Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HANOI - 2013
Contents
1 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition
1.1 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2006
1.1.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2007
1.2.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2008
1.3.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2009
1.4.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2010
1.5.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2011
1.6.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2012
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3
3
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11
13
13
15
16
16
18
19
19
21
23
1.8
1.7.1
1.7.2
Hanoi
1.8.1
1.8.2
Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Open Mathematics Competition 2013
Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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26
28
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31
Chapter 1
Hanoi Open Mathematics
Competition
1.1
1.1.1
and
|x3 y 3 |.
3
x2 + y 2 = 325.
Senior Section
2 2,
21+
1
2
and
3.
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
Senior Section
Question 4. List the numbers 2, 3 3, , 4 4, 5 5 and 6 6 in
order from greatest to least.
Question 5. Suppose that A, B, C, D are points on a circle,
AB is the diameter, CD is perpendicular to AB and meets AB
Question 8.
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. For a point M inside
ABC, let D, E, F be the feet of the perpendiculars from M
onto BC, CA, AB, respectively. Find the locus of all such points
M for which F DE is a right angle.
Question 9. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , a2007 be real numbers such that
a1 +a2 + +a2007 (2007)2 and a21 +a22 + +a22007 (2007)3 1.
Prove that ak [2006; 2008] for all k {1, 2, . . . , 2007}.
Question 10. What is the smallest possible value of
x2 + 2y 2 x 2y xy?
Question 11. Find all polynomials P (x) satisfying the equation
(2x 1)P (x) = (x 1)P (2x), x.
Question 12. Calculate the sum
1
1
1
+
+ +
.
2.7.12 7.12.17
1997.2002.2007
1.3
1.3.1
|x + y + z t| 6 1
|y + z + t x| 6 1
|z + t + x y| 6 1
|t + x + y z| 6 1
Prove that x2 + y 2 + z 2 + t2 6 1.
Question 6. Let P (x) be a polynomial such that
P (x2 1) = x4 3x2 + 3.
10
Senior Section
axb
axb
12
1.4
1.4.1
13
ac + bd = 2
Find the set of all possible values the number M = ab + cd can
take.
Question 7. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that a + b +
c + d = 99. Find the smallest and the greatest values of the
following product P = abcd.
Question 8. Find all the pairs of the positive integers such that
the product of the numbers of any pair plus the half of one of
the numbers plus one third of the other number is three times
less than 1004.
Question 9. Let be given ABC with area (ABC) = 60cm2 .
Let R, S lie in BC such that BR = RS = SC and P, Q be midpoints of AB and AC, respectively. Suppose that P S intersects
QR at T . Evaluate area (P QT ).
Question 10. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AB =
4 and CD be the altitude through C with CD = 3. Find the
distance between the midpoints of AD and BC.
Question 11. Let A = {1, 2, . . . , 100} and B is a subset of A
having 48 elements. Show that B has two distint elements x
and y whose sum is divisible by 11.
14
1.4.2
Senior Section
ac + bd = 2
Find the set of all possible values the number M = ab + cd can
take.
Question 7. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that a + b +
c + d = 99. Find the smallest and the greatest values of the
following product P = abcd.
15
Question 8. Find all the pairs of the positive integers such that
the product of the numbers of any pair plus the half of one of
the numbers plus one third of the other number is three times
less than 1004.
Question 9.Given an acute-angled triangle ABC with area S,
let points A0 , B 0 , C 0 be located as follows: A0 is the point where
altitude from A on BC meets the outwards facing semicirle
drawn on BC as diameter. Points B 0 , C 0 are located similarly.
Evaluate the sum
T = (area BCA0 )2 + (area CAB 0 )2 + (area ABC 0 )2 .
Question 10. Prove that d2 + (a b)2 < c2 , where d is diameter
of the inscribed circle of ABC.
Question 11. Let A = {1, 2, . . . , 100} and B is a subset of A
having 48 elements. Show that B has two distint elements x
and y whose sum is divisible by 11.
1.5
1.5.1
Senior Section
is an integer. Determine a, b, c, d.
Question 7. Let P be the common point of 3 internal bisectors
of a given ABC. The line passing through P and perpendicular
to CP intersects AC and BC at M and N , respectively. If
AM
?
AP = 3cm, BP = 4cm, compute the value of
BN
Question 8. If n and n3 +2n2 +2n+4 are both perfect squares,
find n.
Question 9. Let x, y be the positive integers such that 3x2 +
x = 4y 2 + y. Prove that x y is a perfect integer.
Question 10. Find the maximum value of
M=
1.6
1.6.1
x
y
z
+
+
, x, y, z > 0.
2x + y 2y + z 2z + x
p
3
(A) 2010; (B) 2011; (C) 2012; (D) 2013; (E) None of the
above.
Question 4. Among the four statements on real numbers below, how many of them are correct?
If
If
If
If
If
20
1
1
1
1
+
.
+ 2
+
ab a + ab ab + b2 a2 + b2
Senior Section
(A) 2010; (B) 2011; (C) 2012; (D) 2013; (E) None of the
above.
Question 4. Prove that
1 + x + x2 + x3 + + x2011 > 0
for every x > 1.
Question 5. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a + 2b +
3c = 100. Find the greatest value of M = abc.
Question 6. Find all pairs (x, y) of real numbers satisfying the
system
x+y =2
x4 y 4 = 5x 3y
Question 7. How many positive integers a less than 100 such
that 4a2 + 3a + 5 is divisible by 6.
Question 8. Find the minimum value of
S = |x + 1| + |x + 5| + |x + 14| + |x + 97| + |x + 1920|.
1.7
1.7.1
(D); It is impos-
24
SBCQ
Question 9. Evaluate the integer part of the number
r
20112 2011
2
H = 1 + 2011 +
+
20122 2012
Question 10. Solve the following equation
1
1
13
+
=
(x + 29)2 (x + 30)2
36
Question 11. Let be given a sequence a1 = 5, a2 = 8 and
an+1 = an +3an1 , n = 2, 3, . . . . Calculate the greatest common
divisor of a2011 and a2012 .
Question 12. Find all positive integers P such that the sum
and product of all its divisors are 2P and P 2 , respectively.
Question 13. Determine the greatest value of the sum M =
11xy + 3xz + 2012yz, where x, y, z are non negative integers
satisfying the following condition x + y + z = 1000.
25
Senior Section
p
Question 1. Let x =
3 11
H = (1 + x5 x7 )2012
6+2 5+ 62 5
The value of
20
is
(A): 1; (B): 11; (C): 21; (D): 101; (E) None of the above.
Question 2. Compare the numbers:
P = 2 , Q = 3,
T = 2 , where =
1
2, = 1 +
2
(D):
1 3
3
3
4x 3x, where x =
2+ 3+ 2 3 ?
2
26
2011
perfect square.
Question 8. Determine the greatest number m such that the
system
2
x + y2 = 1
|x3 y 3 | + |x y| = m3
has a solution.
Question 9. Let P be the common point of 3 internal bisectors
of a given ABC. The line passing through P and perpendicular
to CP intersects AC and BC at M and N , respectively. If
AM
AP = 3cm, BP = 4cm, compute the value of
?
BN
Question 10. Suppose that the equation x3 +px2 +qx+1 = 0,
with p, q are rational numbers, has 3 real roots x1 , x2 , x3 , where
1.8
1.8.1
28
Short Questions
Question 6. Let ABC be a triangle with area 1 (cm2 ). Points
D, E and F lie on the sides AB, BC and CA, respectively. Prove
that
min{Area of ADF, Area of BED, Area of CEF }
29
1
(cm2 ).
4
b = 900 , B
b = 600 and
Question 7. Let ABC be a triangle with A
BC = 1cm. Draw outside of ABC three equilateral triangles
ABD, ACE and BCF. Determine the area of DEF.
x + y 1
2
1
+ 2
= 10.
xy x + y 2
Question 10. Consider the set of all rectangles with a given
perimeter p. Find the largest value of
M=
S
,
2S + p + 2
prove that the equation f (x) = 2x2 1 has two real roots.
Question 13. Solve the system of equations
1 1
1
+ =
x y
6
3
2
5
+ =
x y
6
Question 14. Solve the system of equations
3
= x2 + 1
x + y
2y 3 + z = 2y 2 + 1
3
3z + x = 3z 2 + 1
Question 15. Denote by Q and N the set of all rational and
ax + b
Q
positive integer numbers, respectively. Suppose that
x
for every x N . Prove that there exist integers A, B, C such
that
ax + b Ax + B
=
for all x N .
x
Cx
1.8.2
Senior Section
1
1
1
(A):
; (B):
; (C):
;
2012
2013
2014
of the above.
(D):
1
; (E): None
2015
1 3
3
2+ 5+ 2 5 ?
6x 1, where x =
2
(A): 1; (B): 2; (C): 3; (D): 4; (E) None of the above.
Question 4. Let x0 = [], x1 = [2] [], x2 =
[3] [2],
2013
x4 = [5] [4], x5 = [6] [5], . . . , where =
. The
2014
value of x9 is
(A): 2; (B): 3; (C): 4;
16S p
,
p2 + 2p
Evaluate the value of f ( 2013).
Question 13. Solve the system of equations
(
xy = 1
x
y
+
=1
x4 + y 2 x2 + y 4
4
1
x3 + y = x2 + x
3
3
5
1
y3 + z = y2 + y
4
4
z 3 + 1 x = z 2 + z 6
5
5
Question 15. Denote by Q and N the set of all rational and
ax + b
positive integral numbers, respectively. Suppose that
cx
+
d
Q for every x N . Prove that there exist integers A, B, C, D
such that
ax + b
Ax + B
=
for all x N .
cx + d Cx + D
34
08h30-11h30
Question 1. How many are there 10-digit numbers composed from the digits 1,
2, 3 only and in which, two neighbouring digits differ by 1.
(A): 48 (B): 64 (C): 72 (D): 128 (E): None of the above.
Question 2.
Given an array of numbers A = (672, 673, 674, . . . , 2016) on table. Three arbitrary numbers a, b, c A are step by step replaced by number
1
min(a, b, c). After 672 times, on the table there is only one number m, such that
3
(A): 0 < m < 1 (B): m = 1
above.
1
4
(B):
1
2
Question 8. Determine all 3-digit numbers which are equal to cube of the sum of
all its digits.
1
m2
.
n3
Question
10. Given natural numbers a, b such that 2015a2 + a = 2016b2 + b. Prove
Question 12. Let A be point inside the acute angle xOy. An arbitrary circle
passes through O, A; intersecting Ox and Oy at the second intersection B and C,
respectively. Let M be the midpoint of BC. Prove that M is always on a fixed line
(when changes, but always goes through O and A).
Question 13. Find all triples (a, b, c) of real numbers such that |2a + b| 4 and
|ax2 + bx + c| 1 x [1, 1].
Question 14. Let f (x) = x2 + px + q, where p, q are integers. Prove that there is
an integer m such that
f (m) = f (2015).f (2016).
Question 15. Let a, b, c be real numbers satisfying the condition
18ab + 9ca + 29bc = 1.
Find the minimum value of the expression
T = 42a2 + 34b2 + 43c2 .
Digit
1
1
2
3
2
12
21
23
32
3
121
123
212
232
321
323
4
1212
1232
2121
2123
2321
2323
3212
3232
8
2
2
2
3
4
2
4
4
4
5
8
4
6
8
8
7
16
8
8
16
16
9
32
16
10
32 .
32
Question 2. (A).
Note that
3
1
1 1 1
+ +
=
.
1
a b c
min{a, b, c}
min{a, b, c}
3
So after each operation, the sum of all inverse elements of A is non decreasing. On
the other hand, for every positive integer n, we have
S :=
1
1
1
+
+ +
> 1.
n n+1
3n
Indeed,
n
X 1
X 4n
1
1
1
S=
+
+
=
+
2n k=1 2n k 2n + k
2n k=1 4n2 k 2
n
X1
1
1
n
>
+
>
+ > 1.
2n k=1 n
2n n
Hence, if on the table there is one number m then
Question 3. (D).
3
1
> 1, i.e. 0 < m < 1.
m
We have
ab(a2 b2 )2 0 2a3 b3 ab5 + a5 b (a3 + b3 )2 (a + b)(a5 + b5 ).
(1)
x = ad
Put y = bd then x; y; z Z and z > 0.
z =cd
x + y + z = d (a + b + c) = d
We have
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = d2 (a2 + b2 + c2 ) = d2
It follows xy + yz + zx = 0 (z + x) (z + y) = z 2 = c2 d2 .
Hence, there exist r; p; q Z such that
x + z = rp2 ; y + z = rq 2 ; z = |r| qp; (p; q) = 1; p; q Z .
On the other hand d = x + y + z = r (p2 + q 2 ) |r| pq > 0 then r > 0.
y = rq (q p)
[pq(p q)]2
.
Hence x = rp (p q) abc =
2 + q 2 pq)3
(p
z = rpq
We prove that (pq(p q); p2 + q 2 pq) = 1.
Suppose that s = (pq (p q) ; p2 + q 2 pq) ; s > 1 then s|pq (p q) .
Case 1. Let s|p. Since s| (p2 + q 2 pq) then s|q and s = 1 (not suitable).
Case 2. Let s|q. Similarly, we find s = 1 (not suitable).
s|p
2
2
2
Case 3. If s| (p q) then s|(p q) (p + q pq) s|pq
(not suitable).
s|q
If t = 2 then a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 = 2.
We reduce it to the case where t = 1, which was to be proved.
Question 10. From equality
2015a2 + a = 2016b2 + b,
(1)
we find a b.
(2)
Let (a, b) = d then a = md; b = nd, where (m, n) = 1. Since a > b then m > n;
and put m n = t > 0.
Let (t, n) = u then n is divisible by u; t is divisible by u and m is divisible by u.
That follows u = 1 and then (t, n) = 1.
Putting b = nd; a b = td in (2), we find
n2 d = t(2015dt + 4030dn + 1).
(3)
Question 11.
Let the line AF intersect at point K 6= A and L be the foot of the bisector of
_
_
angle BAC. Since BAK = CAE we have BK = CE, hence KE k BC. Notice
that IAT = DAK = EAD = IXT , so the points I, A, X, T are concyclic.
Hence, IT A = IXA = EXA = EKA, so IT k KE k BC.
TF
IL
Therefore,
=
.
AT
AI
IL
CL
Since CI is bisector of ACL, we get
=
. Furthermore, DCL =
AI
AC
1
DCB = DAB = CAD = BAC. Hence, the triangles DCL and DCA are
2
DC
CL
=
.
similar. Therefore,
AC
AD
Finally, we have DIC = IAC + ICA = ICL + LCD = ICD. It
DC
ID
follows DIC is a isosceles triangle at D. Hence
=
.
AD
AD
TF
IL
CL
DC
ID
Summarizing all these equalities, we get
=
=
=
=
AT
AI
AC
AD
AD
TF
ID
=
T F.AD = ID.AT as desired.
AT
AD
Question 12. Let (Ox ), (Oy ) be circles passing throught O, A and tangent to
Ox, Oy, respectively. Circle (Ox ) intersects the ray Oy at D, distinct from O and
circle (Oy ) intersects the ray Ox at E, distinct from O. Let N and P be midpoint
of OE and OD, respectively. Then N, P are fixed. Well show that M, N, P are
NO P O
=
collinear. For this, it is sufficient to prove that
NB P C
Since (Ox ) is tangent to Ox, ADC = AOB. Since OBAC is cyclic, ABO =
AB OB
ACD. So triangles AOB, ADC are similar. Therefore
=
(1)
AC DC
BE AB
Similarly, 4ABE v 4ACO, so
=
(2)
CO AC
From (1) and (2), we deduce that
OB
BE
OB
CD
=
=
CD
OC
BE
OC
Hence
OE
OD
ON
OP
ON
ON
OP
OP
=
=
=
=
BE
OC
BE
OC
NB
BE N O
OC OP
CP
It follows, if N P intersects BC at M, then
MB P C NO
= 1 (by Menelaus
MC P O NB
MB
Theorem in triangle OBC) conclusion
= 1, it follows N P passes through M is
MC
midpoint of BC.
Question 13. From the assumptions, we have |f (1)| 1, |f (0)| 1 and
f
(1)
=
a
+
b
+
c
2
f (1) = a b + c b = 1 [f (1) f (1)]
f (0) = c
c = f (0)
That follows
3
1
1
4 |2a+b| = [f (1)+f (1)]2f (0)+ [f (1)f (1)] = f (1)+ f (1)2f (0)
2
2
2
3
1
3 1
|f (1)| + |f (1)| + 2|f (0)| + + 2 = 4.
2
2
2 2
Hence |2a + b| = 4 and then
|f (1)| = |a + b + c| = 1
(a, b, c) = (2, 0, 1)
|f (1)| = |a b + c| = 1
(a, b, c) = (2, 0, 1)
|f (0)| = |c| = 1
It is easely seen that both two triples (2, 0, 1) and (2, 0, 1) satisfy the required
conditions.
Question 14. We shall prove that
f [f (x) + x] = f (x)f (x + 1).
8
(1)
Indeed, we have
f [f (x) + x] = [f (x) + x]2 + p[f (x) + x] + q = f 2 (x) + 2f (x).x + x2 + pf (x) + px + q
= f (x)[f (x) + 2x + p] + x2 + px + q = f (x)[f (x) + 2x + p] + f (x)
= f (x)[f (x) + 2x + p + 1] = f (x)[x2 + px + q + 2x + p + 1]
= f (x)[(x + 1)2 + p(x + 1) + q] = f (x)f (x + 1),
which proves (1).
Putting m := f (2015) + 2015 gives
f (m) = f [f (2015) + 2015] = f (2015)f (2015 + 1) = f (2015)f (2016),
as desired.
5a 3b = 0
5a 3b = 0
4a 3c = 0
4a 3c = 0
4b 5c = 0
4b 5c = 0
3b
+
3c
=
0
(18 15 + 9 12 + 29 20)t2 = 1
5
4
3
, b=
, c=
.
a=
958
958
958