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Chapter 1
References
A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
T.S. Rappaport ,Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall
PTR, 1996.
J. G. Proakis , M. Salehi , G. Bauch Contemporary
Communication Systems Using MATLAB, Cengage
Learning, 2012.
Slides here are adapted from several sources on the
Internet.
Outline
Signal Propagation Overview
1. Propagation Characteristics
Path Loss (includes average shadowing)
Shadowing (due to obstructions)
Multipath Fading
Slow
Pt
Pr
Pr/Pt
Fast
Very slow
d=vt
d=vt
Empirical Models
where
is a complex baseband signal with inphase component
and , quadrature component
, bandwidth B and power Pu.
is the carrier frequency (B <<fc) and 0 is an initial phase offset.
The power in the transmitted signal s(t) is Pt=Pu/2
fc
Path loss:
Pt is transmitted power of s(t)
Pr is received power of r(t)
Remark: P(dB)=10log10(P(W)),
P(dBm)=10log10(P(mW))
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=c/fc: wavelength
d: distance of the wave travels
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Example
Consider an indoor wireless LAN with fc=900 MHz, cell
radius 10m, and nondirectional antennas. Under the
free-space path loss model, what transmit power is
required at the access point such that all terminals
within the cell receive a minimum power of 10uW. How
does this change if the frequency is 5 GHz.
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Two-Ray Model
Used when a single ground reflection dominated the
multipath effect.
Suitable for isolated areas with few reflectors, such as
rural roads or highways.
Not a good model for indoor environments
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Two-Ray Model
Received signal:
-
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Two-Ray Model
The received power of the two-ray model for
narrowband transmission
-
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Two-Ray Model
For asymptotically large d,
and R=-1, the received power is approximately
or, in dB
The critical distance dc is the distance after that the signal
power falls off proportionally to d-4.
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Example
Determine the critical distance for the two-way model
in an urban microcell (ht=10m, hr=3m) and indoor
microcell (ht=3m and hr=2m) at fc=2GHz.
Solution:
Urban microcell: dc=800 m
Urban microcells are on the order of 100 m to maintain
large capacity.
Indoor system: dc=160 m
Typically indoor system has a smaller cell radius, on the
order of 10-20 m.
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Example
Given a transmitter produces 50 W of power. If this power is
applied to a unity gain antenna with 900 MHz carrier
frequency, find the received power at a free space distance
of 100 m from the antenna. What is Pr (10 km). Assume
unity gain for the receiver antenna
Pr(10Km)=-64.5 dBm
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Example
Consider the set of empirical measurements of Pr/Pt given
in the table below for an indoor systems at 2 GHz. Find
the path loss exponent that minimizes the MSE between
the simplified model and the empirical dB power
measurements, assuming that d0=10m.
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6. Empirical Models
Okumura model
Empirically based (site/freq specific)
Awkward (uses graphs)
Hata model
Analytical approximation to Okumura model
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Table is the
partition losses
measured at 9001300 MHz
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Example
Suppose, in an office building, a 2.4 GHz
transmitter located at a workstation is separated
from the network access node (receiver) by a
distance of 35 m. The transmission must pass
through 5 m of an office, through a plasterboard
wall, and then through a large open area. The
propagation is modeled as free space for the first 5
m and with a loss exponent of 3.1 for the remainder
of the distance. The plasterboard wall causes 6 dB
attenuation of the signal. The isotropic transmitter
radiated 20 dBm. Can the link be closed if the
receiver has a sensitivity of -75 dBm?
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Main Points
Path loss models simplify Maxwells equations
Models vary in complexity and accuracy
Power falloff with distance is proportional to d2 in
free space, d4 in two path model
General ray tracing computationally complex
Empirical models used in 2G simulations
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7. Shadowing
In addition to path loss, a signal will typical
experience random variation due to blockage from
the signal path
Changes in the reflection surfaces and scattering
objects
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Example
In previous example, we found the exponent for the
simplified path loss model that best fit the
measurements was =3.17. Assuming the simplified
path loss model with this exponent and the same
K=-31.54 dB, find
, the variance of log-normal
shadowing about the mean path loss based on
these empirical measurements.
Ans:
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is a Gauss-distributed
10logK
random variable with mean zero
Pr/Pt
and variance
Slow
Very slow
(dB)
-10
log d
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where
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Q- function
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Q- function
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Example
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Outage Probability
and Cell Coverage Area
Path loss: circular cells
Path loss+shadowing: amoeba cells
Pr
Outage probability
Probability received power below given minimum
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Homeworks
Problems: 1, 2, 13, 18, 21 in Chapter 2 of [Goldsmith
2005]
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