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HANOI MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

NGUYEN VAN MAU

HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS


COMPETITON PROBLEMS
2006 - 2013

HANOI - 2013

Contents
1 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition
1.1 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2006
1.1.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2007
1.2.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2008
1.3.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2009
1.4.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2010
1.5.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2011
1.6.1 Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2012

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1.8

1.7.1
1.7.2
Hanoi
1.8.1
1.8.2

Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Open Mathematics Competition 2013
Junior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Senior Section . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Chapter 1
Hanoi Open Mathematics
Competition
1.1
1.1.1

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2006


Junior Section

Question 1. What is the last two digits of the number


(11 + 12 + 13 + + 2006)2 ?
Question 2. Find the last two digits of the sum
200511 + 200512 + + 20052006 .
Question 3. Find the number of different positive integer
triples (x, y, z) satisfying the equations
x2 + y z = 100 and x + y 2 z = 124.
Question 4. Suppose x and y are two real numbers such that
x + y xy = 155
Find the value of

and

|x3 y 3 |.
3

x2 + y 2 = 325.

Question 5. Suppose n is a positive integer and 3 arbitrary


numbers are choosen from the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 3n + 1} with their
sum equal to 3n + 1.
What is the largest possible product of those 3 numbers?
Question 6. The figure ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Find
all points M belonging to the hexagon such that
Area of triangle M AC = Area of triangle M CD.
Question 7. On the circle (O) of radius 15cm are given 2 points
A, B. The altitude OH of the triangle OAB intersect (O) at C.
What is AC if AB = 16cm?
Question 8. In ABC, P Q k BC where P and Q are points
on AB and AC respectively. The lines P C and QB intersect
at G. It is also given EF//BC, where G EF , E AB and
F AC with P Q = a and EF = b. Find value of BC.
Question 9. What is the smallest possible value of
x2 + y 2 x y xy?
1.1.2

Senior Section

Question 1. What is the last three digits of the sum


11! + 12! + 13! + + 2006!
Question 2. Find the last three digits of the sum
200511 + 200512 + + 20052006 .
Question 3. Suppose that
alogb c + blogc a = m.
4

Find the value of


clogb a + alogc b ?
Question 4. Which is larger

2 2,

21+

1
2

and

3.

Question 5. The figure ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Find


all points M belonging to the hexagon such that
Area of triangle M AC = Area of triangle M CD.
Question 6. On the circle of radius 30cm are given 2 points A,
B with AB = 16cm and C is a midpoint of AB. What is the
perpendicular distance from C to the circle?
Question 7. In ABC, P Q k BC where P and Q are points
on AB and AC respectively. The lines P C and QB intersect
at G. It is also given EF//BC, where G EF , E AB and
F AC with P Q = a and EF = b. Find value of BC.
Question 8. Find all polynomials P (x) such that
1
1
= x + , x 6= 0.
P (x) +
x
x
Question 9. Let x, y, z be real numbers such that x2 +y 2 +z 2 =
1. Find the largest possible value of
|x3 + y 3 + z 3 xyz|?

1.2
1.2.1

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2007


Junior Section

Question 1. What is the last two digits of the number


(3 + 7 + 11 + + 2007)2 ?
(A) 01; (B) 11; (C) 23; (D) 37; (E) None of the above.
Question 2. What is largest positive integer n satisfying the
following inequality:
n2006 < 72007 ?
(A) 7; (B) 8; (C) 9; (D) 10; (E) 11.
Question 3. Which of the following is a possible number of
diagonals of a convex polygon?
(A) 02; (B) 21; (C) 32; (D) 54; (E) 63.
Question 4. Let m and n denote the number of digits in 22007
and 52007 when expressed in base 10. What is the sum m + n?
(A) 2004; (B) 2005; (C) 2006; (D) 2007; (E) 2008.
Question 5. Let be given an open interval (; eta) with eta
1
=
. Determine the maximum number of irreducible frac2007
a
tions in (; eta) with 1 b 2007?
b
(A) 1002; (B) 1003; (C) 1004; (D) 1005; (E) 1006.
Question 6. In triangle ABC, BAC = 600 , ACB = 900
and D is on BC. If AD bisects BAC and CD = 3cm. Then
DB is
(A) 3; (B) 4; (C) 5; (D) 6; (E) 7.
6

Question 7. Nine points, no three of which lie on the same


straight line, are located inside an equilateral triangle of side 4.
Prove that some three of these points are vertices of a triangle

whose area is not greater than 3.


Question 8. Let a, b, c be positive integers. Prove that
(c + a b)2
(a + b c)2
3
(b + c a)2
+
+
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
(b + c) + a
(c + a) + b
(a + b) + c
5
Question 9. A triangle is said to be the Heron triangle if it
has integer sides and integer area. In a Heron triangle, the sides
a, b, c satisfy the equation b = a(a c).
Prove that the triangle is isosceles.
Question 10. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that
1
1
1
a
b
c
+
+
1. Prove that
+
+
1.
bc ca ab
bc ca ab
Question 11. How many possible values are there for the sum
a + b + c + d if a, b, c, d are positive integers and abcd = 2007.
Question 12. Calculate the sum
5
5
5
+
+ +
.
2.7 7.12
2002.2007
Question 13. Let be given triangle ABC. Find all points M
such that area of M AB= area of M AC.
Question 14. How many ordered pairs of integers (x, y) satisfy
the equation
2x2 + y 2 + xy = 2(x + y)?
Question 15. Let p = abc be the 3-digit prime number. Prove
that the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
has no rational roots.
7

1.2.2

Senior Section

Question 1. What is the last two digits of the number


2
112 + 152 + 192 + + 20072 ?
(A) 01; (B) 21; (C) 31; (D) 41; (E) None of the above.
Question 2. Which is largest positive integer n satisfying the
following inequality:
n2007 > (2007)n .
(A) 1; (B) 2; (C) 3; (D) 4; (E) None of the above.
Question 3. Find the number of different positive integer
triples (x, y, z) satsfying the equations
x + y z = 1 and x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1.
(A) 1; (B) 2; (C) 3; (D) 4; (E) None of the above.


Question 4. List the numbers 2, 3 3, , 4 4, 5 5 and 6 6 in
order from greatest to least.
Question 5. Suppose that A, B, C, D are points on a circle,
AB is the diameter, CD is perpendicular to AB and meets AB

at E, AB and CD are integers and AE EB = 3.


Find AE?
Question 6. Let P (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 1 and |P (x)| 1 for
all x such that |x| 1. Prove that |a| + |b| 5.
Question 7. Find all sequences of integers x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , . . .
such that ij divides xi + xj for any two distinct positive integers
i and j.
8

Question 8.
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle. For a point M inside
ABC, let D, E, F be the feet of the perpendiculars from M
onto BC, CA, AB, respectively. Find the locus of all such points
M for which F DE is a right angle.
Question 9. Let a1 , a2 , . . . , a2007 be real numbers such that
a1 +a2 + +a2007 (2007)2 and a21 +a22 + +a22007 (2007)3 1.
Prove that ak [2006; 2008] for all k {1, 2, . . . , 2007}.
Question 10. What is the smallest possible value of
x2 + 2y 2 x 2y xy?
Question 11. Find all polynomials P (x) satisfying the equation
(2x 1)P (x) = (x 1)P (2x), x.
Question 12. Calculate the sum
1
1
1
+
+ +
.
2.7.12 7.12.17
1997.2002.2007

Question 13. Let ABC be an acute-angle triangle with BC >


CA. Let O, H and F be the circumcenter, orthocentre and the
foot of its altitude CH, respectively.
Suppose that the perpendicular to OF at F meet the side
CA at P . Prove F HP = BAC.
Question 14. How many ordered pairs of integers (x, y) satisfy
the equation
x2 + y 2 + xy = 4(x + y)?
9

Question 15. Let p = abcd be the 4-digit prime number. Prove


that the equation
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
has no rational roots.

1.3
1.3.1

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2008


Junior Section

Question 1. How many integers from 1 to 2008 have the sum


of their digits divisible by 5 ?
Question 2. How many integers belong to (a, 2008a), where a
(a > 0) is given.
Question 3. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of
(1 + x)(1 2x)(1 + 3x)(1 4x) (1 2008x).
Question 4. Find all pairs (m, n) of positive integers such that
m2 + n2 = 3(m + n).
Question 5. Suppose x, y, z, t are real numbers such that

|x + y + z t| 6 1

|y + z + t x| 6 1
|z + t + x y| 6 1

|t + x + y z| 6 1
Prove that x2 + y 2 + z 2 + t2 6 1.
Question 6. Let P (x) be a polynomial such that
P (x2 1) = x4 3x2 + 3.
10

Find P (x2 + 1)?


Question 7. The figure ABCDE is a convex pentagon. Find
the sum
DAC + EBD + ACE + BDA + CEB?

Question 8. The sides of a rhombus have length a and the area


is S. What is the length of the shorter diagonal?
Question 9. Let be given a right-angled triangle ABC with
A = 900 , AB = c, AC = b. Let E AC and F AB
such that AEF = ABC and AF E = ACB. Denote by
P BC and Q BC such that EP BC and F Q BC.
Determine EP + EF + P Q?
Question 10. Let a, b, c [1, 3] and satisfy the following conditions
max{a, b, c} > 2, a + b + c = 5.
What is the smallest possible value of
a2 + b2 + c2 ?
1.3.2

Senior Section

Question 1. How many integers are there in (b, 2008b], where


b (b > 0) is given.
Question 2. Find all pairs (m, n) of positive integers such that
m2 + 2n2 = 3(m + 2n).
Question 3. Show that the equation
x2 + 8z = 3 + 2y 2
11

has no solutions of positive integers x, y and z.


Question 4. Prove that there exists an infinite number of relatively prime pairs (m, n) of positive integers such that the equation
x3 nx + mn = 0
has three distint integer roots.
Question 5. Find all polynomials P (x) of degree 1 such that
max P (x) min P (x) = b a, a, b R where a < b.

axb

axb

Question 6. Let a, b, c [1, 3] and satisfy the following conditions


max{a, b, c} > 2, a + b + c = 5.
What is the smallest possible value of
a2 + b2 + c2 ?
Question 7. Find all triples (a, b, c) of consecutive odd positive
integers such that a < b < c and a2 + b2 + c2 is a four digit
number with all digits equal.
Question 8. Consider a convex quadrilateral ABCD. Let O
be the intersection of AC and BD; M, N be the centroid of
4AOB and 4COD and P, Q be orthocenter of 4BOC and
4DOA, respectively. Prove that M N P Q.
Question 9. Consider a triangle ABC. For every point M
BC we difine N CA and P AB such that AP M N is a

12

parallelogram. Let O be the intersection of BN and CP . Find


M BC such that P M O = OM N .
Question 10. Let be given a right-angled triangle ABC with
A = 900 , AB = c, AC = b. Let E AC and F AB
such that AEF = ABC and AF E = ACB. Denote by
P BC and Q BC such that EP BC and F Q BC.
Determine EP + EF + F Q?

1.4
1.4.1

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2009


Junior Section

Question 1. Let a, b, c be 3 distinct numbers from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.


Show that 7 divides abc + (7 a)(7 b)(7 c).
Question 2. Show that there is a natural number n such that
the number a = n! ends exacly in 2009 zeros.
Question 3. Let a, b, c be positive integers with no common
factor and satisfy the conditions
1 1 1
+ = .
a b
c
Prove that a + b is a square.
Question 4. Suppose that a = 2b , where b = 210n+1 . Prove that
a is divisible by 23 for any positive integer n.
Question 5. Prove that m7 m is divisible by 42 for any
positive integer m.

13

Question 6. Suppose that 4 real numbers a, b, c, d satisfy the


conditions
2
a + b2 = 4
c2 + d2 = 4

ac + bd = 2
Find the set of all possible values the number M = ab + cd can
take.
Question 7. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that a + b +
c + d = 99. Find the smallest and the greatest values of the
following product P = abcd.
Question 8. Find all the pairs of the positive integers such that
the product of the numbers of any pair plus the half of one of
the numbers plus one third of the other number is three times
less than 1004.
Question 9. Let be given ABC with area (ABC) = 60cm2 .
Let R, S lie in BC such that BR = RS = SC and P, Q be midpoints of AB and AC, respectively. Suppose that P S intersects
QR at T . Evaluate area (P QT ).
Question 10. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AB =
4 and CD be the altitude through C with CD = 3. Find the
distance between the midpoints of AD and BC.
Question 11. Let A = {1, 2, . . . , 100} and B is a subset of A
having 48 elements. Show that B has two distint elements x
and y whose sum is divisible by 11.

14

1.4.2

Senior Section

Question 1. Let a, b, c be 3 distinct numbers from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.


Show that 7 divides abc + (7 a)(7 b)(7 c).
Question 2. Show that there is a natural number n such that
the number a = n! ends exacly in 2009 zeros.
Question 3. Let a, b, c be positive integers with no common
factor and satisfy the conditions
1 1 1
+ = .
a b
c
Prove that a + b is a square.
Question 4. Suppose that a = 2b , where b = 210n+1 . Prove that
a is divisible by 23 for any positive integer n.
Question 5. Prove that m7 m is divisible by 42 for any
positive integer m.
Question 6. Suppose that 4 real numbers a, b, c, d satisfy the
conditions
2
a + b2 = 4
c2 + d2 = 4

ac + bd = 2
Find the set of all possible values the number M = ab + cd can
take.
Question 7. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that a + b +
c + d = 99. Find the smallest and the greatest values of the
following product P = abcd.

15

Question 8. Find all the pairs of the positive integers such that
the product of the numbers of any pair plus the half of one of
the numbers plus one third of the other number is three times
less than 1004.
Question 9.Given an acute-angled triangle ABC with area S,
let points A0 , B 0 , C 0 be located as follows: A0 is the point where
altitude from A on BC meets the outwards facing semicirle
drawn on BC as diameter. Points B 0 , C 0 are located similarly.
Evaluate the sum
T = (area BCA0 )2 + (area CAB 0 )2 + (area ABC 0 )2 .
Question 10. Prove that d2 + (a b)2 < c2 , where d is diameter
of the inscribed circle of ABC.
Question 11. Let A = {1, 2, . . . , 100} and B is a subset of A
having 48 elements. Show that B has two distint elements x
and y whose sum is divisible by 11.

1.5
1.5.1

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2010


Junior Section

Question 1. Compare the numbers:


. . 333} and Q = |444 .{z
. . 444} 666
. . 667}
P = |888 .{z
. . 888} 333
| .{z
| .{z
2010 digits
2010 digits
2010 digits
2010 digits
(A): P = Q; (B): P > Q; (C): P < Q.
Question 2. The number of integer n from the set {2000, 2001, . . . , 2010}
such that 22n + 2n + 5 is divisible by 7:
16

(A): 0; (B): 1; (C): 2; (D): 3; (E) None of the above.


Question 3. 5 last digits of the number M = 52010 are
(A): 65625; (B): 45625; (C): 25625; (D): 15625; (E) None of the
above.
Question 4. How many real numbers a (1, 9) such that the
1
corresponding number a is an integer.
a
(A): 0; (B): 1; (C): 8; (D): 9; (E) None of the above.
Question 5. Each box in a 2 2 table can be colored black or
white. How many different colorings of the table are there?
(A): 4; (B): 8; (C): 16; (D): 32; (E) None of the above.

Question 6. The greatest integer less than (2 + 3)5 are


(A): 721; (B): 722; (C): 723; (D): 724; (E) None of the above.
Question 7. Determine all positive integer a such that the
equation
2x2 30x + a = 0
has two prime roots, i.e. both roots are prime numbers.
Question 8. If n and n3 +2n2 +2n+4 are both perfect squares,
find n.
Question 9. Let be given a triangle ABC and points D, M, N
belong to BC, AB, AC, respectively. Suppose that M D is parallel to AC and N D is parallel to AB. If SBM D = 9cm2 ,
SDN C = 25cm2 , compute SAM N ?
17

Question 10. Find the maximum value of


x
y
z
M=
+
+
, x, y, z > 0.
2x + y 2y + z 2z + x
1.5.2

Senior Section

Question 1. The number of integers n [2000, 2010] such that


22n + 2n + 5 is divisible by 7 is
(A): 0; (B): 1; (C): 2; (D): 3; (E) None of the above.
Question 2. 5 last digits of the number 52010 are
(A): 65625; (B): 45625; (C): 25625; (D): 15625; (E) None of the
above.
Question 3. How many real numbers a (1, 9) such that the
1
corresponding number a is an integer.
a
(A): 0; (B): 1; (C): 8; (D): 9; (E) None of the above.
Question 4. Each box in a 2 2 table can be colored black or
white. How many different colorings of the table are there?
Question 5. Determine all positive integer a such that the
equation
2x2 30x + a = 0
has two prime roots, i.e. both roots are prime numbers.
Question 6. Let a, b be the roots of the equation x2 px+q = 0
and let c, d be the roots of the equation x2 rx + s = 0, where
p, q, r, s are some positive real numbers. Suppose that
2(abc + bcd + cda + dab)
M=
p2 + q 2 + r 2 + s 2
18

is an integer. Determine a, b, c, d.
Question 7. Let P be the common point of 3 internal bisectors
of a given ABC. The line passing through P and perpendicular
to CP intersects AC and BC at M and N , respectively. If
AM
?
AP = 3cm, BP = 4cm, compute the value of
BN
Question 8. If n and n3 +2n2 +2n+4 are both perfect squares,
find n.
Question 9. Let x, y be the positive integers such that 3x2 +
x = 4y 2 + y. Prove that x y is a perfect integer.
Question 10. Find the maximum value of
M=

1.6
1.6.1

x
y
z
+
+
, x, y, z > 0.
2x + y 2y + z 2z + x

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2011


Junior Section

Question 1. Three lines are drawn in a plane. Which of the


following could NOT be the total number of points of intersections?
(A): 0; (B): 1; (C): 2; (D): 3; (E): They all could.
Question 2. The last digit of the number A = 72011 is
(A) 1; (B) 3; (C) 7; (D) 9; (E) None of the above.
Question 3. What is the largest integer less than or equal to
19

p
3

(2011)3 + 3 (2011)2 + 4 2011 + 5?

(A) 2010; (B) 2011; (C) 2012; (D) 2013; (E) None of the
above.
Question 4. Among the four statements on real numbers below, how many of them are correct?
If
If
If
If
If

a < b < 0 then a < b2 ;


0 < a < b then a < b2 ;
a3 < b3 then a < b;
a2 < b2 then a < b;
|a| < |b| then a < b.

(A) 0; (B) 1; (C) 2; (D) 3; (E) 4


Question 5. Let M = 7! 8! 9! 10! 11! 12!. How many
factors of M are perfect squares?
Question 6.Find all positive integers (m, n) such that
m2 + n2 + 3 = 4(m + n).

Question 7. Find all pairs (x, y) of real numbers satisfying the


system

x+y =3
x4 y 4 = 8x y
Question 8. Find the minimum value of
S = |x + 1| + |x + 5| + |x + 14| + |x + 97| + |x + 1920|.

20

Question 9. Solve the equation


1 + x + x2 + x3 + + x2011 = 0.
Question 10. Consider a right-angle triangle ABC with A =
90o , AB = c and AC = b. Let P AC and Q AB such that
AP Q = ABC and AQP = ACB. Calculate P Q + P E +
QF, where E and F are the projections of P and Q onto BC,
respectively.
Question 11. Given a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = BC =
3cm, CD = 4cm, DA = 8cm and DAB + ABC = 180o .
Calculate the area of the quadrilateral.
Question 12. Suppose that a > 0, b > 0 and a + b 6 1.
Determine the minimum value of
M=
1.6.2

1
1
1
1
+
.
+ 2
+
ab a + ab ab + b2 a2 + b2

Senior Section

Question 1. An integer is called octal if it is divisible by 8


or if at least one of its digits is 8. How many integers between
1 and 100 are octal?
(A): 22; (B): 24; (C): 27; (D): 30; (E): 33.
Question 2. What is the smallest number

(A) 3; (B) 2 2 ; (C) 21+ 2 ; (D) 2 2 + 2 3 ; (E) 2 3 .


Question 3. What is the largest integer less than to
p
3
(2011)3 + 3 (2011)2 + 4 2011 + 5?
21

(A) 2010; (B) 2011; (C) 2012; (D) 2013; (E) None of the
above.
Question 4. Prove that
1 + x + x2 + x3 + + x2011 > 0
for every x > 1.
Question 5. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a + 2b +
3c = 100. Find the greatest value of M = abc.
Question 6. Find all pairs (x, y) of real numbers satisfying the
system

x+y =2
x4 y 4 = 5x 3y
Question 7. How many positive integers a less than 100 such
that 4a2 + 3a + 5 is divisible by 6.
Question 8. Find the minimum value of
S = |x + 1| + |x + 5| + |x + 14| + |x + 97| + |x + 1920|.

Question 9. For every pair of positive integers (x; y) we define


f (x; y) as follows:
f (x, 1) = x
f (x, y) = 0 if y > x
f (x + 1, y) = y[f (x, y) + f (x, y 1)]
Evaluate f (5; 5).
22

Question 10. Two bisectors BD and CE of the triangle ABC


intersect at O. Suppose that BD.CE = 2BO.OC. Denote by H
the point in BC such that OH BC. Prove that AB.AC =
2HB.HC.
Question 11. Consider a right-angle triangle ABC with A =
90o , AB = c and AC = b. Let P AC and Q AB such that
AP Q = ABC and AQP = ACB. Calculate P Q + P E +
QF, where E and F are the projections of P and Q onto BC,
respectively.
Question 12. Suppose that |ax2 + bx + c| > |x2 1| for all real
numbers x. Prove that |b2 4ac| > 4.

1.7
1.7.1

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2012


Junior Section

Question 1. Assume that a b = (a b). Then:


(A) a = b;
(B) a < b;
(C) a > b;
sible to compare those of a and b.

(D); It is impos-

Question 2. Let be given a parallelogram ABCD with the


area of 12cm2 . The line through A and the midpoint M of BC
meets BD at N. Compute the area of the quadrilateral M N DC.
(A): 4cm2 ; (B): 5cm2 ; (C): 6cm2 ; (D): 7cm2 ; (E) None of the above.
Question 3. For any possitive integer a, let [a] denote the
smallest prime factor of a. Which of the following numbers is
equal to [35]?
(A) [10];
(B) [15];
(C) [45];
(D) [55];
(E) [75];
23

Question 4. A man travels from town A to town E through


towns B, C and D with uniform speeds 3km/h, 2km/h, 6km/h
and 3km/h on the horizontal, up slope, down slope and horizontal road, respectively. If the road between town A and town
E can be classified as horizontal, up slope, down slope and horizontal and total length of each type of road is the same, what
is the average speed of his journey?
(A) 2km/h; (B) 2,5km/h; (C) 3km/h; (D) 3,5km/h; (E)
4km/h.

24

Question 5. How many different 4-digit even integers can be


form from the elements of the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
(A): 4; (B): 5; (C): 8; (D): 9; (E) None of the above.
Question 6. At 3:00 A.M. the temperature was 13o below zero.
By noon it had risen to 32o . What is the average hourly increase
in teparature?
Question 7. Find all integers n such that 60 + 2n n2 is a
perfect square.
Question 8. Given a triangle ABC and 2 points K AB,
N BC such that BK = 2AK, CN = 2BN and Q is the
SABC
common point of AN and CK. Compute

SBCQ
Question 9. Evaluate the integer part of the number
r
20112 2011
2
H = 1 + 2011 +
+

20122 2012
Question 10. Solve the following equation
1
1
13
+
=

(x + 29)2 (x + 30)2
36
Question 11. Let be given a sequence a1 = 5, a2 = 8 and
an+1 = an +3an1 , n = 2, 3, . . . . Calculate the greatest common
divisor of a2011 and a2012 .
Question 12. Find all positive integers P such that the sum
and product of all its divisors are 2P and P 2 , respectively.
Question 13. Determine the greatest value of the sum M =
11xy + 3xz + 2012yz, where x, y, z are non negative integers
satisfying the following condition x + y + z = 1000.
25

Question 14. Let be given a triangle ABC with A = 900


and the bisectrices of angles B and C meet at I. Suppose that
IH is perpendicular to BC (H belongs to BC). If HB = 5cm,
HC = 8cm, compute the area of 4ABC.
Question 15. Determine the greatest value of the sum M =
xy + yz + zx, where x, y, z are real numbers satisfying the following condition x2 + 2y 2 + 5z 2 = 22.
1.7.2

Senior Section
p

Question 1. Let x =
3 11

H = (1 + x5 x7 )2012

6+2 5+ 62 5

The value of
20

is

(A): 1; (B): 11; (C): 21; (D): 101; (E) None of the above.
Question 2. Compare the numbers:
P = 2 , Q = 3,

T = 2 , where =

1
2, = 1 +
2

(A): P < Q < T ; (B): T < P < Q; (C): P < T < Q;


T < Q < P ; (E): Q < P < T .

(D):

Question 3. Let be given a trapezoidal ABCD with the based


edges BC = 3cm, DA = 6cm (AD k BC). Then the length of
the line EF (E AB, F CD and EF k AD) through the
common point M of AC and BD is
(A): 3,5cm; (B): 4cm; (C): 4,5cm; (D): 5cm; (E) None of the
above.
Question 4. What is the
less than or equal to
q largest integer
q



1 3
3
3
4x 3x, where x =
2+ 3+ 2 3 ?
2
26

(A): 1; (B): 2; (C): 3; (D): 4; (E) None of the above.


 x + 2010 
Question 5. Let f (x) be a function such that f (x)+2f
=
x1
4020 x for all x 6= 1. Then the value of f (2012) is
(A): 2010; (B): 2011; (C): 2012; (D): 2014; (E) None of the
above.
Question 6. For every n = 2, 3, . . . , we put




1  
1
1
An = 1
1
1
.
1+2
1+2+3
1 + 2 + 3 + + n
1
Determine all positive integer n (n 2) such that
is an
An
integer.
Question 7. Prove that the number a = 1| .{z
. . 1} 5| .{z
. . 5} 6 is a
2012

2011

perfect square.
Question 8. Determine the greatest number m such that the
system
 2
x + y2 = 1
|x3 y 3 | + |x y| = m3
has a solution.
Question 9. Let P be the common point of 3 internal bisectors
of a given ABC. The line passing through P and perpendicular
to CP intersects AC and BC at M and N , respectively. If
AM
AP = 3cm, BP = 4cm, compute the value of
?
BN
Question 10. Suppose that the equation x3 +px2 +qx+1 = 0,
with p, q are rational numbers, has 3 real roots x1 , x2 , x3 , where

x3 = 2 + 5, compute the values of p and q?


27

Question 11. Suppose that the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0


has 3 real roots x1 , x2 , x3 , where p, q, r are integer numbers. Put
Sn = xn1 + xn2 + xn3 , n = 1, 2, . . . Prove that S2012 is an integer.
Question 12. In an isosceles triangle ABC with the base AB
given a point M BC. Let O be the center of its circumscribed
circle and S be the center of the inscribed circle in ABC and
SM k AC. Prove that OM BS.
Question 13. A cube with sides of length 3cm is painted red
and then cut into 3 3 3 = 27 cubes with sides of length 1cm.
If a denotes the number of small cubes (of 1cm1cm1cm) that
are not painted at all, b the number painted on one sides, c the
number painted on two sides, and d the number painted on three
sides, determine the value a b c + d?
Question 14. Solve, in integers, the equation 16x + 1 = (x2
y 2 )2 .
Question 15. Determine the smallest value of the sum M =
xy yz zx, where x, y, z are real numbers satisfying the following condition x2 + 2y 2 + 5z 2 = 22.

1.8
1.8.1

Hanoi Open Mathematics Competition 2013


Junior Section

Question 1. Write 2013 as a sum of m prime numbers. The


smallest value of m is:
(A): 2; (B): 3; (C): 4;

(D): 1; (E): None of the above.

28

Question 2. How many natural numbers n are there so that


n2 + 2014 is a perfect square.
(A): 1; (B): 2; (C): 3; (D): 4; (E) None of the above.

Question 3. The largest integer not


exceeding [(n+1)][n],
2013
where n is a natural number, =
, is:
2014
(A): 1; (B): 2; (C): 3; (D): 4; (E) None of the above.

Question 4. Let A be an even number but not divisible by 10.


The last two digits of A20 are:
(A): 46; (B): 56; (C): 66;
above.

(D): 76; (E): None of the

Question 5. The number of integer solutions x of the equation


below
(12x 1)(6x 1)(4x 1)(3x 1) = 330.
is: (A): 0; (B): 1; (C): 2;

(D): 3; (E): None of the above.

Short Questions
Question 6. Let ABC be a triangle with area 1 (cm2 ). Points
D, E and F lie on the sides AB, BC and CA, respectively. Prove
that
min{Area of ADF, Area of BED, Area of CEF }
29

1
(cm2 ).
4

b = 900 , B
b = 600 and
Question 7. Let ABC be a triangle with A
BC = 1cm. Draw outside of ABC three equilateral triangles
ABD, ACE and BCF. Determine the area of DEF.

Question 8. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon. Given that


area of ABC = area of BCD = area of CDE
= area of DEA = area of EAB = 2cm2 ,
Find the area of the pentagon.
Question 9. Solve the following system in positive numbers

x + y 1
2
1
+ 2
= 10.

xy x + y 2
Question 10. Consider the set of all rectangles with a given
perimeter p. Find the largest value of
M=

S
,
2S + p + 2

where S is denoted the area of the rectangle.


Question 11. The positive numbers a, b, c, d, e are such that
the following identity hold for all real number x.
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) = x3 + 3dx2 + 3x + e3 .
Find the smallest value of d.
Question 12. If f (x) = ax2 + bx + c safisfies the condition
|f (x)| < 1, x [1, 1],
30

prove that the equation f (x) = 2x2 1 has two real roots.
Question 13. Solve the system of equations
1 1
1

+ =
x y
6
3
2
5

+ =
x y
6
Question 14. Solve the system of equations
3
= x2 + 1
x + y
2y 3 + z = 2y 2 + 1
3
3z + x = 3z 2 + 1
Question 15. Denote by Q and N the set of all rational and
ax + b
Q
positive integer numbers, respectively. Suppose that
x
for every x N . Prove that there exist integers A, B, C such
that
ax + b Ax + B
=
for all x N .
x
Cx
1.8.2

Senior Section

Question 1. How many three-digit perfect squares are there


such that if each digit is increased by one, the resulting number
is also a perfect square?
(A): 1; (B): 2; (C): 4; (D): 8; (E) None of the above.
Question 2. The smallest value of the function
1 2013x


f (x) = |x| +

2013 x
where x [1, 1] is
31

1
1
1
(A):
; (B):
; (C):
;
2012
2013
2014
of the above.

(D):

1
; (E): None
2015

Question 3. What isqthe largestqinteger not exceeding 8x3 +


1 3
3
2+ 5+ 2 5 ?
6x 1, where x =
2
(A): 1; (B): 2; (C): 3; (D): 4; (E) None of the above.
Question 4. Let x0 = [], x1 = [2] [], x2 =
[3] [2],
2013
x4 = [5] [4], x5 = [6] [5], . . . , where =
. The
2014
value of x9 is
(A): 2; (B): 3; (C): 4;

(D): 5; (E): None of the above.

Question 5. The number n is called a composite number if it


can be written in the form n = a b, where a, b are positive
integers greater than 1.
Write number 2013 in a sum of m composite numbers. What
is the largest value of m?
(A): 500; (B): 501; (C): 502;
above.

(D): 503; (E): None of the

Question 6. Let be given a {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 1006}. Find all


n
a
k
n {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2013} such that C2013
> C2013
, where Cm
=
m!
.
k!(m k)!
Question 7. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle and a point
M inside the triangle such that M A2 = M B 2 + M C 2 . Draw an
equilateral triangle ACD where D 6= B. Let the point N inside
32

ACD such that AM N is an equilateral triangle. Determine


\
BM
C.
Question 8. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon and
area of ABC = area of BCD = area of CDE
= area of DEA = area of EAB.
Given that area of ABCDE = 2. Evaluate the area of area of ABC.

Question 9. A given polynomial P (t) = t3 + at2 + bt + c has 3


distinct real roots. If the equation (x2 + x + 2013)3 + a(x2 + x +
2013)2 + b(x2 + x + 2013) + c = 0 has no real roots, prove that
1
P (2013) > .
64
Question 10. Consider the set of all rectangles with a given
area S. Find the largest value of
M=

16S p
,
p2 + 2p

where p is the perimeter of the rectangle.


Question 11. The positive numbers a, b, c, d, p, q are such that
(x+a)(x+b)(x+c)(x+d) = x4 +4px3 +6x2 +4qx+1 holds for all real numbers x.
Find the smallest value of p or the largest value of q.
Question 12. The function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c safisfies the

following conditions: f ( 2) = 3, and


|f (x)| 1, for all x [1, 1].
33


Evaluate the value of f ( 2013).
Question 13. Solve the system of equations
(
xy = 1
x
y
+
=1
x4 + y 2 x2 + y 4

Question 14. Solve the system of equations:

4
1

x3 + y = x2 + x

3
3

5
1
y3 + z = y2 + y

4
4

z 3 + 1 x = z 2 + z 6
5
5
Question 15. Denote by Q and N the set of all rational and
ax + b
positive integral numbers, respectively. Suppose that

cx
+
d
Q for every x N . Prove that there exist integers A, B, C, D
such that
ax + b
Ax + B
=
for all x N .
cx + d Cx + D

34

Hanoi Open Mathematical Competition 2016


Senior Section
Saturday, 12 March 2016

08h30-11h30

Question 1. How many are there 10-digit numbers composed from the digits 1,
2, 3 only and in which, two neighbouring digits differ by 1.
(A): 48 (B): 64 (C): 72 (D): 128 (E): None of the above.
Question 2.
Given an array of numbers A = (672, 673, 674, . . . , 2016) on table. Three arbitrary numbers a, b, c A are step by step replaced by number
1
min(a, b, c). After 672 times, on the table there is only one number m, such that
3
(A): 0 < m < 1 (B): m = 1
above.

(C): 1 < m < 2 (D): m = 2 (E): None of the

Question 3. Given two positive numbers a, b such that the condition a3 + b3 =


a5 + b5 , then the greatest value of M = a2 + b2 ab is
(A):

1
4

(B):

1
2

(C): 2 (D): 1 (E): None of the above.

Question 4. In Zoo, a monkey becomes lucky if he eats three different fruits.


What is the largest number of monkeys one can make lucky having 20 oranges, 30
bananas, 40 peaches and 50 tangerines? Justify your answer.
(A): 30 (B): 35 (C): 40 (D): 45 (E): None of the above.
Question 5. There are positive integers x, y such that 3x2 + x = 4y 2 + y and (x y)
is equal to
(A): 2013 (B): 2014 (C): 2015 (D): 2016 (E): None of the above.
Question 6. Let A consist of 16 elements of the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 106}, so that the
difference of two arbitrary elements in A are different from 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21. Prove
that there are two elements of A for which their difference equals to 3.
Question 7. Nine points form a grid of size 3 3. How many triangles are there
with 3 vertices at these points?

Question 8. Determine all 3-digit numbers which are equal to cube of the sum of
all its digits.
1

Question 9. Let rational numbers a, b, c satisfy the conditions


a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 Z.
Prove that there exist two relative prime numbers m, n such that abc =

m2
.
n3

Question
10. Given natural numbers a, b such that 2015a2 + a = 2016b2 + b. Prove

that a b is a natural number.


Question 11. Let I be the incenter of triangle ABC and be its circumcircle. Let
the line AI intersect at point D 6= A. Let F and E be points on side BC and
1
arc BDC respectively such that BAF = CAE < BAC. Let X be the second
2
point of intersection of line EI with and T be the point of intersection of segment
DX with line AF . Prove that T F.AD = ID.AT .

Question 12. Let A be point inside the acute angle xOy. An arbitrary circle
passes through O, A; intersecting Ox and Oy at the second intersection B and C,
respectively. Let M be the midpoint of BC. Prove that M is always on a fixed line
(when changes, but always goes through O and A).
Question 13. Find all triples (a, b, c) of real numbers such that |2a + b| 4 and
|ax2 + bx + c| 1 x [1, 1].
Question 14. Let f (x) = x2 + px + q, where p, q are integers. Prove that there is
an integer m such that
f (m) = f (2015).f (2016).
Question 15. Let a, b, c be real numbers satisfying the condition
18ab + 9ca + 29bc = 1.
Find the minimum value of the expression
T = 42a2 + 34b2 + 43c2 .

Hints and Solutions


Question 1. (B).
We solve the problem by counting the numbers satisfying the condition, starting
from 1-digit, 2-digit, 3-digit numbers

Digit

1
1
2
3

2
12
21
23
32

3
121
123
212
232
321
323

4
1212
1232
2121
2123
2321
2323
3212
3232
8

We can see that a number ending by 2 in previous column generates 2 numbers


for next column (we can add 1 or 3 at the end), but a number ending by 1 or 3
generate 1 number for next column (we can add only 2 at the end). From this, we
can make a table.
The first row is number of digits, the second row is the number of k-digit numbers
satisfying the condition and ending with 1, 3, the third row is the number of k-digit
numbers satisfying the condition and ending with 2.
1
2
1

2
2
2

3
4
2

4
4
4

5
8
4

6
8
8

7
16
8

8
16
16

9
32
16

10
32 .
32

Question 2. (A).
Note that

3
1
1 1 1
+ +
=
.
1
a b c
min{a, b, c}
min{a, b, c}
3
So after each operation, the sum of all inverse elements of A is non decreasing. On
the other hand, for every positive integer n, we have
S :=

1
1
1
+
+ +
> 1.
n n+1
3n

Indeed,
n

X 1
X  4n 
1
1 
1
S=
+
+
=
+
2n k=1 2n k 2n + k
2n k=1 4n2 k 2
n

X1
1
1
n
>
+
>
+ > 1.
2n k=1 n
2n n
Hence, if on the table there is one number m then
Question 3. (D).
3

1
> 1, i.e. 0 < m < 1.
m

We have
ab(a2 b2 )2 0 2a3 b3 ab5 + a5 b (a3 + b3 )2 (a + b)(a5 + b5 ).

(1)

Combining a3 + b3 = a5 + b5 and (1), we find


a3 + b3 a + b a2 + b2 ab 1.
The equality holds if a = 1, b = 1.
Question 4. (D).
First we leave tangerines on a side. We have 20 + 30 + 40 = 90 fruites. As we
feed the happy monkey is not more than one tangerine, each monkey eats fruits of
these 90 at least 2.
Hence, the monkeys are not more than 90/2 = 45. We will show how you can
bring happiness to 45 monkeys:
5 monkeys eat: orange, banana, tangerine;
15 monkeys eat: orange, peach, tangerine;
25 monkeys eat peach, banana, tangerine.
At all 45 lucky monkeys - and left five unused tangerines!
Question 5. (E).
We have 3x2 + x = 4y 2 + y (x y)(3x + 3y + 1) = y 2 .
We prove that (x y; 3x + 3y + 1) = 1.
Indeed, if d = (x y; 3x + 3y + 1) then y 2 is divisible by d2 and y is divisible by
d; x is divisible by d, i.e. 1 is divisible by d, i.e. d = 1.
Since x y and 3x + 3y + 1 are prime relative then x y is a perfect square.
Question 6. Divide numbers 1, 2, . . . , 106 into three groups X = {1, 4, 7, . . . , 106},
Y = {2, 5, 8, . . . , 104} and Z = {3, 6, 9, . . . , 105}. A has 16 elements, so one of the
sets X, Y, Z contains at least 6 numbers from A. Without loss of generality, let X
contains 6 numbers from A. Let they be 1 a1 < a2 < < a6 106. Since
105 a6 a1 = (a6 a5 ) + (a5 a4 ) + (a4 a3 ) + (a3 a2 ) + (a2 a1 ),
there is an index i for which 0 < ai+1 ai 21.
By the choice of X, ai+1 ai is multiple of 3, so ai+1 ai {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21}.
Finally, apply the given condition, it follows that ai+1 ai = 3, which was to be
proved.
Question 7. We divide the triangles into two types:
Type 1: Two vertices lie in one horizontal line, the third vertex lies in another
horizontal lines.
For this type we have 3 possibilities of choosing the first line, 2 possibilities of
choosing the 2-nd line. In total we have 3 2 3 3 = 54 triangles of first type.
4

Type 2: Three vertices lie in distinct horizontal lines.


We have 3 3 3 triangles of these type. But we should remove degenerated
triangles from them. There are 5 of those (3 vertical lines and two diagonals). So,
we have 27 - 5 = 22 triangles of this type.
Total, we have 54 + 22 = 76 triangles.
For those students who know about Cnk this problem can be also solved as C93 8
where 8 is the number of degenerated triangles.
Question 8.
Let abc, where a, b, c {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, a 6= 0 and abc =
3
(a + b + c) .

Note that 100 (a + b + c)3 999 and 3 100 a + b + c 3 999. Hence


5 a + b + c 9.
If a + b + c = 5 then abc = (a + b + c)3 =53 = 125 and a + b + c = 8 (not suitable).
If a + b + c = 6 then abc = (a + b + c)3 =63 = 216 and a + b + c = 9 (not suitable).
If a + b + c = 7 then abc = (a + b + c)3 =73 = 343 and a + b + c = 10 (not
suitable).
If a + b + c = 8 then abc = (a + b + c)3 =83 = 512 and a + b + c = 8 (suitable).
If a + b + c = 9 then abc = (a + b + c)3 =93 = 729 and a + b + c = 18 (not
suitable).
Conclusion: abc = 512.
Question 9. Put a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 = t.
We have 3 (a2 + b2 + c2 ) (a + b + c)2 , then t [0; 3] .
Since t Z then t {0; 1; 2; 3} .
0
If t = 0 then a = b = c = 0 and abc = 0 = .
1
If t = 3 then
(a 1) + (b 1) + (c 1) = (a 1)2 + (b 1)2 + (c 1)2 = 0.
12
That follows a = b = c = 1 and abc = 1 = 3 .
1
If t = 1. Without loss of generality, assume that c > 0;
m1
m2
m3
a=
;b =
;c =
; d = |n1 n2 n3 | .
n1
n2
n3

x = ad
Put y = bd then x; y; z Z and z > 0.

z =cd
x + y + z = d (a + b + c) = d
We have
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = d2 (a2 + b2 + c2 ) = d2
It follows xy + yz + zx = 0 (z + x) (z + y) = z 2 = c2 d2 .
Hence, there exist r; p; q Z such that
x + z = rp2 ; y + z = rq 2 ; z = |r| qp; (p; q) = 1; p; q Z .
On the other hand d = x + y + z = r (p2 + q 2 ) |r| pq > 0 then r > 0.


y = rq (q p)
[pq(p q)]2
.
Hence x = rp (p q) abc =
2 + q 2 pq)3

(p
z = rpq
We prove that (pq(p q); p2 + q 2 pq) = 1.
Suppose that s = (pq (p q) ; p2 + q 2 pq) ; s > 1 then s|pq (p q) .
Case 1. Let s|p. Since s| (p2 + q 2 pq) then s|q and s = 1 (not suitable).
Case 2. Let s|q. Similarly, we find s = 1 (not suitable).

s|p
2
2
2
Case 3. If s| (p q) then s|(p q) (p + q pq) s|pq
(not suitable).
s|q
If t = 2 then a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 = 2.
We reduce it to the case where t = 1, which was to be proved.
Question 10. From equality
2015a2 + a = 2016b2 + b,

(1)

we find a b.

If a = b then from (1) we have a = b = 0 and a b = 0.


If a > b, we write (1) as
b2 = 2015(a2 b2 ) + (a b) b2 = (a b)(2015a + 2015b + 1).

(2)

Let (a, b) = d then a = md; b = nd, where (m, n) = 1. Since a > b then m > n;
and put m n = t > 0.
Let (t, n) = u then n is divisible by u; t is divisible by u and m is divisible by u.
That follows u = 1 and then (t, n) = 1.
Putting b = nd; a b = td in (2), we find
n2 d = t(2015dt + 4030dn + 1).

(3)

From (3) we get n2 d is divisible by t and compaire with (t, n) = 1, it follows d is


divisible by t.
Also from (3) we get n2 d = 2015dt2 + 4030dnt + t and then t = n2 d 2015dt2
4030dnt.
Hence t = d(n2 2015t2 4030nt), i.e. t is divisible by d, i.e. t = d and then
a b = td = d2 and a b = d is a natural number.

Question 11.
Let the line AF intersect at point K 6= A and L be the foot of the bisector of
_
_
angle BAC. Since BAK = CAE we have BK = CE, hence KE k BC. Notice
that IAT = DAK = EAD = IXT , so the points I, A, X, T are concyclic.
Hence, IT A = IXA = EXA = EKA, so IT k KE k BC.
TF
IL
Therefore,
=
.
AT
AI

IL
CL
Since CI is bisector of ACL, we get
=
. Furthermore, DCL =
AI
AC
1
DCB = DAB = CAD = BAC. Hence, the triangles DCL and DCA are
2
DC
CL
=
.
similar. Therefore,
AC
AD
Finally, we have DIC = IAC + ICA = ICL + LCD = ICD. It
DC
ID
follows DIC is a isosceles triangle at D. Hence
=
.
AD
AD
TF
IL
CL
DC
ID
Summarizing all these equalities, we get
=
=
=
=

AT
AI
AC
AD
AD
TF
ID
=
T F.AD = ID.AT as desired.
AT
AD
Question 12. Let (Ox ), (Oy ) be circles passing throught O, A and tangent to
Ox, Oy, respectively. Circle (Ox ) intersects the ray Oy at D, distinct from O and
circle (Oy ) intersects the ray Ox at E, distinct from O. Let N and P be midpoint
of OE and OD, respectively. Then N, P are fixed. Well show that M, N, P are
NO P O
=
collinear. For this, it is sufficient to prove that
NB P C

Since (Ox ) is tangent to Ox, ADC = AOB. Since OBAC is cyclic, ABO =
AB OB
ACD. So triangles AOB, ADC are similar. Therefore
=
(1)
AC DC
BE AB
Similarly, 4ABE v 4ACO, so
=
(2)
CO AC
From (1) and (2), we deduce that
OB
BE
OB
CD
=

=
CD
OC
BE
OC
Hence
OE
OD
ON
OP
ON
ON
OP
OP
=

=
=
=
BE
OC
BE
OC
NB
BE N O
OC OP
CP
It follows, if N P intersects BC at M, then

MB P C NO

= 1 (by Menelaus
MC P O NB

MB
Theorem in triangle OBC) conclusion
= 1, it follows N P passes through M is
MC
midpoint of BC.
Question 13. From the assumptions, we have |f (1)| 1, |f (0)| 1 and

a = [f (1) + f (1)] f (0)

f
(1)
=
a
+
b
+
c

2
f (1) = a b + c b = 1 [f (1) f (1)]

f (0) = c
c = f (0)
That follows

3

1
1



4 |2a+b| = [f (1)+f (1)]2f (0)+ [f (1)f (1)] = f (1)+ f (1)2f (0)
2
2
2
3
1
3 1
|f (1)| + |f (1)| + 2|f (0)| + + 2 = 4.
2
2
2 2
Hence |2a + b| = 4 and then


|f (1)| = |a + b + c| = 1
(a, b, c) = (2, 0, 1)
|f (1)| = |a b + c| = 1
(a, b, c) = (2, 0, 1)

|f (0)| = |c| = 1
It is easely seen that both two triples (2, 0, 1) and (2, 0, 1) satisfy the required
conditions.
Question 14. We shall prove that
f [f (x) + x] = f (x)f (x + 1).
8

(1)

Indeed, we have
f [f (x) + x] = [f (x) + x]2 + p[f (x) + x] + q = f 2 (x) + 2f (x).x + x2 + pf (x) + px + q
= f (x)[f (x) + 2x + p] + x2 + px + q = f (x)[f (x) + 2x + p] + f (x)
= f (x)[f (x) + 2x + p + 1] = f (x)[x2 + px + q + 2x + p + 1]
= f (x)[(x + 1)2 + p(x + 1) + q] = f (x)f (x + 1),
which proves (1).
Putting m := f (2015) + 2015 gives
f (m) = f [f (2015) + 2015] = f (2015)f (2015 + 1) = f (2015)f (2016),
as desired.

Question 15. We have


T 2(18ab+9ca+29bc) = (5a3b)2 +(4a3c)2 +(4b5c)2 +(a3b+3c)2 0, a, b, c R.
That follows T 2. The equality occures if and only if

5a 3b = 0

5a 3b = 0

4a 3c = 0
4a 3c = 0

4b 5c = 0

4b 5c = 0

3b
+
3c
=
0

18ab + 9ca + 29bc = 1


18ab + 9ca + 29bc = 1
(
a = 3t, b = 5t, c = 4t

(18 15 + 9 12 + 29 20)t2 = 1

5
4
3
, b=
, c=
.
a=
958
958
958

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