Nature

Cardiovascu
lar disease

Cancer

CVD- refers to damage to, or disease of, the heart,

arteries, veins and/or smaller blood vessel
Coronary heart disease CHD the poor supply of blood
to the muscular walls of the heart by its own blood supply
vessels, the coronary arteries
Stroke the interruption of the supply of blood to the
brain
Peripheral vascular disease diseases of the arteries,
arterioles, and capillaries that affect limbs, usually
reducing blood supply to the legs
Atherosclerosis is the build up of fatty and/or fibrous
material on the interior walls of the arteries
Atherosclerosis- hardening of the arteries where artery
walls lose their elasticity
Heart attack closure of coronary artery by
atherosclerosis
Angina Pectoris chest pain when heart has insufficient
supply of oxygenated blood
Heart Failure- hearts inability to cater for the demands
during everyday life.
Peripheral vascular disease result of reduced blood
flow to the legs and feet.

Extent
National health survey 07-08, 3.4
mil Aust. Have CVD + leading
cause of death
$5.9 mil or 11% of total health
budget
Mortality (2010)
32% of all death in 2010
IHD = leading cause 15.9 % of
males. 14.3% females
Stroke = leading cause of all death,
5.9% of males, 9.8% of females
Other = 4.7% of all deaths in
males, 6.0% for females
Declining prevalence of CVD
reduction of risks factors =
smoking, hypertension + diet
improved medical care + treatment
Morbidity
leading cause of disability = 1.4 mil
Australians
6% of hospitalisations in 07-08.
34% were CHD

Risk and
protective factors

Groups at
risk

Non-modifiable
family history
gender
advancing age
Modifiable
smoking
raised blood fat levels
high blood pressure
obesity and overweight.
70% males, 56% females
in 07-08
abdominal obesity
Physical inactivity
Diabetes
Lifestyle = alcohol
consumption, , balanced
diet, energy expenditure
Stress

tobacco smokers
people with history
of disease
Rural Remote
ATSI
High blood pressure
(hypertension)
High-fat diet
65+
Low socioeconomic

Sociocultural
people with fami
CVD
Asians + low fat
CVD
ATSI + low socio
lower education
Media effects of
decline in CVD
Socioeconomic
Low socioeconom
limit of healthy c
fresh fruit and ex
levels
Low levels of nut
education and ac
health services
Environmental
Further travel fo
services, heath i
and technology

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus = condition affecting the bodys

ability to take glucose from the bloodstream to use it for
energy. It is an imbalance in the secretion of insulin
To perform everyday activities, the body
needs a constant supply of glucose circulating
in the blood
If the pancreas functions poorly, then it
produces insufficient insulin and glucose
cannot enter the cells. The glucose builds up
in blood finally passing into the urine and
eventually leaving the body
Insulin-dependent diabetes Type 1 (Family history)
The body produces minimal amounts of insulin,
control this condition by injecting an artificial
supply of insulin

12% of diabetic population

Non-Insulin dependent diabetes Type 2 (lifestyle
behaviours)
pancreas has the ability to produce insulin but
the amount is insufficient and/or less effective.
Healthy eating and exercise and where required
medication and/or insulin

85% of diabetic population

6th leading cause of death

Gestational Diabetes
occurs in pregnancy and most cases disappears
after birth. But increased risk later in life.

Incidence of diabetes has

risen significantly over the
past 20 years
4.1% of Australian
population
prevalence of diabetes
increases with age
rate is slightly higher for
males than females
ATSI have highest
prevalence rates of type 2
diabetes. Between 10-30%
Reduce life expectancy,
major health complications
involving eyes, kidneys,
nerves and arteries
Female are 4x more likely
to experience CVD and
male 2x
Contributing factor to
blindness, CVD, kidney
failure and limb
amputation
85% of diabetics are type
2.

Being over 45 and

having high blood
pressure
Being 45 and
overweight
One or more
family members
with diabetes
Being over 55
Poor lifestyle:
poor nutrition and
inadequate
physical activity

Eat a wide variety

of nutritious foods
Plenty of breads
and cereals;
complex carbs
and low GI
Maintain a
healthy
bodyweight,
Physical activity
and food intake

Women
who have
had
gestational
diabetes
People
45+
Family
history
Overweigh
t people
Diet high
in sugar
ATSI
people
resume