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Memory

I.

Introduction
A.

3 Stages
Encoding- processing information in such a way that it
can be represented internally
o ex) entering date onto your keyboar
Storage-maintaining encoded information in memory over
time
o ex) saving a file onto your hard drive
Retrieval-recovering information from storage
o ex) calling up a file and displaying date onto your
monitor

B.

3 Types

Iconic Memory- (sensory) separate memory storage for


each sensory system
*a fraction of a second
o ex) think of it as like a door you have to enter

Working Memory- (short term) temporarily holds information


coming in from sensory memory or info retrieved from your
long term memory
o located in the prefrontal cortex
Long-Term Memory- minutes to a lifetime, an unlimited
capacity
II.

Working (Short-Term) Memory


A.

Def: temporarily holds information coming in from sensory


memory or info retrieved from your long term memory
1. located in the prefrontal cortex
2.

B.

Stages
1.

Encoding
a.

Phonological
1) sounds most common
2) use even when material is visual
3)you do this in rehearsal

b.

Semantic meaning

c.
2.

Visual images eidetic memory

Storage
a.

Magic number
1)
2)

b.

Chunking
1)
2)
3)
a)
b)

c.

Maintenance rehearsal
1)
2)

3)
d.

Forgetting
1)
2)

3.

III.

Retrieval

Long-Term Memory (LTM):


A.

Def: minutes to a lifetime, an unlimited capacity

B.

Stages
1.

Encoding:
a.

code
1)
2)

b.
the more elababoratly you encode the infor.
The better the memory

1)

organize material
a)content-group related things together
b) chunking: enlarge size of chunk (put

more info)

2)
imagery: visualize what youre trying to
remember
a) link method: form mental image by
linking items together- foreign language
b) Method of Loci- imaginary walk along
familiar path= itesms to remember are
associated with certain locations
Ben Pridmore
c)
Key word method+ assicatie
familiar word with new workd by generating an image
foreign lanugage

2.

Storage
a.
located in the hippocampus & surrounding
cortex

1) (Clive wearing) : consolidates new info:


also links memory stored in separate parts of
the brain
2) damage= severe memory impairment
b.

2 kinds
1)

Explicit memory: conscious recollection


a) episodic: personal experiences: dated
= autobiography
b) semantic: general facts: undated =
encyclopedia

2)
Implicit (procedural) memory: skills &
procedures can do w/out conscious
recollection
EX) tying shoes; riding a bike: typing

3.

Retrieval
a.

locate it: have to locate it first


1) forgetting= often the inability to find info
(retrieval failure) not the actual loss of info
(storage failure)
2) like looking for a book in the library

b.

retrieval cues: things that help you retrieve


information from memory

1) context: easier to retrieve info inf youre in


same context you were in when ti was
encoded
a. ex) study in classroom
2) state-dependent memory: improved recall
when in same internal state as when info
was encoded = recreate that state of mind
a. caffonated study-> caffenate when
text-talking
3)mood-congruent memory; memory is
better for info consistent with your current
mood
sad/ depressed-> remember sad
thinking
c.

unsuccessful retrieval: forgetting


1)
interference difficulty retrieving info
due to competition from other material
a)

greater interference
1] when intervening material is
most similar
phone #:
old # vs. new #:
2] over time= more material
accumulates

b)

kinds

1]
retroactive: new information
impairs retention of previously
learned info
new knocks old
2]
proactive: previously learned
info interferes with retention of
new information
2)

Amnesia: loss of memory


a)

cause:

b)

types:

c)

1]

retrograde- loss of memory

2]

anterograde

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