDMFDZMDNLHMNXO
WXU]HVWRSQLRZRXF]\VLRZDUWRFLDFK]DVDGDFKZ]RUFDFKLV\PEROLF]Q\FKZD
FLZRFLDFK VXJHURZDQ\FK SU]H] UyQH VNDGRZH SROD G]LDDQLD L SU]H] VSRVRE\
ZMDNLFKRQHVSRZL]DQH6NDGRZHWHZGX\PVWRSQLXVSU]HND]\ZDQHSU]H]
OXG]LNWyU]\VWDQRZLLQQVSRHF]QVNDGRZSRODG]LDDQLD 7DPHV 
=GDQLHP %RHVFKD .XOWXUD QLH RNUHOD FLOH G]LDDQLD 2JUDQLF]D RQD NDWH
JRULHFHOyZL]DFKRZDDOHSR]ZDODF]RZLHNRZLQDVZRERGZ\ERUX 7DPH
V   .DGH G]LDDQLH MHVW ]DNRU]HQLRQH Z RNUHORQHM V\WXDFML PD PLHMVFH
ZRNUHORQ\PNRQWHNFLH7HQNRQWHNVWLVWRWQLHMHRNUHOD6NDGRZ\PLQDV]HJR
GRZLDGF]HQLDVV\WXDFMHWMSU]HGPLRW\LG]LDDQLDZNRQWHNFLH.RQWHNVW\WHQLH
VRJUDQLF]RQHGRXVWDORQ\FKNRQVWHODFMLF]\VWD\FK]ZL]NyZVWUXNWXUDOQ\FK 
'RZLDGF]DP\U]HF]\ZREUELHNRQWHNVWyZG]LDDQLDLWHPRJRF]\ZLFLHUyQL
VL]JRGQLH]URG]DMHPG]LDDQLDZMDNLHVLDQJDXMHP\ 7DPHV 
.OXF]RZHSRMFLHG]LDDQLDRGUyQLDRG]DFKRZDQLDMHJRFHORZRFLRZ\FKD
UDNWHU']LHOLMHQDG]LDDQLDSUDNW\F]QHV\PEROLF]QHLEH]X\WHF]QH GZDRVWDWQLH
WRG]LDDQLDUHIHUHQF\MQH 3RGSRMFLHPG]LDDQLDSUDNW\F]QHDXWRUUR]XPLHWD
NLHG]LDDQLDNWyUHPRQDSRMGRZLDGF]DOQLH3URVW\PLSU]\NDGDPLG]LDDQLD
]Z\F]DMRZHJRVFKRG]HQLHMHG]HQLHF]\SLVDQLH  ZV]\VWNLH]QLFKZ\UDQLH
SU]HNV]WDFDMPDWHULDOQHDVSHNW\ U]HF]\ZLVWRFL 7DPH V   ']LDDQLDUHIH
UHQF\MQHWRWDNLHNWyUHRGE\ZDMVLZJRZLHG]LDDQLDXURMRQHQDSU]\NDG
RSRZLDGDQLHKLVWRULL7RG]LDDQLH]DZLHUD]DUyZQRSUDNW\F]QHVNDGQLNL F]\WDQLH
X\ZDQLHM]\ND MDNLVNDGQLNLZ\REUDRQH VWRMF\]DW\PFHONRQRWDFMH 
3V\FKRORJLD NXOWXU\ Z\S\ZDMFD ] WHRULL V\PEROLF]QHJR G]LDDQLD VSRF]\ZD
QDWU]HFKILODUDFK
NXOWXURZ\PV\VWHPLHRGQLHVLHNXOWXUDWRV\VWHPRGQLHVLHWR]QDF]\NDG\MHM
HOHPHQWRGQRVLVLGRLQQ\FKHOHPHQWyZNDGHZ\GDU]HQLHRVREDSU]HGPLRWMHVW
XZLNDQHZVLH]QDF]HQLHMHVWHP\WHJRZLDGRPLDNXOWXUDGDMHRVRELH]QD
MHG\QLHZLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKZLDWDFKGRZLDGF]H
ELRJUDILF]Q\PV\VWHPLHRGQLHVLHMHGQRVWNDG]LDDZSROXNXOWXURZ\PLZMHJR
UDPDFK EXGXMH LQG\ZLGXDOQ KLVWRUL NDGH G]LDDQLH GRZLDGF]HQLH RGQRVL VL
GRLQQ\FKGRZLDGF]HOXEG]LDDMHGQRVWNL UHDOQ\FKG]LDDVXELHNW\ZQ\FKGR
ZLDGF]HLGHDF\MQ\FKZ\LPDJLQRZDQ\FK 
DQW\F\SDF\MQ\PV\VWHPLHRGQLHVLH SU]HZLG\ZDSODQyZFHOyZMHGQRVWNLGR
W\F]F\FKSU]\V]\FKG]LDD
7HWU]\V\VWHP\RGQLHVLHQLDGDMSRGZDOLQ\SRGP\OHQLHRG]LDDQLXMDNRDNFLH
V\PEROLF]Q\P %RHVFKV :\PLDU\V\PEROL]PX NWyU\PDZUF]
SHUZD]\ZQ\ WHUPLQ %RHVFKD LQDF]HM SU]HQLNDMF\ LQILOWUXMF\ UR]SU]HVWU]H
QLDMF\VL Z\FLXLG]LDDQLXFKDUDNWHUMHJR]GDQLHPWRZ\PLDU\V\WXDF\MQ\
IXQNFMRQDOQ\V\PEROLF]QHDQDORJLHLGHRWZyUF]\V\PEROL]PLQQRFLLIRUPDOQ\
'HVNU\SW\ZQD SV\FKRORJLD NXOWXURZD %RHVFKD SR]ZDOD QD SUHF\]\MQ UHODFM
]GRZLDGF]HMHGQRVWNRZ\FKVIRUPDOL]RZDQ\RSLVQDED]LHREVHUZDFMLLVDPR
REVHUZDFML V]F]HJyOQLH GRZLDGF]H R FKDUDNWHU]H SV\FKRNXOWXURZ\P 6\VWHP
WHRULRSR]QDZF]\%RHVFKDLMHJRSHUVSHNW\ZPHWRGRORJLF]QPRQDVSURZDG]L
QDSRGVWDZLHOLWHUDWXU\SU]HGPLRWXGRWDNLFKRNUHOHMDNKHUPHQHXW\NDIHQRPH
QRORJLDQDUUDWRORJLD3U]\MWDSHUVSHNW\ZDNRQFHSFML%RHVFKDRSDUWDMHVWQD]DR
HQLDFKPHWRGRORJLF]Q\FKEOLVNLFKSV\FKRORJLLRSLVRZHMLEDGDQLRPMDNRFLRZ\P

[9]

35=(:57.8/785$/,67<&=1<:36<&+2/2*,,"31<-6%581(5,((%2(6&+



DV]F]HJyOQLHW]ZSHUVSHNW\ZLHemicRSLVXMDNRFLRZHJRGRZLDGF]H]SR]\
FML ZHZQWU]QHJR LQWHUSUHWDWRUD NXOWXU\ L SURFHVyZ SV\FKLF]Q\FK :\MDQLHQLH
ZSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHM%RHVFKD]DVWSLRQHMHVWSRMFLHPUR]XPLHQLDVDELHMRG
Z\MDQLHQLDVWUXNWXUDOL]RZDQHJRJG\SRGOHJDMFHJRZSURFHVLHEDGDQLDVXELHN
W\ZQHMLQG\ZLGXDOQHMLQWHUSUHWDFML.OXF]RZ\PSRMFLHPZPHWRGRORJLL%RHVFKD
MHVW SRMFLH NRQWHNVWX  PLHV]DQNL NXOWXURZ\FK ZLDGRPRFLRZ\FK V\WXDF\M
Q\FK L SV\FKLF]Q\FK F]\QQLNyZ NWyU\FK LQWHUSUHWDFMD PXVL SRSU]HG]D ZQLRVNL
EDGDZF]H 6DP DXWRU RNUHOD VZ NRQFHSFM PLDQHP SV\FKRORJLL GHVNU\SW\ZQHM
RSLVRZHM F]\UHIOHNV\MQHMNWyUHMPHWRGDSROHJDQDVIRUPDOL]RZDQ\PSUHF\]\M
Q\P RSLVLH GRZLDGF]H MHGQRVWNRZ\FK Z Z\QLNX REVHUZDFMLVDPRREVHUZDFML
6IRUPDOL]RZDQHPX RSLVRZL M]\NLHP NRQFHSFML %RHVFKD SRGOHJD EG]LH VSHF\
ILF]Q\URG]DMGRZLDGF]HGRZLDGF]HQLDJUDQLF]QHF]\LQDF]HMHVWHW\NDFRG]LHQ
QHJR \FLD QD VW\NX MHGQRVWNDNXOWXUD MDZLDW 'R WHJR FHOX RSUDFRZD PHWRG
$QDOL]\.RQRWDF\MQHM %RHVFK :PHWRG]LHWHJRRSLVXLLQWHUSUHWDFMLDXWRU
Z\NRU]\VWXMHLGHSROLZDOHQFML ZLHORZDUWRFLRZRFLG\PHQVMRQDOQRFL]QDF]H 
G]LDDOXG]NLFKZ\ZRG]FVL]SUDF./HZLQDRUD]SU]HGVWDZLDV\VWHPDQDOL]\
NRQRWDFMLRZ\FKG]LDDRGVDQLDMF\LFKV\PEROLNLQG\ZLGXDOQHLVXELHNW\ZQH
]QDF]HQLDQDGDZDQHLPSU]H]MHGQRVWN
32'6802:$1,(

3V\FKRORJLD NXOWXURZD MHVW ] ]DRHQLD LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQD K\EU\G\F]QD L QD


SHZQRDQLSU]HGPLRW]DLQWHUHVRZDDQLPHWRGDMHJREDGDQLDDQLQDZHWSURZHQLHQ
FMDQDXNRZDEDGDF]DQLHPRJE\WXNU\WHULXPZ\UyQLHQLDGRNRQDSV\FKROR
JLF]Q\FKZW\P]DNUHVLH:\GDMHVLMHGQDN]DVDGQ\PXF]FLZ\PLQLHXQLNQLRQ\P
SRVWU]HJD MHM GRNRQDQLD ] SHUVSHNW\Z\ VZHM G\VF\SOLQ\: UDPDFK MHM GRNRQD
VWDUDP\ VL ]DXZD\ SURSR]\FMH EDUG]LHM SV\FKRORJLF]QH RG LQQ\FK QLHMDNR
SV\FKRJHQQHF]\LQDF]HMXJUXQWRZDQHL]HURGNRZDQHSV\FKRORJLF]QLHWM
URG]FHVL]WUDG\FML F]DVHPZRSR]\FMLGRQLHM EDGDSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FKLKL
VWRULLP\OLSV\FKRORJLF]QHMMHMQXUWyZLEDGDF]\F]HUSLFH]QLFKVZHLQVSLUDFMH
RGZRXMFHVLWHUPLQRORJLLM]\NDSUDZSV\FKRORJLLH[SOLFLWHOXEEH]ZLHGQLH
SRVXJXMFHVLVSHF\ILF]QLHSV\FKRORJLF]Q\PNRORU\WHPZVSRVRELHP\OHQLD
 LMHGQRF]HQLH ]PDJDMFHVL]SUREOHPDPLSV\FKRORJLLMDNRQDXNL UHGXNFMR
QL]PQDWXUDOL]PLQG\ZLGXDOL]PSV\FKRORJL]P PDMFHLFKZLDGRPRLOHSLHM
OXEJRU]HMZ\FKRG]FH]W\FKRJUDQLF]HREURQQUN
 LOXVWUXMFH VZH GRFLHNDQLD RGQLHVLHQLDPL SU]\NDGDPL SUREOHPDW\N WUDG\F\M
QLHOHF\PLZJHVWLLSV\FKRORJDOXEVSURZDG]DMFHMHGRREV]DUyZXWRVDPLDQ\FK
]SV\FKRORJL
7\PVDP\PQLH]JDG]DP\VLGRNRFD]WH] %RVNL HMHVWWRG\VF\SOL
QDSR]DSV\FKRORJLF]QDEXGRZDQDZ\F]QLHSR]DSV\FKRORJLDUDF]HMG\VF\
SOLQDEXGRZDQD QLHW\ONRRF]\ZLFLH ZUDPDFKWUDG\FMLP\OLSV\FKRORJLF]QHM
WHM RNUHODQHM SU]H] &ROHD GUXJ SV\FKRORJL L QLHMDNR Z RSR]\FML D WX EOL
V]HMHVWQDZHWX]QDQLHMHM]DNRPSOHPHQWDUQ UHDNW\ZXMFXWUDFRQ\F]\]DKL
EHUQRZDQ\]P\VSV\FKRORJLL ZREHFSV\FKRORJLLJyZQHJRQXUWXLSV\FKRORJLL
PLG]\NXOWXURZHM 1LH W\ONR WUDG\FMD WDNLFK EDGD LVWQLDD Z SV\FKRORJLL L SV\
FKRORJL]XMF\FKQXUWDFKQDXNKXPDQLVW\F]Q\FKDOHZLHOXZVSyF]HVQ\FKEDGDF]\
]NUJXSV\FKRORJLLNXOWXURZHMRGZRXMHVLGREDGDLQXUWyZ]ZL]DQ\FK]SV\
FKRORJL &5DWQHU56KZHGHU DQLHNWyU]\ZSURVWZ\ZRG]]QLFKVZHNRU]HQLH

220

$1'5=(-3$1.$//$

>@

0&ROH((%RHVFK 2F]\ZLFLHWRFRSURSRQXMHP\MHVW]DELHJLHPV]WXF]Q\P
LDUELWUDOQ\PDGLIIHUHQWLDVSHFLILFDQLHGRRVWUHMHGQDNGODXSURV]F]HQLDLZFH
ODFKSR]QDZF]\FKWDNL]DELHJSR]ZROLQDSU]HOHG]HQLHGURJLSRZVWDQLDUR]ZRMX
RUD]NRU]HQLGDQHMSURSR]\FMLXDWZLWHMHMRGELyULRVDG]HQLHZNRQWHNFLHLQQ\FK
EDGD,FRQLHEH]]QDF]HQLDGODDXWRUDWHJRWHNVWXSR]ZROLWHQDE\PRHD
WZLHMV]HZSURZDG]HQLHGRQDPLRWXSV\FKRORJLLLV]\EV]HRVZRMHQLHWHJRWDNFLJOH
Z\ZRXMFHJRGX\QLHSRNyMF]\QLHFK*HHUW]RZVNLHJRZLHOEGD DQWURSROR
JLL NXOWXU\ *HHUW]V 7DNZLFSV\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZDWR XQDV V]F]HJyR
ZDDXWRQRPLF]QDVXEG\VF\SOLQDSV\FKRORJLL]DMPXMFDVLF]RZLHNLHPLUHODFM
SV\FKHNXOWXUD VWRVXMFD PHWRG\ DQDOLW\F]QH L MDNRFLRZH Z\ZRG]FD VL PLQ
]WUDG\FMLSV\FKRORJLLGHVNU\SW\ZQHML9|ONHUSV\FKRORJLLGFDGR]UR]XPLHQLD
PLNURZLDWDOXG]NLFKGRZLDGF]HZNRQWHNFLHVLHFL]QDF]HNXOWXURZ\FKNWyUH
MHZ\]QDF]DMLNWyUHWZyUF]RNRNRQVWUXXMHhomo culturalis
,QWHUHVXMF L PDR ]QDQ Z 3ROVFH D ]GHF\GRZDQLH UG]HQQLH SV\FKRORJLF]
QSURSR]\FMMHVWSV\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZDEXGRZDQD]SHUVSHNW\Z\WHRULLG]LDD
QLD V\PEROLF]QHJR (( %RHVFKD SRGREQLH MDN SURSR]\FMD %UXQHUD PD DPELFMH
LZSU]\V]RFLE\PRHSRGVWDZ\ E\VWDVLGREU]HZ\SURILORZDQGUX
JD SV\FKRORJL 1DWRPLDVW NZHVWL WHUPLQX *HHUW]D SU]HZUyW NXOWXUDOLVW\F]Q\
ODWW\FKZSV\FKRORJLLRFHQLEG]LHPRQDMHG\QLH]SHUVSHNW\Z\F]DVXF]HJR
SRWU]HEXMWDNHGRUR]ZLQLFLDVNU]\GHNRQFHSFMH%RHVFKDL%UXQHUD
%,%/,2*5$),$

%RHVFK ((   6\PEROLF $FWLRQ 7KHRU\ DQG &XOWXUDO 3V\FKRORJ\ %HUOLQ
1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU
%RHVFK ((   7KH 6WRU\ RI D &XOWXUDO 3V\FKRORJLVW $XWRELRJUDSKLFDO
2EVHUYDWLRQV&XOWXUH 3V\FKRORJ\YRO  
%RHVFK((  .RQQRWDWLRQVDQDO\VH3ULYDWHSULQWLQJ
%RVNL3  3V\FKRORJLDNXOWXURZDLPLG]\NXOWXURZD&]\PVLFRMHUyQL
RG*yZQHJRQXUWX&]DVRSLVPR3V\FKRORJLF]QHWQU
%UXQHU-  ,Q6HDUFKRI0LQG(VVD\VLQ$XWRELRJUDSK\1HZ<RUN+DUSHU
DQG5RZ
%UXQHU-  $FWVRI0HDQLQJ&DPEULGJH+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
%UXQHU-  Kultura edukacji.UDNyZ8QLYHUVLWDV
%U]H]LVND$   -HURPH 6 %UXQHU SUHNXUVRU NV]WDFHQLD ZVSRPDJDMFHJR
UR]ZyM:-%UXQHUKultura edukacji.UDNyZ8QLYHUVLWDV
&ROH0  &XOWXUDOSV\FKRORJ\7KH2QFHDQGWKH)XWXUH6FLHQFH&DPEULGJH
+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
)OHFN /   3RZVWDQLH L UR]ZyM IDNWX QDXNRZHJR :SURZDG]HQLH GR QDXNL
RVW\OXP\ORZ\PLNROHNW\ZLHP\ORZ\P/XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR/XEHOVNLH
*HHUW]&  /RFDO.QRZOHGJH)XUWKHU(VVH\V,Q,QWHUSUHWDWLYH$QWKURSRORJ\
1HZ<RUN%DVLF%RRNV
*HHUW]&  =DVWDQHZLDWR$QWURSRORJLF]QHUHIOHNVMHQDWHPDW\ILOR
]RILF]QH.UDNyZ8QLYHUVLWDV
-DKRGD*  &URVVURDGVEHWZHHQ&XOWXUHDQG0LQG&RQWLQXLWLHVDQG&KDQJH
LQ 7KHRULHV RI +XPDQ 1DWXUH &DPEULGJH 0DVVDFKXVHWWV +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV

>@

35=(:57.8/785$/,67<&=1<:36<&+2/2*,,"31<-6%581(5,((%2(6&+



3DQNDOOD$  3V\FKRORJLDPLWX.XOWXU\WUDG\F\MQHDZVSyF]HVQR:DU


V]DZD(QHWHLD
3RQND6\URND%  /XGZLN)OHFNPLNURELRORJSUHNXUVRUQRZRF]HVQHMPH
WRGRORJLLKLVWRULLPHG\F\Q\0HG\F\QD1RZR\WQDW]
3RPLDQ .   &]RZLHN SRUyG KLVWRULL *D]HWD :\ERUF]D   

5DWQHU&  7KUHH$SSURDFKHVWR&XOWXUDO3V\FKRORJ\$&ULWLTXH0DV]\QRSLV
QLHSXEOLNRZDQ\
6KZHGHU5  7KLQNLQJ7KURXJK&XOWXUHV([SHGLWLRQVLQ&XOWXUDO3V\FKRORJ\
&DPEULGJH0DVVDFKXVHWWV/RQGRQ+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6WDFKRZVNL5  +LVWRULDZVSyF]HVQHMP\OLSV\FKRORJLF]QHM2G:XQGWDGR
czasw najnowszych:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH6FKRODU
6WDFKRZVNL53DQNDOOD$ UHG   6WXGLHVLQWKH+LVWRU\RI3V\FKRORJ\
and the Social Sciences3R]QD,PSUHVVLRQV
:XQGW:  9|ONHUSV\FKRORJLHWZ\G/HS]LJ(QJHOPDQQ
=DPLDUD.  =QDF]HQLHEDGDSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FKGODSR]QDZDQLDNXOWXU\:
63LHWUDV]NR UHG 3U]HGPLRWLIXQNFMHWHRULLNXOWXU\:URFDZ:\GDZQLFWZR
8QLZHUV\WHWX:URFDZVNLHJR
=DPLDUD.  &]\LVWQLHMHV]DQVDNRU]\VWDQLD]WHRULLSV\FKRORJLF]QHMZED
GDQLDFKQDGNXOWXU:7.RVW\UNR UHG Teoria kultury a badania nad zjawi
skami artystycznymi:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR&208.
=DPLDUD.  .XOWXUR]QDZF]HDSV\FKRORJLF]QHEDGDQLHXF]HVWQLFWZDZNXO
WXU]H:-.PLWD.DVWRZVNL UHG %LRORJLF]QHLVSRHF]QHXZDUXQNRZDQLD
kultury:DUV]DZD3R]QD:\GDZQLFWZR3:1

You might also like