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TAFILA TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mechanical Fluids Lab
Report Sheet

Experiment No: "4".


Experiment Name: Verification of Bernoulli
theorem.

Lab Time: Wednesday 8-11 AM.

Instructor name: DR. Khaled Alrababa, h

Student Names: Mohanad Bassam Alrfou.

Objectives
- To verify Bernoulli's equation by demonstrating the
relationship between pressure head and kinetic head.

Introduction:
The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of
scientific principles in particular the conservation of mass
and the conservation of energy. The first of these when
applied to a liquid flowing through a conduit requires that
for steady flow the velocity will be inversely proportional
to the flow area. The second requires that if the velocity
increases then the pressure must decrease.
Bernoulli's apparatus demonstrates both of these
principles and can also be used to examine the onset of
turbulence in an accelerating fluid stream. Both Bernoulli's
equation and the continuity equation are essential
analytical tools required for the analysis of most problems
in the subject of mechanics of fluids.

Apparatus:

1. Bernoulli's device (Figure 1).


2. Hydraulic bench.

Figure 1 Bernoulli's apparatus

Theory
Bernoulli's theorem
Bernoulli's equation is applicable to the steady flow of an
incompressible and inviscid fluid. Bernoulli's equation
shows that the sum of the three quantities:
P
g

=Presser head

V2
2g

= Velocity head

Z = Elevation head
are constant. Therefore, the three terms must be
interchangeable so that, for example, if in a horizontal
system the velocity head is increased then the pressure
head must decrease

Procedure
1. Arrange the experimentation set-up on the hydraulic
bench such that the discharge routes the water into
the channel.
2. Make hose connection between hydraulic bench and
unit.
3. Open discharge of hydraulic bench.
4. Set cap nut of probe compression gland such that
slight resistance is felt on moving probe.
5. Open inlet and outlet ball cock.
6. Close drain valve at bottom of single water pressure
gauge.
7. Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of
hydraulic bench.
8. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock,
regulate water level in pressure gauges such that
neither upper nor lower range limit is overshot or
undershot.
9. Change the water flow and repeat the steps before.

Calculations and Results


Table 1: The results of the experiment

Q1

Area(m2
)
Elevatio
n Z1 (m)
Velocity
m/s
Velocity
head1
(m)

97.5*10- 89.5*10
6

-6

0.26

0.255

73.3*1
0-6
0.247

0. 6694

0.7292

0.02284

0.0271

61.3*10 49.3*10- 37.3*10


-6

-6

0.240

0.235

0.220

0.89

1.064

1.324

1.75

0.040

0.0577

0.0893

0.156

Q2

H1(m)

0.2828

0.2821

0.287

0.2977

0.3243

0.376

Elevatio
n Z2(m)
Velocity
m/s
Velocity
head2(
m)
H2(m)

0.279

0.265

0.26

0.240

0.239

0.212

0.639

0.696

0.85

1.016

1.264

1.67

0.0208

0.0354

0.0433 0.05178

0.0644

0.142

0.2998

0.2914

0.3033 0.29178

0.3034

0.354

3
3
Given: Volume ( m )=6L=0.006 m , t1=92 second and
t2=65 second.

Sample calculation: - For (Q1)


Q1=

V (m3 ) 0.006
=
t 1( s)
92

=6.527*10-5 m3/s

Velocity= Q1/A1 =0.6694m/s.


2

V1
0.6682
Velocity head1 (m)= 2 g = 29.81 = 0.0228m
V 12
H=Z+ 2 g =0.26+0.0288=0.2828m.

- For (Q2)
3

Q2=

V (m ) 0.006
=
t 1( s)
65

=9.2307*10-5 m3/s

Velocity= Q2/A1 =0.946m/s.


V 12
0.6682
Velocity head1 (m)= 2 g = 29.81 = 0.0208m
V 22
H2=Z+ 2 g =0.26+0.0288=0.2998m.

Conclusion and Discussion


From the experiment conducted, there are different crosssections for each tube A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6. These

differences resulted in varieties of value obtained for


stagnation head H and velocity head.
By using Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity, it
can be said that the velocity of fluid increase as the fluid is
flowing from a wider to narrower tube and the velocity
decrease in the opposite direction. This also indicates that
the pressure of fluid decreases as the velocity increases.
The Bernoullis principle is proven where the highest
velocity V 1.75m/s is achieved at cross section A6 because
of the small tube diameter. As for the larger diameter tube
at A1, the velocity is the lowest which is 0.639m/s. The first
inclination might be to say that, where the velocity is the
greatest, the pressure is higher. A big force could be feel
on the hand in the flow where its going the fastest.
However, the force does not come from the pressure there
from the hand taking away the momentum from the liquid.
Thus the Bernoulli equation is verified by using this
experiment which represent a constant curve as shown in
sketch 1 and 2 but with some errors at the cross-section A 1
and A2 refer to the measurement or the calculations of the
readings.

References
1- http://documents.tips/documents/bernoullis-theoremexperiment.html.
2- http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mymousa/files/Experiment7-hydraulics-lab-.pdf

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